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Dhuwal language: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Australian Aboriginal language of the Yolngu group spoken in the Northern Territory}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{use Australian English|date=January 2020}}
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| region = [[Northern Territory]]
| ethnicity = [[Daii people|Daii]], [[Dhuwal]], [[Dhuwala]], [[Makarrwanhalmirr]]
| speakers = 5,171{{sigfig|4228|2}}
| date = 20162021 census
| ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=httphttps://stat.datawww.abs.gov.au/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=ABS_C16_T09_SAstatistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/2021/|title=CensusCultural 2016,diversity: Language spoken at home by Sex (SA2+)|last=ABS|website=stat.data.abs.gov.au|language=en-auCensus|publisherauthor=Australian Bureau of Statistics|access-date=2017-10-2913 October 2022|date=2021}}</ref>
| familycolor = Australian
| fam1 = [[Pama–Nyungan languages|Pama–Nyungan]]
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| stand1 = Dhuwaya
| sign = [[Yolŋu Sign Language]]
| nation = [[Northern Territory]] (as lingua franca for aboriginesAboriginal people)<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/djr djr ''Ethnologue'']</ref>
| lc1 = dwu
| ld1 = Dhuwal
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| aiatsis3 = N118
| aiatsisname3 = Dhay'yi
| ELP2 = 5562
| ELPname2 = Liyagalawumirr
| ELP3=5549
| ELPname3=Liyagawumirr
| ELP4=4065
| ELPname4=Dhay'yi
}}
 
'''Dhuwal''' (also '''Dual''', '''Duala''') is one of the [[Yolŋu languages]] spoken by [[Aboriginal Australians]] in the [[Northern Territory]], Australia. Although all Yolŋu languages are [[mutual intelligibility|mutually intelligible]] to some extent, Dhuwal represents a distinct [[dialect continuum]] of eight separate varieties. In 2019, Djambarrpuyŋu became the first indigenous language to be spoken in an Australian parliament, when Yolŋu man and member of the [[Northern Territory Legislative Assembly]] [[Yingiya Mark Guyula|Yingiya Guyula]] gave a speech in his native tongue.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-01 |title=Yingiya Mark Guyula makes history, addressing NT Parliament in language |website=National Indigenous Times |url=https://nit.com.au/yingiya-mark-guyula-makes-history-addressing-nt-parliament-in-language/ |access-date=2023-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701133216/https://nit.com.au/yingiya-mark-guyula-makes-history-addressing-nt-parliament-in-language/ |archive-date=1 July 2022 }}</ref>
 
==Dialects==
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*Dialects of the Yirritja [[moiety (kinship)|moiety]] are (a) '''Gupapuyngu''' and '''Gumatj''';
*Dialects of the Dhuwa moiety are (b) '''Djambarrpuyngu''', '''Djapu''', '''Liyagalawumirr''', and '''Guyamirlili''' (Gwijamil).
*In addition, it would appear that the '''Dhay'yi''' ('''Dayi''') dialects, (a) '''Dhalwangu''' and (b) '''Djarrwark''', are part of the same language.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dixon|first=Robert M. W.|authorlinkauthor-link=Robert M. W. Dixon|title=Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MSqIBNJtG0AC|year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-47378-1|page=xxxvi}}</ref>
 
''[[Ethnologue]]'' divides Dhuwal into four languages, plus Dayi and the contact variety Dhuwaya (numbers are from the 2006 census.{{cn|date=January 2020}}):
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'''Dhuwaya''' is a stigmatised contact variant{{what|date=January 2020}} used by the younger generation in informal contexts, and is the form taught in schools, having replaced Gumatj ca. 1990.{{cn|date=January 2020}}
 
==SoundsPhonology==
 
=== Consonants ===
=== Consonants<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Dhuwal (Arnhem Land) texts on kinship and other subjects, with grammatical sketch and dictionary|last=Heath|first=Jeffrey|publisher=|year=1980|isbn=|location=Oceania Linguistics Monographs, 23|pages=}}</ref> ===
{| class="IPA wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Peripheral consonant|Peripheral]]
 
! colspan="2" |[[Laminal consonant|Laminal]]
!
! colspan="2" |[[bilabialApical consonant|BilabialApical]]
! rowspan="2" |[[lamino-dentalglottal consonant|Lamino-<br>dentalGlottal]]
|-
![[apico-alveolar consonant|Apico-<br>alveolar]]
![[retroflexLabial consonant|RetroflexLabial]]
![[lamino-palatal|Lamino-<br>palatal]]
![[velar consonant|Velar]]
![[glottalDental consonant|GlottalDental]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
 
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
![[Fortisretroflex consonant|FortisRetroflex]]
| p-
! rowspan="2" |[[Plosive]]
| t̪
![[Fortis consonant|<small>Fortis</small>]]
| t
| {{IPA link|p}}
| ʈ
| {{IPA link|k}}
| c
| {{IPA link|t̪}}
| k
| {{IPA link|c}}
| ʔ
| {{IPA link|t}}
|- style="text-align: center;"
| {{IPA link|ʈ}}
![[Lenis consonant|Lenis]]
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ʔ}}
| b
|-
| d̪
![[Lenis consonant|<small>Lenis</small>]]
| d
| {{IPA link|b}}
| ɖ
| {{IPA link|g}}
| ɟ
| {{IPA link|d̪}}
| g
| {{IPA link|ɟ}}
| {{IPA link|d}}
| {{IPA link|ɖ}}
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|ŋ}}
| {{IPA link|n̪}}
| {{IPA link|ɲ}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
| {{IPA link|ɳ}}
|
|-
|- style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" |[[Tap and flap consonants|Tap]]
![[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| m
| n̪
| n
| ɳ
| ɲ
| ŋ
|
|- style="text-align: center;"
![[Tap and flap consonants|Tap]]
|
|
|ɾ
|
| {{IPA link|ɾ}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|- style="text-align: center;"
![[Glide consonant|Glide]]
|
|
|
| ɻ
| j
| w
|
|- style="text-align: center;"
![[lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|
| {{IPA link|l}}
|l
| {{IPA link|ɭ}}
|ɭ
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Glide consonant|Glide]]
|
| {{IPA link|w}}
|
| {{IPA link|j}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɻ}}
|
|}
 
=== Vowels ===
=== Vowels<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Walker&Zorc1981">{{Cite journal| volume = 5| pages = 109–134| last1 = Walker| first1 = Alan| last2 = Zorc| first2 = David R.| title = Austronesian loanwords in Yolngu-Matha of northeast Arnhem Land| journal = Aboriginal History| date = 1981}}</ref> ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[High vowel|High]]
| {{IPA link|i}}   {{IPA link|iː}}
| {{IPA link|u}}   {{IPA link|uː}}
|-
! [[Low vowel|Low]]
! !! Front !! Central !! Back
|colspan=2| {{IPA link|a}}   {{IPA link|aː}}
|- style="text-align: center;"
|'''High'''|| i, iː || || u, uː
|- style="text-align: center;"
|'''Low'''|| || a, aː ||
|- style="text-align: center;"
|}
Vowel length is contrastive in first syllable only.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Heath |first=Jeffrey |title=Dhuwal (Arnhem Land) texts on kinship and other subjects, with grammatical sketch and dictionary |year=1980 |publisher=University of Sydney |series=Oceania Linguistics Monographs |volume=23 |hdl=2027.42/117643 |hdl-access=free |page=4}}</ref><ref name="Walker&Zorc1981">{{Cite journal |last1 = Walker |first1 = Alan |last2 = Zorc |first2 = David R. |title = Austronesian loanwords in Yolngu-Matha of northeast Arnhem Land |journal = Aboriginal History |volume = 5 |issue=1–2 |pages = 109–134 |date = 1981 |jstor=24045706}}</ref>
Vowel length is contrastive in first syllable only.
 
==Orthography==
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{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" | Example
! scope="col" | Translation
! scope="col" | Type
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[Pitjantjatjara dialect]] of the [[Western Desert language]]
| {{Lang|pjt|pa'''ṉ'''a}}
| 'earth, dirt, ground; land'
| diacritic (underline) indicates the [[retroflex nasal]] ([ɳ])
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[Wajarri language|Wajarri]]
| {{Lang|wbv|'''nh'''a'''nh'''a}}
| 'this, this one'
| digraph indicating the [[Dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|dental nasal]] ([n̪])
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[Yolŋu languages]]
| {{Lang|mis|yol'''ŋ'''u}}<!-- Yolŋu languages -->
| 'person, man'
| ''''{{grapheme|[[eng (letter)|ŋ]]''''}} represents the [[velar nasal]] (borrowed from the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]])
|}
 
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{{Languages of Australia}}
 
[[Category:Yolŋu Matha languages]]
[[Category:Indigenous Australian languages in the Northern Territory]]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhuwal_language"