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{{Short description|Australian Aboriginal language of the Yolngu group spoken in the Northern Territory}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{use Australian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Dhuwal
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| states = [[Australia]]
| region = [[Northern Territory]]
| ethnicity = [[Daii people|Daii]], [[Dhuwal]], [[Dhuwala]], [[Makarrwanhalmirr]]
| speakers =
| date =
| ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=
| familycolor = Australian
| fam1 = [[Pama–Nyungan languages|Pama–Nyungan]]
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| stand1 = Dhuwaya
| sign = [[Yolŋu Sign Language]]
| nation = [[Northern Territory]] (as lingua franca for
| lc1 = dwu
| ld1 = Dhuwal
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| aiatsis3 = N118
| aiatsisname3 = Dhay'yi
| ELP2 = 5562
| ELPname2 = Liyagalawumirr
| ELP3=5549
| ELPname3=Liyagawumirr
| ELP4=4065
| ELPname4=Dhay'yi
}}
'''Dhuwal''' (also '''Dual''', '''Duala''') is one of the [[Yolŋu languages]] spoken by [[Aboriginal Australians]] in the [[Northern Territory]], Australia. Although all Yolŋu languages are [[mutual intelligibility|mutually intelligible]] to some extent, Dhuwal represents a distinct [[dialect continuum]] of eight separate varieties. In 2019, Djambarrpuyŋu became the first indigenous language to be spoken in an Australian parliament, when Yolŋu man and member of the [[Northern Territory Legislative Assembly]] [[Yingiya Mark Guyula|Yingiya Guyula]] gave a speech in his native tongue.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-01 |title=Yingiya Mark Guyula makes history, addressing NT Parliament in language |website=National Indigenous Times |url=https://nit.com.au/yingiya-mark-guyula-makes-history-addressing-nt-parliament-in-language/ |access-date=2023-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701133216/https://nit.com.au/yingiya-mark-guyula-makes-history-addressing-nt-parliament-in-language/ |archive-date=1 July 2022 }}</ref>
==Dialects==
According to linguist [[Robert M. W. Dixon]],
*Dialects of the Yirritja [[moiety (kinship)|moiety]] are (a) '''Gupapuyngu''' and '''Gumatj''';
*Dialects of the Dhuwa moiety are (b) '''Djambarrpuyngu''', '''Djapu''', '''Liyagalawumirr''', and '''Guyamirlili''' (Gwijamil).
*In addition, it would appear that the '''Dhay'yi''' ('''Dayi''') dialects, (a) '''Dhalwangu''' and (b) '''Djarrwark''', are part of the same language.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dixon|first=Robert M. W.|author-link=Robert M. W. Dixon|title=Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MSqIBNJtG0AC|year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-47378-1|page=xxxvi}}</ref>
''[[Ethnologue]]'' divides Dhuwal into four languages, plus Dayi and the contact variety Dhuwaya (numbers are from the 2006 census.{{cn|date=January 2020}}):
*Dhuwal proper, Datiwuy, Dhuwaya, Liyagawumirr, Marrangu, and Djapu: 600 speakers
*Djampbarrpuyŋu, 2,760 speakers
*Gumatj, 240 speakers
*Gupapuyngu, 330 speakers
*Dhay'yi (Dayi) and Dhalwangu, 170 speakers
'''Dhuwaya''' is a
==Phonology==
=== Consonants ===
{| class="IPA wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |[[Peripheral consonant|Peripheral]]
! colspan="2" |[[Laminal consonant|Laminal]]
! colspan="2" |[[Apical consonant|Apical]]
! rowspan="2" |[[glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Plosive]]
![[Fortis consonant|<small>Fortis</small>]]
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|k}}
| {{IPA link|t̪}}
| {{IPA link|c}}
| {{IPA link|t}}
| {{IPA link|ʈ}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
![[Lenis consonant|<small>Lenis</small>]]
| {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|g}}
| {{IPA link|d̪}}
| {{IPA link|ɟ}}
| {{IPA link|d}}
| {{IPA link|ɖ}}
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|ŋ}}
| {{IPA link|n̪}}
| {{IPA link|ɲ}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
| {{IPA link|ɳ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Tap and flap consonants|Tap]]
|
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɾ}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|l}}
| {{IPA link|ɭ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Glide consonant|Glide]]
|
| {{IPA link|w}}
|
| {{IPA link|j}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɻ}}
|
|}
=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[High vowel|High]]
| {{IPA link|i}} {{IPA link|iː}}
| {{IPA link|u}} {{IPA link|uː}}
|-
! [[Low vowel|Low]]
|colspan=2| {{IPA link|a}} {{IPA link|aː}}
|}
Vowel length is contrastive in first syllable only.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Heath |first=Jeffrey |title=Dhuwal (Arnhem Land) texts on kinship and other subjects, with grammatical sketch and dictionary |year=1980 |publisher=University of Sydney |series=Oceania Linguistics Monographs |volume=23 |hdl=2027.42/117643 |hdl-access=free |page=4}}</ref><ref name="Walker&Zorc1981">{{Cite journal |last1 = Walker |first1 = Alan |last2 = Zorc |first2 = David R. |title = Austronesian loanwords in Yolngu-Matha of northeast Arnhem Land |journal = Aboriginal History |volume = 5 |issue=1–2 |pages = 109–134 |date = 1981 |jstor=24045706}}</ref>
==Orthography==
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{| class="wikitable"
!
!
!
!
|-
| {{Lang|pjt|pa'''ṉ'''a}}
| 'earth, dirt, ground; land'
| diacritic (underline) indicates the [[retroflex nasal]] ([ɳ])
|-
| {{Lang|wbv|'''nh'''a'''nh'''a}}
| 'this, this one'
| digraph indicating the [[Dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|dental nasal]] ([n̪])
|-
| {{Lang|mis|yol'''ŋ'''u}}<!-- Yolŋu languages -->
| 'person, man'
|
|}
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{{Languages of Australia}}
[[Category:Yolŋu
[[Category:Indigenous Australian languages in the Northern Territory]]
| |||