Taxation in North Korea: Difference between revisions

{{Short description|Overview of taxation in North Koreanone}}

Officially, [[North Korea]] does not officially have domestic [[taxes]] and claims to be the world's only tax-free country.<ref name="dailynk">{{cite web|url=https://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk02900&num=6203|author=Yoo Gwan Hee|date=2008|title=Tax? What Tax? The North Korean Taxation Farce|publisher=DailyNK[[Daily NK]]}}</ref><ref name="HaggardNoland2011">{{cite book|author1=Stephan Haggard|author2=Marcus Noland|title=Witness to Transformation: Refugee Insights Into North Korea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DLq0E-4dtbIC&pg=PA64|year=2011|publisher=Peterson Institute|isbn=978-0-88132-515-7|page=64}}</ref> TheHowever, the North Korean government, however, still collects revenue from its citizens in the form of [[hidden taxation]] through various [[sales tax]]es.<ref name="Lee2001"/> In particular, the [[turnover tax]] from consumption provides for the majority of the state revenue in North Korea.<ref name="Lee2001-71">{{harvtxt|Lee|2001|page=71}}.</ref> The North Korean stategovernment, therefore, does collect revenuesrevenue, in a manner which has been compared to a taxation system by international observers. However, inside North Korea the word "tax" is not used, and the term for state revenue has been variously translated as "Socialistsocialist Incomeincome Accountingaccounting", "Socialistsocialist Economiceconomic Managementmanagement Incomeincome", and in similar fashion.<ref name="Lee2001-71"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JIlh9nNeadMC|title=North Korea Handbook|last=Seoul|first=Yonhap News Agency|date=27 December 2002|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=9780765635235|pages=229–230|language=en}}</ref> "Tax Abolition Day" is observed annually on 1 April in North Korea.<ref name="dailynk"/>

Agricultural [[tax-in-kind]] introduced in 1947 was abolished in North Korea in 1966, as the process of [[Agriculture in North Korea|collectivization of North Korean agriculture]] ended.<ref name="Lee2001">{{cite book|first=Hy-Sang|last=Lee|title=North Korea: A Strange Socialist Fortress|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Rx8Q_cxqvkC&pg=PA70|year=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-96917-2|page=70}}</ref> [[Direct taxes]], such as [[income tax]], were officially eliminated in 1974 as "remnants of an antiquated society".<ref name="Lee2001"/><ref name="loc">{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/2008028547/|title=North Korea : a country study |work=The Library of Congress|pages=152, 164–165}}</ref> ThisEnterprise action"transaction income money", howeversomewhat similar to the modern [[value-added tax]], later replaced by "national enterprise profit money", continued as a form of corporate taxation.<ref name="HaggardNoland2011"/> The elimination of direct taxes did not have anya significant effect on state revenue because the overwhelming proportion of government funds—an average of 98.1 percent during 1961–1970—was from [[sales tax]]es such as [[turnover tax]]es, deductions from profits paid by state enterprises, and various user fees on machinery and equipment, irrigation facilities, television sets, water, and so on.<ref name="loc"/> This is in line with similar practices in other [[Socialism|socialist]] countries.<ref name="Lee2001"/><ref name="Lee2001-71"/>

Special taxation laws also affect the [[special economic zones in North Korea]] (in particular the [[Kaesong Industrial Region]]) where foreign companies are allowed to operate. There is therefore [[corporate tax]] in North Korea, as outlined by the [[Processing Trade Law]], [[Lock Gate Law]] and [[Copyright Law of North Korea|Copyright Law]], and related legislation, including laws on [[tax evasion]].<ref name="loc"/> An estimate of this corporate tax in early 2000s was for 10–14%.<ref name="Manyin2012"/> North Korean workers there are subject to the usual indirect taxation: their wages are paid in hard currencies by foreign companies to the North Korean government, which then pays the workers in North Korean currency, minus the value of insurance taxes and socio-cultural fees.<ref name="Manyin2012">{{cite book|author=Mark E. Manyin|title=The Kaesong North-South Korean Industrial Complex|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5WZWR1QssxEC&pg=PA11|date=18 October 2012|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-1-4379-8844-4|pages=11–12}}</ref> A 2013 estimate of the taxes on individual [[Kaesŏng Industrial Region]] workers was 45% of their wages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/04/09/business/north-korea-economy-explainer/index.html|title=How does North Korea make its money? - CNN.com|author=Susannah Cullinane|website=CNN|date=9 April 2013 |access-date=27 April 2016}}</ref>

Enterprises outside special economic zones make payments to the state based on their profits, essentially a form of [[corporate tax]]. As of 2018, after tax changes made in August 2016, the rate was progressive dependent on the level of profits, at a rate of up to 32.5% in released financial reports.<ref name=38north-20200508>{{cite news |url=https://www.38north.org/2020/05/mweiser050820/ |title=After the 2016 Party Congress: Lower Taxes, New Laws, More Human Rights Protection |last=Weiser |first=Martin |publisher=The Henry L. Stimson Center |work=[[38 North]] |date=8 May 2020 |access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref>