Content deleted Content added
No edit summary |
correct designation |
||
| (44 intermediate revisions by 30 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
{{Use dmy dates|date=
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name
| image = Polikarpov I-16-Mosca.jpg
| caption = [[Popeye]] on the Spanish Republican [[Polikarpov I-16]] of [[Antonio Arias Arias]], commander of the 4th squadron. [[Museo del Aire (Madrid)|''Museo del Aire'']], [[Cuatro Vientos]], [[Madrid]]. Other characters on Spanish Republican planes included [[Mickey Mouse]] and [[Betty Boop]].
| dates = 1931–1939
| country = {{Flag|Spanish Republic}}
| allegiance = Spain (1931–1939)
| branch = [[Spanish Republican Armed Forces]]
| type = [[Air Force]]
| role =
| size =
| command_structure =
| garrison =
| garrison_label =
| nickname =
| patron =
| motto =
| colors =
| colors_label =
| march =
| mascot =
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| battles = [[Spanish Civil War]]
| anniversaries =
| decorations =
| battle_honours = <!-- Commanders -->
| commander1 =
| commander1_label = ▼
| commander2 =
▲|commander1_label=
| commander2_label = ▼
| commander3 =
▲|commander2_label=
| commander3_label = ▼
| notable_commanders = {{plainlist|▼
▲|commander3_label=
▲|notable_commanders={{plainlist|
*[[Ignacio Hidalgo de Cisneros]]
*[[Andrés García La Calle]]
Line 45 ⟶ 44:
*[[Virgilio Leret Ruiz]]
*[[Manuel Cascón Briega]]}}
<!-- Insignia -->| identification_symbol = {{plainlist|
*[[File:Emblema FARE I Época (1931-1934).svg|145px]]<br/><small>(1931–1934)</small>
*[[File:Emblema FARE II Época (1934-1936).svg|175px]]<br/><small>(1934–1936)</small>
*[[File:Emblema FARE III Época (1936-1939).svg|175px]]<br/><small>(1936–1939)</small>}}
| identification_symbol_label = Emblem
| identification_symbol_2 = [[File:Fin flash of the Spain 1931-1939.svg|75px]]
| identification_symbol_2_label = [[Fin flash]]
| identification_symbol_3 = [[File:Roundel of the Spanish Republican Air Force.svg|95px]]
| identification_symbol_3_label = [[Roundel]]<br> (1931–1936)
| identification_symbol_4 = [[File:Roundel of Spanish Republican Air force.svg|75px]]
| identification_symbol_4_label = [[Roundel]]<br> (1936–1939)
<!-- Aircraft -->| aircraft_attack = [[Breguet XIX]], [[Vickers Vildebeest]], [[Beechcraft Staggerwing]], [[Gourdou-Leseurre GL-633]], [[Potez 25]]▼
| aircraft_bomber = [[Potez 540]], [[Tupolev SB]], [[Bloch MB.200]],<ref>[http://members.fortunecity.es/potez/bloch.htm BLOCH 200/210] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319161616/http://members.fortunecity.es/potez/bloch.htm |date=19 March 2012 }}</ref> [[Bloch MB.210]], [[Polikarpov R-Z]], [[Hawker Spanish Osprey]], [[Macchi M.18]], [[Breguet 413]],<ref>[https://archive.today/20120709170743/http://img255.imageshack.us/img255/1108/img146xp1.jpg Breguet Br.413]</ref> [[Breguet 460]]<ref>
▲|aircraft_attack= [[Breguet XIX]], [[Vickers Vildebeest]], [[Beechcraft Staggerwing]], [[Gourdou-Leseurre GL-633]], [[Potez 25]]
| aircraft_fighter = [[Hawker Fury]], [[Bristol Bulldog]], [[Blériot-SPAD S.51]], [[Blériot-SPAD S.91]], [[Dewoitine D.510]], [[Fokker D.XXI]], [[Martinsyde Buzzard]], [[Nieuport-Delage NiD 52|Hispano-Nieuport Ni-52]], [[AEKKEA-RAAB R-29]], [[Avia BH-33]], [[Dewoitine D.372]], [[Polikarpov I-15]], [[Polikarpov I-16]], [[Grumman FF|Grumman G-23]], [[Letov Š-31]], [[Letov Š-231]], [[Letov Š-331]], [[Loire 46]], [[Fw 56]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Spanish Civil War Aircraft|url=http://www.zi.ku.dk/personal/drnash/model/spain/did.html|
▲|aircraft_bomber=[[Potez 540]], [[Tupolev SB]], [[Bloch MB.200]],<ref>[http://members.fortunecity.es/potez/bloch.htm BLOCH 200/210] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319161616/http://members.fortunecity.es/potez/bloch.htm |date=19 March 2012 }}</ref> [[Bloch MB.210]], [[Polikarpov R-Z]], [[Hawker Spanish Osprey]], [[Macchi M.18]], [[Breguet 413]],<ref>[http://img255.imageshack.us/img255/1108/img146xp1.jpg Breguet Br.413]</ref> [[Breguet 460]]<ref>[http://wp.scn.ru/en/ww15/b/393/75/0 Br.460 B4]</ref>
| aircraft_interceptor = ▼
▲|aircraft_fighter=[[Hawker Fury]], [[Bristol Bulldog]], [[Blériot-SPAD S.51]], [[Blériot-SPAD S.91]], [[Dewoitine D.510]], [[Fokker D.XXI]], [[Martinsyde Buzzard]], [[Nieuport-Delage NiD 52|Hispano-Nieuport Ni-52]], [[Avia BH-33]], [[Dewoitine D.372]], [[Polikarpov I-15]], [[Polikarpov I-16]], [[Grumman FF|Grumman G-23]], [[Letov Š-31]], [[Letov Š-231]], [[Letov Š-331]], [[Loire 46]], [[Fw 56]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Spanish Civil War Aircraft|url=http://www.zi.ku.dk/personal/drnash/model/spain/did.html|accessdate=2012-04-14}}</ref>
| aircraft_patrol = [[Latecoere 28]], [[Spartan Zeus]], [[Lockheed Model 9 Orion|Lockheed Orion]], [[Fokker C.X]], [[Miles Falcon]], [[RWD 9]], [[Macchi M.18]], [[Potez 58]]
▲|aircraft_interceptor=
|
| aircraft_trainer = [[General Aircraft Monospar|Monospar ST-4]], [[General Aircraft Monospar|Monospar ST-12]], [[Avro 594]], [[Avro 626]], [[Avro 643 Cadet]], [[British Aircraft Swallow]], [[Caudron C.270]], [[Caudron C.282]], [[González Gil-Pazó GP-1]], [[Hanriot H.180]], [[Hispano-Suiza E-30]], [[Hispano-Suiza E-34]], [[Miles M.2 Hawk Trainer]], [[Morane-Saulnier MS.181]], [[Morane-Saulnier MS.230]], [[Romano R.82]], [[Romano R.83]], [[SAB-SEMA 10]], [[Stampe et Vertongen RSV.32|RSV.32]]
|
}}
[[File:I-15 Polikarpov Tinker.jpg|thumb|right|The ''Chato'' No. 56 flown by [[Frank Glasgow Tinker]] in the 1st Sq ''Lacalle''. He scored four victories in this aircraft. Occasionally he flew No. 58 as well.]]
The '''Spanish Republican Air Force''' was the air arm of the [[Spanish Republican Armed Forces|Armed Forces]] of the [[Second Spanish Republic]], the legally established government of Spain between 1931 and 1939. Initially divided into two branches: '
This defunct Air Force is largely known for the intense action it saw during the Civil War, from July 1936 till its disbandment in 1939.
The Spanish Republican Air Force was popularly known as
The [[Battle of Guadalajara]] and the defence of the skies over [[Madrid]] against Nationalist bombing raids during the [[Siege of Madrid|capital's long siege]] would be the only scenarios where the loyalist air force took part in an effective manner. In other important republican military actions, such as the [[Segovia Offensive]], the [[Battle of Teruel]] and the decisive [[Battle of the Ebro]], where the [[Aviación Nacional]] was relentlessly strafing the loyalist positions with accurate low-level attacks,<ref>Chris Goss
== History ==
Line 91 ⟶ 85:
In 1933, under Capitan Warlela, systematic [[cadastral]] surveys of Spain were carried out using modern methods of [[aerial photography]]. The following year Spanish engineer [[Juan de la Cierva]] took off and landed on [[Spanish seaplane carrier Dédalo|seaplane carrier ''Dédalo'']] with his [[autogyro]] C-30P. In 1934 Commander [[Eduardo Sáenz de Buruaga]] became new chief-commander of the air force. On the same year a major restructuring of the Spanish military air wing took place.<ref name="Relación orgánica"/>
Following a Government decree dated 2 October 1935, the ''Dirección General de Aeronáutica'' was placed under the authority of the War Ministry, ''Ministerio de la Guerra'', instead of under the [[
Five years after the proclamation of the Spanish republic, a section of the [[Spanish Republican Army|Republican Army]] in [[Spanish Morocco]] rebelled under the orders of General [[Francisco Franco]]. The rebellion succeeded only in fractioning Spain and Franco went ahead and began a bloody war of attrition, the Spanish Civil War.
Line 98 ⟶ 92:
===The Spanish Civil War===
After 18 July 1936 [[coup d'état]], the Republican government lost the military planes that were in aerodromes under rebel control. The loyalist areas of Spain retained, however, a great part of the 60 [[Breguet XIX]], 27 [[Vickers Vildebeest]] and 56 [[Nieuport-Delage NiD 52|Hispano-Nieuport Ni-52]] planes that the Spanish Air Force had before the hostilities, for the Republic had the control of the majority of the territory. Nevertheless, confronted with a war of attrition in the same month, the Spanish Republican government bought in France 14 [[Dewoitine D.371]], 10 [[Dewoitine D.373]] and 49 [[Potez 540]], among other military aircraft, for the value of 12 million francs. All these planes were largely obsolete at the time,<ref>Gerald Howson, ''Arms for Spain: Untold Story of the Spanish Civil War'', John Murray Publishers Ltd, 1998, {{ISBN|978-0-7195-5556-5}}</ref>
Within the month of his military coup, the help received by [[Francisco Franco]] from [[Nazi Germany]] ([[Condor Legion]]) and [[Kingdom of Italy
In September 1936 the Navy and Air Ministry (''Ministerio de Marina y Aire'') and the Air Undersecretariat, (''Subsecretaria del Aire''), both part of the National Defence Ministry ''(Ministerio de la Defensa Nacional)'' were established under the command of [[Indalecio Prieto]] as minister. For identification purposes the Republican tricolor roundel was replaced by red bands, an insignia that had previously been used on ''[[Aeronáutica Naval]]'' aircraft during the monarchy in the 1920s, before the time of the Republic.<ref>
The western democracies, like France, the United Kingdom and the United States didn't help the young Spanish Republic. Afraid of the "[[Communism|Communist]] threat" [[Neville Chamberlain]] and [[Léon Blum]] were ready to sacrifice Spain, as they later sacrificed [[Czechoslovakia]], in the belief that Hitler could be [[Appeasement|appeased]].<ref>Pierre Renouvin & [[René Rémond]], ''Léon Blum, chef de gouvernement. 1936-1937'', Presses de la Fondation nationale des sciences politiques, coll. 'Références', 1981</ref> In the void thus created, only the [[Soviet Union]] helped the Spanish government effectively.<ref>[http://www.gutenberg-e.org/kod01/kod15.html Stalin and the Spanish Civil War - Soviet Hardware Supplied to the Republic]</ref> At the end of October, four months after the rebels had been supplied with German and Italian aircraft by [[Adolf Hitler]] and [[Benito Mussolini]], the first [[Tupolev SB]] bombers arrived from Russia. They were nicknamed ''"Katiuska"''. One month later the first [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] fighter planes arrived to alleviate the lack of operational planes in the loyalist side, the [[Polikarpov I-15]], nicknamed ''"Chato"'' (Snubnosed)<ref>
The Republican air arm was restructured again in May 1937. The new structure included two branches, the ''Arma de Aviación'' and the ''Subsecretaría de Aviación'', but unified the ''Aeronáutica Militar'' and ''Aeronáutica Naval''. Some sources give this date as the date of the creation of the Spanish Republican Air Force, although it had been previously operative as an air force already. The Republican Air Force would keep this structure until this disbandment two years later.<ref name="Relación orgánica"/> Many planes belonging to the fleet of the [[Spanish Republican Airline]] LAPE (Líneas Aéreas Postales Españolas) were requisitioned by the Spanish Republican Air Force and used as military transports.<ref>
Innovative, and often lethal, aeronautical bombing techniques were tested by Condor Legion German expeditionary forces against loyalist areas on Spanish soil with the permission of Generalísimo Franco. The pilots of the Spanish Republican Air Force were unable to check these modern-warfare attacks. Their planes were mostly obsolete and often in a bad state of disrepair.<ref>[http://www.oocities.org/red_spain/ EL Potez 54 en la Guerra Civil Española]</ref> The ungainly French [[Potez 540]], a highly vulnerable plane that proved itself a failure in Spanish skies during the Civil War,<ref>[http://surfcity.kund.dalnet.se/italy_baschirotto.htm Biplane fighter aces]</ref> was labelled as 'Flying Coffin' ({{lang-es|Ataúd Volante}}) by loyalist pilots.<ref>[http://adar.es/index/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=89 Potez 540/542] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811034430/http://adar.es/index/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=89 |date=11 August 2011 }}</ref>
The rebel side, however, claimed that both air forces were almost equal, since the Soviet Union was helping the loyalist air force, but the fact was that:
{{
The Spanish Republican Air Force was unable to counteract the deadly low-level attacks and close support of the infantry tactics developed by [[Wolfram von Richthofen]] during the Civil War.<ref>Edward Jablonski, ''Terror from the Sky: Airwar,'' Vol. 1, Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co. 1972, p. 15</ref> As an air force it became practically ineffective after the [[Battle of the Ebro]] in 1938, when the spine of the Spanish Republican Armed Forces was broken. Finally the Spanish Republican Air Force was completely disbanded after the decisive rebel victory on 1 April 1939.
The last Republican military airport in [[Catalonia]] was in [[Vilajuiga]], from where on 6 February 1939 Commander [[Andrés García La Calle]] led a great part of the planes of the Spanish Republican Air Force to France. The orders had been given in haste by the beleaguered authorities of the doomed Republican Government who wanted to prevent the aircraft from falling into the enemy's hands. The planes landed in [[Francazal]] near [[Toulouse]], where the French authorities impounded them, arrested the Spanish Republican pilots, and swiftly interned them in [[concentration camp]]s.
==The ''Escuadrilla España''==
Line 120 ⟶ 114:
The ''Escuadrilla España'' or ''Escuadra España'', Squadron España, {{lang-fr|Escadrille Espagne}}, also known as ''Escuadrilla Internacional'', was a Spanish Republican Air Force unit organized by French writer [[André Malraux]]. Even though it was largely ineffective, this squadron became something of a legend after the writer's claims of nearly annihilating part of the rebel army in the [[Battle of the Sierra Guadalupe]] at [[Medellín (Spain)|Medellín]], [[Extremadura]]. The ''Escuadrilla España'' reached a maximum of 130 members and would fly a total of 23 combat missions before it was wrapped up in February 1937.
During the 1930s, André Malraux was active in the [[anti-fascist]] [[Popular Front (France)|Popular Front]] in France. Upon hearing the news of General Franco's rebellion that marked the beginning of the Spanish Civil War, he put himself at the service of the Spanish Republic. Despite opposition from French
The French planes, however, were not up to the enemy aircraft. The slow [[Potez 540]], some of them badly equipped,<ref>[http://usuarios.multimania.es/mrodval/GC181401.HTM Spanish Potez 540]</ref> rarely survived three months of air missions, reaching only about 80 knots against enemy fighters flying at more than 250 knots.<ref>[http://www.airaces.narod.ru/spane/desnitsk.htm Air Aces - Semyon Desnitsky]</ref> Few of the fighters proved to be airworthy, and were delivered intentionally without guns or gun-sights. The French Ministry of Defense had feared that modern types of planes would easily be captured by the Germans fighting for Franco, and the lesser models were a way of maintaining official "neutrality".<ref>Cate, p.235</ref> In the end the French planes were surpassed by more modern types introduced in late 1936 on both sides and their fate was that many of them crashed or were shot down. The crash of Spanish Republican Air Force serial '[[Ñ]]' Potez 540 plane that was shot down by rebel planes over the [[Sierra de Gúdar]] range of the [[Sistema Ibérico]] near [[Valdelinares]] inspired André Malraux to make his ''[[L'espoir (film)|L'espoir]]'' movie.
Line 131 ⟶ 125:
Even after France joined the [[Non-Intervention Committee]], Malraux helped the Spanish Republic to acquire military aircraft through third countries.
The Spanish Republican government circulated photos of Malraux's standing next to some Potez 540 bombers suggesting that France was on their side, at a time when France and the United Kingdom had declared official neutrality. Malraux, however, was not there at the behest of the French Government. Aware of the Republicans' inferior armaments, of which outdated aircraft were just one part of the problem, he toured the United States to raise funds for the Spanish Republican cause. In
Malraux has often been criticized by opponents for his involvement or motivations in the Spanish Civil War. [[Comintern]] sources, for example, described him
Other biographical sources, including fellow combatants, praise Malraux's leadership and sense of camaraderie. At any rate, Malraux's participation in such an historical event as the Spanish Civil War inevitably brought him adversaries, as well as supporters, resulting in a polarization of opinion.<ref>Derek Allan, Art and the Human Adventure, André Malraux's Theory of Art (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2009). pp. 25-27.</ref>
==Soviet pilots in Spain==
[[File:SB ls66.jpg|thumb|Model of a Spanish Republican Tupolev SB2 ''Katyuska'', [[La Sénia]] Museum.]]
The Soviet Union profited from the [[international isolation]] of the Spanish Republic imposed by the [[Non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War|
Some of the most effective pilots in Spain were young men from the Soviet Union. The Spanish Republican Air Force lacked modern planes and
Many Soviet airmen came in the fall 1936, along with the new aircraft that the Spanish Republic had purchased from Russia. After the western democracies refused military assistance to the established Spanish Government in the name of so-called "Non-Intervention", the Soviet Union and Mexico were practically the only nations that helped Republican Spain in its struggle. In a similar manner as Hitler with his [[German re-armament|Third Reich re-armament]], [[Joseph Stalin]] saw the acquisition of first-hand combat experience in Spain by Soviet pilots and technicians as essential for his plans regarding the capability and combat readiness of the [[Soviet Air Forces]]. Therefore, much emphasis was placed on detailed reporting of the results of the testing of the new Russian military equipment and air-warfare techniques.<ref>[http://www.gutenberg-e.org/kod01/print/kod20.pdf Soviet Pilots in the Spanish Civil War]</ref>
Line 145 ⟶ 139:
The first planes that came to Spain were Tupolev SB bombers; the fighters would arrive later. Their first action was a morale-lifting bombing raid on the [[Talavera de la Reina]] military airfield used by the Legionary Nazi and Italian planes that dropped their bombs over Madrid every day. This action made the Russian pilots very popular among the people in Madrid. The ''Katiuska'' pilots took advantage for the time being of their aircraft's relatively higher speed, but the plane was vulnerable and its fuel tanks easily caught fire when shot at. Furthermore, when the Condor Legion brought the speedier [[Messerschmitt Bf 109]] fighters later in the war, the SB squadrons suffered heavy losses.
Anatol Serov, nicknamed "Mateo Rodrigo", established the ''Escuadrilla de Vuelo Nocturno'' fighter squadron along with Mikhail Yakushin. This night-flight section would use I-15 ''Chatos'' that had modified exhaust pipes, so that the flames in front would not impair the pilot's night vision. M. Yakushin would become the leader of the Night Fighter Squadron that would be quite effective against the Condor Legion Ju 52 night bombing raids.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091211004433/http://adar.es/index/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=91&Itemid= Los chatos nocturnos - ADAR]
There were about 300 Russian pilots in or around Madrid by the end of November 1936. The improved defensive capacity of the Spanish Republic boosted the morale of the areas of Spain under loyalist control. The Russian pilots gave their best performance in the [[Battle of Guadalajara]], routing the Italian ''Aviazione Legionaria'' and pounding the Fascist militias incessantly from the air.
Line 160 ⟶ 154:
* The Multiple-engined Aircraft School (''Escuela de polimotores''), located at Santiago de la Ribera and Los Alcázares as well.
* The Aircraft Mechanics School (''Escuela de mecánicos''), located at [[Godella]], [[Valencia Province]].
* The Weaponry School (''Escuela de Armeros''), located at [[Eibar]], [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]].
==Fighter aces==
{| class=wikitable style="font-size: 9pt; text-align:left"
|-
Line 179 ⟶ 173:
|[[Anatol Serov]] || Russia || ''1ª Escuadrilla de Chatos'' || 16 || Nicknamed "Mateo Rodrigo"<br>He established the ''Escuadrilla Vuelo Nocturno'' night-flight squadron
|-
|[[Vladimir Bobrov (pilot)|Vladimir Bobrov]]<ref>[http://users.accesscomm.ca/magnusfamily/scwurs.htm Spanish Civil War - U.S.S.R. Air Aces]</ref>|| Russia || || 13 || Flew more than 100 combat missions
|-
|[[Andrés García La Calle]] || Spain || ''1ª Escuadrilla de Chatos'' || 11 ||Supreme commander of the fighter squadrons of the Spanish Republic in Dec. 1938
Line 241 ⟶ 235:
|-
|[[James Peck (pilot)|James Peck]]<ref>[http://www.alba-valb.org/volunteers/browse/james-lincoln-holt-peck Abraham Lincoln Brigade - James Peck]</ref>|| USA ||''1ª Escuadrilla de Chatos''|| 5 ||One of the few [[African-American]] pilots in the Spanish Republican Air Force. 4 victories unconfirmed
|-▼
|-
|}
==Ranks==
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armed Forces/OF/Blank}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Air Forces/OF/Second Spanish Republic (1936–1939)}}
;Preceding agencies
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armed Forces/OF/Blank}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Air Forces/OF/Second Spanish Republic (1931–1936)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Air Forces/OF/Second Spanish Republic (Naval, 1931–1936)}}
|}
Line 276 ⟶ 259:
File:Polikarpov I-16-Spain (clipped).jpg|A Polikarpov I-16 "Mosca" in flight
File:Farman F 402.jpeg|[[Farman F 402]] of the Spanish Republican Air Force. [[Museo del Aire (Madrid)|''Museo del Aire'']], Cuatro Vientos
File:FARE53.JPG|Spanish Republican Air Force ''2a Escuadrilla, Grupo 24'' standard and pilot's summer uniform. [[La Sénia]] Museum
File:DSC 6393 FIO MOSCA EC-JRK.jpg|Polikarpov I-16 restored by the ''Fundación Infante de Orleans''
Line 284 ⟶ 266:
==See also==
{{div col
*[[Spanish Air Force]]
*[[Spanish Civil War]]
Line 299 ⟶ 281:
{{div col end}}
==
{{NoteFoot}}
*Antonio Arias Arias, ''Arde el Cielo: Memorias de un Piloto de Caza Participante en la Guerra de España (1936-1939) y en la Gran Guerra Patria de la URSS (1941-1945).'' Edited by A. Delgado Romero, 1995. [[Silla, Valencia]]. (Memoirs of a Spanish Republican Air Force fighter pilot and squadron leader, who later fought for the Soviet Union during WW2).▼
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Bibliography ==
▲* Antonio Arias Arias, ''Arde el Cielo: Memorias de un Piloto de Caza Participante en la Guerra de España (1936-1939) y en la Gran Guerra Patria de la URSS (1941-1945).'' Edited by A. Delgado Romero, 1995. [[Silla, Valencia]]. (Memoirs of a Spanish Republican Air Force fighter pilot and squadron leader, who later fought for the Soviet Union during WW2).
*{{cite journal |last1=Green|first1=William|last2=Swanborough|first2=Gordon|name-list-style=amp |title=A Grumman by Any Other Name...|journal=Air Enthusiast |date=February–May 1979 |issue=9 |pages=26–39 |issn=0143-5450}}
* Green, William & Swanborough, Gordon. "Soviet Flies in Spanish Skies". ''Air Enthusiast Quarterly'', No. 1, n.d., pp. 1–16. {{ISSN|0143-5450}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Howson|first1=Gerald|title=Fokker's Trimotors Go to War |journal=Air Enthusiast |date=August–November 1990|issue=13|pages=43–49 |issn=0143-5450}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Herr|first1=Allen|title=Eagles over Malaga: American Pilots in the Spanish Civil War |journal=Air Enthusiast |date=January–February 1999 |issue=79 |pages=42–53 |issn=0143-5450}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Laureau|first1=Patrick|title=Polikarpov I-15 "Chato": Un chasseur russe au destin exotique..., partie 1 |journal=Le Fana de l'Aviation |date=May 1978 |issue=102 |pages=34–41 |issn=0757-4169 |language=fr |trans-title=Polkarpov I-15 "Chato": A Russian Fighter in an Exotic Destination, Part 1}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Laureau|first1=Patrick|title=Polikarpov I-15 "Chato": Un chasseur russe au destin exotique..., partie 2 |journal=Le Fana de l'Aviation |date=June 1978 |issue=103 |pages=42–45 |issn=0757-4169 |language=fr |trans-title=Polkarpov I-15 "Chato": A Russian Fighter in an Exotic Destination, Part 2}}
* Leyvastre, Pierre. "The Day of the Dewoitine". ''Air Enthusiast Quarterly'', No. 1, n.d., pp. 17–19, 84–96. {{ISSN|0143-5450}}
*[http://www.portalcultura.mde.es/publicaciones/publicaciones/Historia_Militar/publicacion_0191.html Carmen Calvo Jung, ''Los Últimos Aviadores de la República''] {{ISBN|9788497815444}}
==
*{{cite journal |last1=Falco|first1=José|title=Mes derniers victoires; Villajuiga, Février 1939|journal=Le Fana de l'Aviation |date=February 1989 |issue=231|pages=18–19 |issn=0757-4169 |language=fr|trans-title=My Last Victories; Villajuiga, February 1939}}
== External links ==
{{
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100925145911/http://www.ejercitodelaire.mde.es/ea/pag?idDoc=684308D600241B20C125746C0026797F Ejército del Aire, how to get to the
*[http://www.aire.org/museo/ Museo del Aire de Madrid non-official page] {{in lang|es}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LkfeG6fYmW0
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UK3kDtny-rU
*[http://www.sbhac.net/Republica/Imagenes/FotoFare/FotoFare.htm Fuerzas Aéreas de la República Española] {{in lang|es}}
*[http://adar.es Asociación de Aviadores de la República] {{in lang|es}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100916224715/http://adar.es/index/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13&Itemid=27 List of Spanish Republican Air Force pilots (incomplete)]
*[http://www.nodo50.org/republica/enlaces.html Enlaces Republicanos] {{in lang|es}}
*[http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=4848 Axis History - Bibliography]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110310030338/http://www.elgrancapitan.org/portal/index.php/articulos/guerra-civil-espanola/1293-la-ayuda-material-a-la-republica La ayuda material a la República Española] {{in lang|es}}
*[http://www.airspacemag.com/history-of-flight/The-War-Between-the-Wars.html?c=y&page=4 The War Between the Wars - Smithsonian]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100618065106/http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Air_Power/Spansh_CW/AP18.htm Aerial Warfare and the Spanish Civil War]
Line 326 ⟶ 321:
*[http://www.katesharpleylibrary.net/vx0mqt Biography of Vicente Monclús Guallar, republican pilot imprisoned in the USSR]
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Spanish Air Force]]▼
▲[[Category:Spanish Air and Space Force]]
[[Category:Armed Forces of the Second Spanish Republic]]
[[Category:Soviet Union–Spain relations]]
[[Category:
[[Category:Disbanded air forces]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1931]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1939]]
| |||