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{{Short description|American government official (1785–1859)}}
[[File:Thomas Loraine McKenney by Charles Loring Elliott, 1856, oil on canvas, from the National Portrait Gallery - NPG-NPG 2011 62McKenney d1.jpg|thumb|Thomas Loraine McKenney, 1856]]
'''Thomas Loraine McKenney''' (21 March 1785 – 19 February 1859) was a [[United States]] official who served as Superintendent of Indian Affairs from 1824–1830.
McKenny was born on March 21, 1785, in [[Hopewell, Somerset County, Maryland|Hopewell, Maryland]]. He was the oldest of five boys, and was raised and received his education at [[Chestertown, Maryland]]. McKenney was a [[Quaker]], which influenced his approach to interactions with Native Americans.<ref>[http://www.ettc.net/njarts/details.cfm?ID=951 "Art and Architecture of New Jersey" article on McKenney] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315215136/http://www.ettc.net/njarts/details.cfm?ID=951 |date=2012-03-15 }}</ref>
After the abolition of the [[
== Superintendent of Indian Trade/Superintendent of Indian Affairs ==
McKenney was the Superintendent of Indian Affairs from 1824 to 1830. He oversaw trading houses that created goods that were traded for furs. After the abolition of the U.S. Indian Trade program in 1822<!-- explain -->, Secretary of War [[John C. Calhoun]] created a position legislation within the War Department entitled Superintendent of Indian Affairs (this evolved to the Bureau of Indian Affairs). He appointed McKenney to this position, who served from 1824 to 1830. McKenney was an advocate of the American Indian “civilization” program, becoming an avid promoter of Indian removal west of the Mississippi River. After being elected to office, President [[Andrew Jackson]], who favored Indian removal, dismissed McKenney from his position in 1830 when Jackson disagreed with his opinion that “the Indian was, in his intellectual and moral structure, our equal.”{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} (But it was also typical of new administrations to make their own political appointments.)
McKenney had helped support [[John C. Calhoun|John C. Calhoun's]] bid for president in 1824; Calhoun rewarded him with a patronage position after being appointed as Secretary of War. While serving as Superintendent of Trade and Indian Affairs, McKenney helped gain passage of the Indian Civilization Act of 1819. Eleven years later, he helped draft and gain passage of the [[Indian Removal Act of 1830]].
But McKenney also denounced the United States Government for failing to keep white people out of territory belonging to the [[Cherokee]] as part of a treaty.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Digital History|url=https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=3&psid=679|access-date=2021-05-07|website=www.digitalhistory.uh.edu}}</ref>
== History of the Indian Tribes of North America ==
[[File:History_of_the_Indian_Tribes_of_North_America.png|thumb|History of the Indian Tribes of North America]]
McKenney worked with James Hall along with Charles Bird King to create and publish the three volumes of the ''[[History of the Indian Tribes of North America]],'' which were released from the years of (1836-1844).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thomas McKenney and the Indians {{!}} Glover Park History|url=https://gloverparkhistory.com/estates-and-farms/weston/thomas-l-mckenney-and-the-indians/|access-date=2021-03-31|website=gloverparkhistory.com}}</ref> In 1821-1822 multiple delegates of various tribes visited Washington and while they were there McKenney took them to [[Charles Bird King]] who would paint their likeness. McKenney kept this going while working at the Department of War until he was fired, he then moved to Philadelphia to better work on the project. Once in Philadelphia the portraits were copied, in the end there were around 150 portraits.
== Gallery of the History of the Indian Tribes of North America ==
<gallery>
File:A-na-cam-e-gish-ca.jpg|A-na-cam-e-gish-ca, A Chippeway ([[Ojibwe]]) chief
File:Amiskquew.jpg|Amiskquew, A [[Menominee]] warrior
File:Caa-Tou-See, An Ojibway. (10999666355).jpg|Caa-tou-see, An Ojibwe chief
File:Jack-O-Pa.jpg|[[Jack-O-Pa]], An Ojibwe chief
File:Kee-shes-wa.jpg|Kee-shes-wa, A [[Fox (tribe)|Fox]] chief
File:LittleCrow.jpg|Little Crow, A [[Sioux]] chief
File:Menawa high resolution.jpg|[[Menawa]], A [[Muscogee]] (Creek) chief
File:Squawandchild.jpg|Ojibwe woman and child
File:Pushmataha.jpg|[[Choctaw Nation|Choctaw]] chief [[Pushmataha]], 1824
File:Red Jacket 2.jpg|[[Red Jacket]], [[Seneca nation|Seneca]] orator and [[Tribal chief|chief]] of the Wolf [[clan]]
File:Major ridge.jpg|Cherokee [[Major Ridge]], 1834
File:Title- Se-Quo-Yah. (10999390925).jpg|[[Sequoyah]] or George Guess, creator of the [[Cherokee alphabet]]
File:Tahchee.jpg|[[William Dutch|Tah-Chee (Dutch)]], A [[Cherokee]] chief
File:Tshusick. An Ojibway Woman. (15683664960).jpg|Tshusick, An Ojibwe woman
File:Wapella.jpg|Chief [[Wapello (chief)|Wapello]]; "Wa-pel-la the Prince, [[Meskwaki|Musquakee]] Chief"
</gallery>
== Death and legacy ==
After McKenny was fired he tried and failed to be appointed to the Whig administration of then president Zachary Taylor. McKenny would die in a Brooklyn boardinghouse alone with no wife or son, his family had already passed away by that point. He wrote the two volume work, ''History of the Indian Tribes of North America, With Biographical Sketches and Anecdotes of the Principal Chiefs''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=dJQ-AQAAMAAJ&hl=en&pg=GBS.PP1|title=History of the Indian Tribes of North America: With Biographical Sketches and Anecdotes of the Principal Chiefs|year=1874|publisher=D.Rice & Company}}</ref>
McKenney died in New York City in February 1859.
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* Viola, Herman J. ''Thomas L. McKenney: Architect of America’s Early Indian Policy: 1816-1830''. Chicago: The Swallow Press Inc., Sage Books. 1974.
<references/>
== Bibliography ==
* Nankano, Yumiko. "The Campaign for Civilization or Removal: Thomas L. McKenney and Federal Indian Affairs in the Formative Years" ''Bulletin of the Faculty of Humanities, Seikei University'' No.48 (2013) 85+ [http://repository.seikei.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10928/329/1/bungaku-48_85-95.pdf online]
* Drinnon, Richard. “Facing West.” Google Books. Google. Accessed April 20, 2021. [https://books.google.com/books?id=wrexPiqKo58C&q=Thomas+L.+McKenney https://books.google.com/books?id=wrexPiqKo58C&q=Thomas%2BL.%2BMcKenney#v=snippet&q=Thomas%20L.%20McKenney&f=false.]
* Fletcher, Carlton. “Home.” Glover Park History. Accessed April 20, 2021. [https://gloverparkhistory.com/estates-and-farms/weston/thomas-l-mckenney-and-the-indians/ https://gloverparkhistory.com/estates-and-farms/weston/thomas-l-mckenney-and-the-indians/.]
* Viola, Herman J. “Diplomats in Buckskins.” Google Books. Google. Accessed April 20, 2021. [https://books.google.com/books?id=FeGEhXY-4aEC&q=mckenney https://books.google.com/books?id=FeGEhXY-4aEC&q=KENNY#v=onepage&q=mckenney&f=false.]
* Viola, Herman J. “McKenney, Thomas Loraine (1785-1859), Government Official.” American National Biography. Oxford University Press. Accessed April 20, 2021. https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0300320;jsessionid=7986B9412E2F498488536AE7EC415489.
* McKenney, Thomas L. Digital History. Accessed May 7, 2021. https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=3&psid=679.
== See also ==
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{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:McKenney, Thomas L.}}
[[Category:1785 births]]
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