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{{Short description|Simulated Nazi invasion of Winnipeg, Manitoba, in 1942}}
[[File:Wfp 1942.jpg|thumb|Simulated German soldiers [[harassment|harassing]] a newspaper carrier during If Day]]▼
{{featuredFeatured article}}▼
▲[[File:WfpFake Nazi soldiers assaulting a Winnipeg Free Press newsie, 19 February 1942.jpg|thumb|Simulated German soldiers [[harassment|harassing]] a newspaper carrier during If Day]]
 
'''If Day''' ({{lang-fr|"'''Si un jour'''"}}, "If one day")<ref name=burch/> was a simulated [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] invasion and occupation of the Canadian city of [[Winnipeg, Manitoba]], and surrounding areas on 19 February 1942, during the [[World War II|Second World War]]. It was organized as a [[war bond]] promotion by the Greater Winnipeg Victory Loan organization, which was led by prominent Winnipeg businessman [[John Draper Perrin|J. D. Perrin]]. The event was the largest military exercise in Winnipeg to that point.<ref name=perrun>{{cite book|author=Perrun, Jody|title=The Patriotic Consensus: Unity, Morale, and the Second World War in Winnipeg|publisher=University of Manitoba Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-8875-5749-1|pagepages=108, 128&ndash;129, 133}}</ref>
 
If Day included a staged [[Shootout|firefight]] between Canadian troops and volunteers dressed as German soldiers, the internment of prominent politicians, the imposition of Nazi rule, and a parade. The event was a fundraiser for the war effort: over [[Canadian dollar|C$]]3 million was collected in Winnipeg on that day. Organizers believed that the fear induced by the event would help increase fundraising objectives. It was the subject of a 2006 documentary, and was included in [[Guy Maddin]]'s film ''[[My Winnipeg]]''.
 
==Background==
[[File:GiveUsTheTools.jpg|thumb|upright|[[A. J. Casson]]'s Canadian Victory Bonds poster ''Give Us The Tools'' 1941]]
 
If Day was an elaborate campaign to promote the purchase of [[war bond|Victory Bonds]]. These bonds, which were loans to the government to allow for increased war spending, were sold to individuals and corporations throughout Canada. If Day was the second Victory Loan campaign of the Second World War. The campaign began on 16 February 1942, and continued until 9 March. [[Manitoba]]'s fundraising target was $45&nbsp;million ($620 &nbsp;million in 2011 dollars<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=20 August 2011|publisher=Bank of Canada|url=http://www.bankofcanada.ca/rates/related/inflation-calculator/|title=Inflation Calculator}}</ref>), including $24.5 &nbsp;million from [[Winnipeg]]. The national campaign planned to light "Beacon Fires of Freedom" in communities across the country, but Winnipeg's February weather was not conducive to this idea, leading to the Greater Winnipeg Victory Loan committee, a regional branch of the [[National War Finance Committee]], organized If Day under chairman [[John Draper Perrin]], to opt for a different approach.<ref name=newman/><ref name=perrun/> The organizers believed that bringing the war (or, rather, a simulation thereof) to people's homes would result in a change of attitude among those not directly affected by the war.<ref name=newman>{{cite journal|last=Newman|first=Michael|title=19 February 1942: If Day|journal=Manitoba History|date=Spring 1987|issue=13|url=http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/13/ifday.shtml|accessdate=1 October 2011}}</ref><ref name=cassidy>{{cite webnews|url=http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/when-war-came-to-winnipeg-414169033.html|work=Winnipeg Free Press|title=When war came to Winnipeg|date=19 February 2017|last=Cassidy|first=Christian}}</ref>
 
The committee drew up a map of Manitoba, which was divided into 45 sections, each representing $1&nbsp;million of their fundraising target. As money came in from those selling Victory Bonds, the sections were "reclaimed" from the Nazi invaders.<ref name=dawn/> The map was posted at the corner of Portage and Main, the city's central intersection.<ref name=werier/> The campaign was publicized in local newspapers for a few days before the event, although the "invasion" took many citizens by surprise.<ref name=dawn/><ref name=ctv/><ref name=per113>{{cite book|author=Perrun, Jody|title=The Patriotic Consensus: Unity, Morale, and the Second World War in Winnipeg|publisher=University of Manitoba Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-8875-5749-1|page=113}}</ref> To prevent a rush to emergency shelters, residents of neighbouring northern [[Minnesota]] were also warned because radio broadcasts dramatizing the event could be received in that area.<ref name=dawn/>{{refn|Organizers hoped to avoid a similar situation to the [[The War of the Worlds (radio drama)|1938 radio drama ''The War of the Worlds'']], when a fictional broadcast of an alien invasion was interpreted as real by frightened citizens.<ref name=burch/>|group=note}} [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] aircraft painted to look like German fighter planes flew over the city on 18 February 1942.<ref name=if>{{cite news|newspaper=Winnipeg Free Press|title=If|page=1|author=Groom, Kick|date=5 January 1985}}</ref> [[Selkirk, Manitoba|Selkirk]], a small town northeast of Winnipeg, held its own fundraising simulation, a one-hour blackout and mock bombing, on 18 February 1942 in preparation for the main If Day event.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Winnipeg Free Press|date=18 February 1942|title=War's nightmare staged in vivid Selkirk raid to boost Victory Loan|page=1}}</ref>
 
== Events ==
The simulation included 3,500 Canadian Army members, representing all of Winnipeg's units, making it the largest military exercise in Winnipeg to that point.<ref name=burch/><ref name=came>{{cite news|newspaper=Winnipeg Tribune|title=If&nbsp;...the Nazis came to Winnipeg|date=19 February 1942|page=1}}</ref> The defending forces were commanded by [[Colonel]]s E. A. Pridham and D. S. McKay.<ref name=newman/><ref name=grim/> Troops were drawn from the [[18thFifth (Manitoba) Armoured CarField Regiment]], No. 10 District Engineers and Signals, [[Royal Winnipeg Rifles|the Royal Winnipeg Rifles]], [[the Winnipeg Grenadiers]], the [[Royal Winnipeg Rifles|Winnipeg Light Infantry]], [[the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada]], [[History of the Canadian Army#Veteran's Guard of Canada|Veteran's Guard of Canada]] (including over 300 veterans of the First World War), and a number of reserve and civilian groups.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Winnipeg Free Press|date=1618 February 19422022|pagetitle=1What if? The day Nazis ruled Winnipeg|author=Waldman, Ben}}</ref> The 'Nazi' troops were volunteers from the Young Men's Board of Trade, using uniforms rented from [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] and with painted [[Dueling scar|sabre scars]] on their faces.<ref name=if/><ref name=floresco>{{cite video |people= Aaron Floresco (director/writer)|date= 2006|title= If Day: The Nazi Invasion of Winnipeg|medium=DVD|publisher=Past Perfect Productions}}</ref><ref name=morn>{{cite news|newspaper=Winnipeg Tribune|date=19 February 1942|pages=1, 16|author=Sanburn, Dick|title=On a black morn Winnipeg fell under Nazi heel}}</ref> They were commanded by Erich von NeurenbergNeuremburg.<ref name=if/><ref group="note">It is unclear whether this was a real name or a pseudonym.</ref> Approximately $3,000 was spent on the event.<ref name=ctv/>
 
'Nazi' patrols in the city began before 5:30&nbsp;am on 19 February. A radio announcer was detained and his microphone commandeered for radio broadcasts, beginning at 5:45&nbsp;am. 'Nazi' troops assembled on the west side of the city half an hour after the first patrols.<ref name=burch>{{cite journal|journal=[[Maclean's]] |author=Burch, Ted|date=10 September 1960|title=The day the Nazis took over Winnipeg|pages=46–47}}</ref> Canadian troops were massed at Fort Osborne barracks and the Minto and MacgregorMcGregor armouries at 6:30&nbsp;am, and at 7:00&nbsp;am [[civil defense siren|air-raid sirens]] were sounded and a [[blackout (wartime)|blackout]] ordered in preparation for the invasion.<ref name=dawn>{{cite news|title=Sirens will wail and guns roar as IF DAY dawns|newspaper=Winnipeg Free Press|date=18 February 1942|page=1}}</ref><ref name=grim/><ref>{{cite news|title=Blackout 7&nbsp;am Thursday Begins 'If Day' Events|newspaper=Winnipeg Tribune|date=18 February 1942|page=13}}</ref> The aerial [[blitzkrieg]] began before 7 &nbsp;am with mock bombings.<ref name=burch/> Beginning at 7:03&nbsp;am, troops started their simulated attack on the city, which was defended by a small group of active and reserve troops assisted by local community groups. The defenders formed a perimeter around the industrial and downtown areas of the city, approximately {{convert|5|km|mi|0}} from City Hall, retreating to a {{convert|3|km|mi|adj=on|0}} perimeter at 7:45.<ref name=if/><ref name=grim/>
 
The firefight included large-scale troop movements and the simulated destruction of major bridges &ndash;– coal dust and dynamite were used to create explosions.<ref name=floresco/><ref name=morn/><ref name=cassidy/> Nine troop formations held three positions each during the tightly scripted invasion sequence; they were directed via telephone (one line per formation) and [[flash-lamp]] signals from the headquarters established at the Chamber of Commerce building. The defensive pattern employed was similar to that used during the [[First World War]] in [[Paris]] to conduct soldiers to the [[front (military)|front]].<ref name=tactics/> Light tanks were stationed at road and rail junctions as fighting intensified.<ref name=burch/> Thirty anti-aircraft vehicles fired [[blank (cartridge)|blanks]] at fighter planes overhead, assisted by anti-aircraft gunners on buildings downtown. The first mock casualty was reported at 8:00&nbsp;am. Dressing stations were set up at strategic points to treat the mock casualties; they also treated the two real casualties of the event – a soldier who sprained his ankle, and a woman who cut her thumb preparing toast during the early-morning blackout.<ref name=grim/>
[[File:Arrest at city hall 1942.jpg|thumb|upright|City officials being arrested and taken to the [[internment camp]]]]
 
At 9:30&nbsp;am, the defenders surrendered to the 'Nazis' and withdrew to the downtown muster point,<ref name=dawn/> and the city was occupied. The fake Nazis began a widespread harassment campaign, sending armed troops throughout the city. A tank was driven down Portage Avenue, one of the main streets of the downtown area.<ref name=floresco/> Some people were taken to an internment camp at [[Lower Fort Garry]]; those interned included prominent local politicians like Premier [[John Bracken]] (arrested with several members of his [[cabinet (government)|cabinet]] at a [[caucus]] meeting), Mayor [[John Queen]], [[Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba]] [[Roland Fairbairn McWilliams]], and visiting Norwegian ambassador to the United States {{Interlanguage link multi|Wilhelm de Morgenstierne|no|3=Wilhelm von Munthe af Morgenstierne}}.<ref name=grim>{{cite news|title=Grim realism marks arrest at legislature|newspaper=Winnipeg Free Press|date=19 February 1942|pages=1, 10}}</ref><ref name=floresco/> One council member, Dan McClean, escaped but was recaptured after an intensive search.<ref name=if/> Chief of Police George Smith avoided capture because he was dining out when soldiers arrived at his office.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Winnipeg Free Press|title=Blitz swoops on city|date=19 February 1942|page=1}}</ref> The [[Union Flag]] at Lower Fort Garry was replaced with the [[flag of Nazi Germany|swastika]].<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Winnipeg Tribune|page=10|title=If IF DAY Were Real|date=19 February 1942}}</ref> The city was renamed "[[Heinrich Himmler|Himmlerstadt]]", and Main Street was termed "Hitlerstrasse".<ref name=if/><ref>{{cite book|page=175|title=Savage detours|author1=Morton, Lisa |author2=Adamson, Kent |publisher=McFarland & Co|year=2010|isbn=978-0-7864-4353-6}}</ref>
 
Erich von NeurenbergNeuremburg was installed as ''[[gauleiter]]'' (provincial leader); he was assisted by George Waight, who acted as the local [[Gestapo]] chief.<ref name=if/><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Globe and Mail|date=17 December 1985|title=Obituaries: George Waight|page=A14}}</ref> Their stated purpose was to assist Hitler in his plans to take advantage of Canada's relatively low population density by colonizing the country.<ref name=newman/> Von NeurenbergNeuremburg issued the following decree, which was posted throughout the city:
<blockquote>
 
Line 38 ⟶ 40:
## Entering or leaving the province without permission.
## Failure to report all goods possessed when ordered to do so.
## Possession of firearms.<br>
NO ONE WILL ACT, SPEAK OR THINK CONTRARY TO OUR DECREES.<ref name=newman/></blockquote>
 
Line 44 ⟶ 46:
Notices were posted on churches forbidding worship services, and priests who objected were arrested.<ref name=dawn/> Buses were stopped and their passengers searched by armed troops.<ref name=tactics/> The ''[[Winnipeg Tribune]]'' was renamed ''Das Winnipeger Lügenblatt'' ("The Winnipeg Lies-sheet"), a 'Nazi' publication featuring heavily censored columns and a front page written almost entirely in German.<ref name=floresco/><ref>{{cite news | url=http://manitobia.ca/content/en/newspapers/WPT/1942/02/19/pages/00003996.xml/iarchives | title=Das Winnipeger Lügenblatt | work=Winnipeg Tribune | date=19 February 1942 | accessdate=16 November 2011 | pages=1–2}}</ref> One satirical story noted that "this is a great day for Manitoba&nbsp;...The Nazis, like Der Fuehrer, are patient, kind and tolerant, but THEIR PATIENCE IS RAPIDLY EXHAUSTED BECOMING",<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Winnipeg Tribune|page=2|date=19 February 1942|title=A great day|url=http://manitobia.ca/content/en/newspapers/WPT/1942/02/19/articles/31.xml/iarchives|accessdate=16 November 2011}}</ref> while another included an "official joke", approved by the German authorities, at which all readers were ordered to laugh or be imprisoned.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://manitobia.ca/content/en/newspapers/WPT/1942/02/19/articles/35.xml/iarchives|title=Der Trumpeter|newspaper=Winnipeg Tribune|date=19 February 1942 | accessdate=16 November 2011|author=von Vermin, Herman|page=2}}</ref> Henry Weppler, a newspaper seller for the ''[[Winnipeg Free Press]]'', was attacked and his papers ripped up.<ref name=if/><ref name=tactics>{{cite news|newspaper=Winnipeg Free Press|date=19 February 1942|title=Nazi storm troopers demonstrate invasion tactics|pages=1, 10}}</ref> The ''Winnipeg Free Press'' featured a front-page story about the "invasion", describing in great detail the devastation caused by the Nazis in Winnipeg.<ref name=ctv/>
 
[[Book burning|Books were burned]] in front of the main [[Carnegie library|Carnegie]] branch of the [[Winnipeg Public Library]] (the books had been pre-selected for incineration as damaged or outdated).<ref name=if/><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Winnipeg Free Press|date=17 February 1942|page=5|title=More about Victory Loan}}</ref> Soldiers entered the cafeteria at [[Great West Life]] and stole lunches from workers.<ref name=grim/> They seized [[buffalo coat]]s from the police station and wore them throughout the day, as the temperature was below {{convert|−8|°C|°F}}. At one local elementary school, the principal was arrested and replaced with a 'Nazi' educator dedicated to teaching the "Nazi Truth"; special lessons were prepared for high-school students throughout the city.<ref name=werier>{{cite news|newspaper=Winnipeg Tribune|title=Winnipeg to be 'occupied'|url=http://manitobia.ca/content/en/newspapers/WPT/1942/02/17/articles/3.xml/iarchives|pages=1, 10|date=17 February 1942|author=Werier, Val|accessdate=22 July 2011}}</ref><ref name=if/> Some stores and homes were looted by the fake troops. Canadian currency was replaced with fake German [[Reichsmark]]s, the only propaganda notes that Canada created during the war.<ref name=if/><ref name=floresco/><ref name=morn/><ref>{{cite web|page=39|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:OuYoPDC08QsJ:www.philadelphia.edu.jo/Books/Variety%2520of%2520Topics/WWII%2520ALLIED%2520PROPAGANDA.doc+%22if+day%22+winnipeg&hl=en&gl=ca&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESg_BBl17-K6lUSjCXZcNuHqpOQHUjy80h3OcL0nBJ8KhJhQVbR88LjVooaGc6vR1dwnsIo8vQYL2Seys_IaVJS6GqpRQxTdSABc7hiHgPElpQe46HnEwr2TW6FuKpIrtFwyXe3V&sig=AHIEtbTAIVweIQIn3tYf_YFcCJS3H_LaOg|accessdate=30 July 2011|title=WWII Allied Propaganda Banknotes|author=Friedman, Herbert A|publisher=Philadelphia University Jordan}}</ref>
 
[[File:BondsorBondage.JPG|thumb|upright|Fake German [[Reichsmarks]]; the reverse features an advertisement for Victory Loans.]]
The day ended at 5:30&nbsp;pm with a ceremonial release of prisoners, a parade, and speeches from the released dignitaries.<ref name=if/><ref name=floresco/> Members of the organizing committee and local businesspeople marched down Portage Avenue with banners reading "It MUST Not Happen Here!" and "Buy Victory Bonds". Following the parade, a banquet was held at the [[Hudson's Bay Company]] building.<ref name=if/> Ambassador de Morgenstierne spoke about his experiences with If Day and in Norway, suggesting that the "make-believe Nazi occupation of [Winnipeg] was an authentic glimpse of German behavior in German-ridden Europe".<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Winnipeg Tribune|page=3|date=20 February 1942|title=Norwegian minister says If Day authentic}}</ref>
 
Surrounding towns were also affected by the invasion: for example, in [[Neepawa]] 'Nazi' soldiers confronted citizens in the streets.<ref name=floresco/> [[Virden, Manitoba|Virden]] was renamed "Virdenberg".<ref name=if/> A mock attack was planned for strategic targets in [[Brandon, Manitoba|Brandon]].<ref name=werier/> The [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] broadcast a program called "Swastika over Canada" on the radio throughout the province, along with military music and extracts of Hitler's speeches; students were dismissed from school early to listen.<ref name=if/><ref name=perrun/>
 
==Effects==
[[File:If day map.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Map showing the sale of Victory Bonds in [[Manitoba]]]]
 
The If Day event not only resulted inpushed Victory Bond sales well over Greater Winnipeg's goal, butand brought Winnipeg's innovativethe effortstactic to the attention of people throughout North America. ''[[Life Magazine]]'' ran a pictorial spread of the If Day activities in Winnipeg and in smaller centres across Manitoba, photographed by William Shrout.<ref name=life>{{cite journalmagazine|title=Winnipeg is 'conquered'|journalmagazine=Life|date=9 March 1942|pages=30–32|volume=12|number=10}}</ref> Reporters from several American publications, including ''[[Newsweek]]'', ''[[The New York Times]]'' and ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'', were also present for the event;<ref name=if/> cameraman [[Lucien Roy]] shot newsreel footage for [[BBC News]].<ref name=life/> Newspapers as far away asin New Zealand included stories about the event.<ref name=floresco/> An estimated 40 million people worldwide saw coverage of If Day.<ref name=if/>
 
TheIf moneyDay raised $3.2&nbsp;million for the Victory Loan campaign on If Day was $3.2&nbsp;million, which was the city's largest single-day total.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Winnipeg Free Press|title=Record day for war loan|page=1|date=19 February 1942}}</ref> Winnipeg passed its $24&nbsp;million Victory Loan quota on 24 February, largely because of the effects of If Day.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Winnipeg Free Press|title=Winnipeg leaps past its war bond quota|date=24 February 1942|page=1}}</ref> The campaign's provincial total for the entire campaign was $60&nbsp;million, well above its target quota of $45&nbsp;million. The campaignIt raised approximately $2&nbsp;billion nationwide for the war effort, and If Day was considered one of the most successful fundraising events of the nationwide drive.<ref name=per113/> OfficialsThe army had expected a significant increase in army recruits ason aIf result of the eventDay, but it failed to end the long-term decline in recruitment numbers: only 23 people enlisted at thein Winnipeg recruitment office on If Day, compared to an average of 36 per day for the first half of February.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Winnipeg Tribune|title=Only 23 enlist during If Day|page=13|date=20 February 1942}}</ref>
 
If Day was successful enough to spark imitations in other communities. The US government contacted the organizing committee for details of the event. A smaller-scale invasion was staged in [[Vancouver]], using promotional materials from the Winnipeg campaign.<ref name=if/>
 
In 2006, a television documentary of the eventsevent was made by [[Aaron Floresco]] for [[CTV Television Network|CTV]]'s local series ''Manitoba Moments''.<ref name=PPP>{{cite web|title=If Day (2006)|url=http://www.pastperfectpro.com/ifday.html|publisher=Past Perfect Productions|accessdate=6 May 2011}}</ref> The workIt incorporates newsreel footage from the event, as well as interviews withof historians and participants.<ref name=ctv>{{cite news|newspaper=Winnipeg Free Press|title=What if Nazis invaded city? See for yourself on CTV special|url=http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/historic/31664224.html|accessdate=21 July 2011|date=18 February 2006}}</ref> Filmmaker [[Guy Maddin]] included a brief newsreel clip of If Day in his film ''[[My Winnipeg]]''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Guy Maddin's ''My Winnipeg''|author=Wershler, Darren|page=50|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4426-1134-4}}</ref>
 
==See also==
* [[New Order (Nazism)#Plans for North America|Nazi plans for North America]]
 
==Notes==
Line 66 ⟶ 71:
 
==References==
{{reflistReflist|30em}}
 
==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=62wULout6HQ&feature=related Trailer] for television documentary of If Day, including newsreel footage from the event
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8scLEt70yIE Newsreel] documenting If Day, from [[British Pathé]]
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[[Category:1942 in Canada]]
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