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{{Short description|Paramilitary group organized in 1993}}
The '''Front for the Advancement and Progress of Haiti (FRAPH)''' ({{lang-fr|Front pour l'Avancement et le Progrès Haitien}}) was a [[far-right]]<ref>{{cite news|url=
paramilitary group organized in mid-1993. Its goal was to undermine support for the popular [[Catholicism|Catholic]] priest [[Jean-Bertrand Aristide]], who served less than eight months as [[Haiti|Haïti's]] president before being deposed, on 29 September 1991, by a [[coup d'état|coup]]. The group received covert support and funding from the United States government.
==The formation of FRAPH==
FRAPH was established by [[Emmanuel Constant|Emmanuel "Toto" Constant]], who went on the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] payroll as an informant and spy in early 1992 (according to the Agency, this relationship ended in mid-1994, but the following October the US embassy in Haïti was openly acknowledging that Constant
==U.S. involvement in Haiti==
During the 1992 U.S. presidential campaign, candidate [[Bill Clinton]] had promised to restore democracy to Haiti if elected. Inaugurated in 1993, the administration had to deal with a continuing refugee problem in [[Florida]]. Condemning FRAPH and the military regime as nothing more than "armed thugs," the administration cooperated with a multinational force and dispatched 15,000 troops sent and a high-level negotiating team ([[Jimmy Carter]], [[Sam Nunn]], and [[Colin Powell]]) to force the military to step down, restoring Aristide to power in August 1994 after international sanctions and pressure had failed to produce any results. Although the presence of U.S. and UN peacekeepers helped restore calm and security, this success, claims researcher Lisa A. McGowan, was undermined by their refusal to disarm the disbanded Haitian military and paramilitaries. As McGowan wrote,
:"[USAID] is providing funding and technical assistance to strengthen Haiti’s judicial system, yet the U.S. has refused
It subsequently emerged that the US government had in fact played a significant role in establishing and funding FRAPH. The investigative journalist [[Allan Nairn]] broke the story in an article published in ''[[The Nation (U.S. periodical)|The Nation]]'' in 1994.<ref>[http://www.greenleft.org.au/back/1994/165/165p21b.htm Green Left
In February 1996, the New York-based [[Center for Constitutional Rights]] (CCR) announced that it had obtained thousands of pages of newly declassified U.S. documents, which they claim revealed that the U.S. government recognized the brutal nature of FRAPH but denied it in public. Describing the attitude of US government officials, CCR lawyer Michael Ratner said
:"they were talking out of both sides of their mouth. They were talking about restoring democracy to Haïti, but at the same time, they were undermining democracy in the coup period
According to Ratner, U.S. suspicions of
==References==
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==Bibliography==
*Grann, David. [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2001/06/giving-the-devil-his-due/302234/ "Giving 'The Devil' His Due."] ''The Atlantic Monthly'', June 2001.
*Whitney, Kathleen Marie (1996), "Sin, Fraph, and the CIA: U.S. Covert Action in Haiti", ''Southwestern Journal of Law and Trade in the Americas'', Vol. 3, Issue 2 (1996), pp.
==External links==
*[
*[
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050507035655/http://www.zmag.org/zmag/articles/june95arnove.htm Allan Nairn discusses Haiti], an interview by [[Anthony Arnove]], ''[[Z Magazine]]'', June 1995▼
▲*[http://www.zmag.org/zmag/articles/june95arnove.htm Allan Nairn discusses Haiti], an interview by [[Anthony Arnove]], ''[[Z Magazine]]'', June 1995
{{DEFAULTSORT:Front For The Advancement And Progress Of Haiti}}
[[Category:
[[Category:Far-right politics in North America]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Haiti]]
[[Category:Haiti–United States relations]]
[[Category:Human rights in Haiti]]
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