Genetically modified rice: Difference between revisions

In 2000, the first two GM rice varieties both with herbicide-resistance, called LLRice60 and LLRice62, were approved in the United States. Later, these and other types of herbicide-resistant GM rice were approved in Canada, Australia, Mexico and Colombia. However, none of these approvals triggered commercialization.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fraiture |first1=M.-A. |last2=Roosens |first2=N. |last3=Taverniers |first3=I. |last4=De Loose |first4=M. |last5=Deforce |first5=D. |last6=Herman |first6=P. |date=June 2016 |title=Biotech rice: Current developments and future detection challenges in food and feed chain |journal=Trends in Food Science & Technology |volume=52 |pages=66–79 |doi=10.1016/j.tifs.2016.03.011 |doi-access=free |hdl=1854/LU-7105457 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> [[Reuters]] reported in 2009 that China had granted biosafety approval to GM rice with pest resistance,<ref>{{cite web |title=China gives safety approval to GMO rice |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSPEK37812 |website=Reuters |language=en |date=27 November 2009}}</ref> but that strain was not commercialized. As of December 2012 GM rice was not widely available for production or consumption.<ref name="RiceToday-GMrice">[http://irri.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=12438&lang=en The state of play: genetically modified rice], Rice Today, Jan-Mar 2012.</ref> Research suggests that since rice is a staple crop across the world, improvements have potential to alleviate hunger, malnutrition and poverty.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Demont | first1 = M. | last2 = Stein | first2 = A. J. | title = Global value of GM rice: A review of expected agronomic and consumer benefits | doi = 10.1016/j.nbt.2013.04.004 | journal = New Biotechnology | year = 2013 | pmid = 23628812| volume=30 | issue = 5 | pages=426–436| s2cid = 7434257 }}</ref>

[[Golden rice]] with higher concentrations of [[Vitamin A]] was originally created by Ingo Potrykus and his team. This genetically modified rice is capable of producing [[beta-carotene]] in the [[endosperm]] (grain) which is a precursor for vitamin A. [[Syngenta]] was involved in the early development of Golden Rice and held some intellectual property<ref name="NY2">{{cite news|last=Christensen |first=Jon |title=SCIENTIST AT WORK: Ingo Potrykus; Golden Rice in a Grenade-Proof Greenhouse |work= New York Times|date=21 November 2000}}</ref> that it donated to non-profit groups including the [[International Rice Research Institute]] (IRRI) to develop on a non-profit basis.<ref>[http://www.goldenrice.org/Content2-How/how9_IP.php Golden Rice and Intellectual Property: Public-Private Partnership and Humanitarian Use], Golden Rice Humanitarian Board website.</ref> The scientific details of the rice were first published in ''Science Magazine'' in 2000.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 10634784 | volume=287 | issue=5451 | title=Engineering the provitamin A (beta-carotene) biosynthetic pathway into (carotenoid-free) rice endosperm | date=January 2000 | journal=Science | pages=303–5 | last1 = Ye | first1 = X | last2 = Al-Babili | first2 = S | last3 = Klöti | first3 = A |display-authors=etal | doi=10.1126/science.287.5451.303| bibcode=2000Sci...287..303Y | s2cid=40258379 }}</ref>

BT rice is modified to express the cryIA(b) [[gene]] of the ''[[Bacillus thuringiensis]]'' [[bacterium]].<ref name=bt1>{{Cite journal | last1 = Fujimoto | first1 = H. | last2 = Itoh | first2 = K. | last3 = Yamamoto | first3 = M. | last4 = Kyozuka | first4 = J. | last5 = Shimamoto | first5 = K. | title = Insect Resistant Rice Generated by Introduction of a Modified δ-endotoxin Gene of Bacillus thuringiensis | doi = 10.1038/nbt1093-1151 | journal = Bio/Technology | volume = 11 | issue = 10 | pages = 1151–1155 | year = 1993 | pmid = 7764096| s2cid = 21129991 }}</ref> The [[gene]] confers resistance to a variety of pests including the rice borer through the production of [[endotoxins]]. The Chinese Government is doing field trials on insect resistant [[cultivar]]s. The benefit of BT rice is that farmers do not need to spray their crops with pesticides to control fungal, viral, or bacterial [[pathogens]]. Conventional rice is sprayed three to four times per growing season to control pests.<ref name="GMO">{{cite web|url=http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/grocery_shopping/crops/24.genetically_modified_rice.html|title=GMO Compass: Rice|access-date=5 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309110121/http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/grocery_shopping/crops/24.genetically_modified_rice.html |archive-date=9 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other benefits include increased yield and revenue from crop cultivation. [[China]] approved the rice for large-scale use as of 2009.<ref name="bt2">{{cite web|url = http://www.isaaa.org/kc/cropbiotechupdate/article/default.asp?ID=5112|title = China approves biotech rice and maize in landmark decision|last = James|first = C.}}</ref> [[pesticide resistance management|Resistance management]] is needed in [[southeast Asia]] to prevent loss of efficacy of Bt in rice.<ref name="Cohen-et-al-1998">{{cite conference | authorsvauthors=Cohen MB, Romena AM, Aguda, RM, Dirie A, Gould FL | publication-date=1998 | title=Evaluation of resistance management strategies for Bt rice | conference=Pacific Rim Conference on the Biotechnology of ''Bacillus thuringiensis'' and its Impact on the Environment, [[Chiang Mai]], [[Thailand]] | edition=2nd | date=4–8 November 1996 | pages=496–505 | location=[[Bangkok]] | publisher=[[Entomological and Zoological Association of Thailand]], [[Kasetsart University]], [[Mahidol University]], [[National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology]], [[National Research Council of Thailand]], [[Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (Thailand)|Department of Agriculture of Thailand]] }}</ref><ref name="Matteson-2000">{{cite journal | last=Matteson | first=P. C. | title=Insect Pest Management in Tropical Asian Irrigated Rice | journal=[[Annual Review of Entomology]] | publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] | volume=45 | issue=1 | year=2000 | issn=0066-4170 | doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.45.1.549 | pages=549–574| pmid=10761589 }}</ref>

Japanese researchers tested genetically modified rice on [[macaque]] monkeys that would prevent allergies to [[cedrus|cedar]] pollen, which causes [[hay fever]]. Cedar allergy symptoms include itchy eyes, sneezing and other serious allergic reactions. The modified rice contains seven proteins from cedar pollen (7Crp) to block these symptoms by inducing oral tolerance.<ref name="Coghlan">{{cite news|last=Coghlan |first=Andy |title=GM Rice Makes Allergies Easy to Stomach |website=NEWSCIENTIST.com |publisher=Reed Business Information Ltd |date=3 July 2009 |access-date=29 April 2012 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17413-gm-rice-makes-allergies-easy-to-stomach.html}}</ref> Takaiwa is conducting human clinical trials with this 7Crp protein as an oral vaccine.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Takaishi |first1=S |last2=Saito |first2=S |last3=Kamada |first3=M |last4=Otori |first4=N |last5=Kojima |first5=H |last6=Ozawa |first6=K |last7=Takaiwa |first7=F |title=Evaluation of basophil activation caused by transgenic rice seeds expressing whole T cell epitopes of the major Japanese cedar pollen allergens. |journal=Clinical and Translational Allergy |date=2019 |volume=9 |pages=11 |doi=10.1186/s13601-019-0249-8 |pmid=30828418 |pmc=6381677 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

* {{cite journal|last1=Diao|first1= X|last2=Freeling|first2=M|last3=Lisch|first3=D|year=2006| title=Horizontal Transfer of a Plant Transposon|journal= PLOS Biology|volume=4|issue=1|page= e5| doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0040005|pmid= 16336045|pmc= 1310652|doi-access= free}} {{open access}}

{{reflist}}{{Genetic engineering}}