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{{About|chemical bonds|saturation status of solutions|
==Organic chemistry==
Generally distinct types of unsaturated organic compounds are recognized.
Unsaturated compounds generally carry out typical addition reactions that are not possible with saturated compounds such as alkanes. A saturated organic compound has only single bonds between carbon atoms. An important class of saturated compounds are the [[alkane]]s. Many saturated compounds have functional groups, e.g., alcohols.▼
For hydrocarbons:
*[[alkene]] (unsaturated) vs alkane (saturated)
*[[alkyne]] (unsaturated) vs alkane (saturated)
*[[arene]] (unsaturated) vs cycloalkane (saturated)
For organic compounds containing heteroatoms (other than C and H), the list of unsaturated groups is long but some common types are:
*[[carbonyl]], e.g. [[ketone]]s, [[aldehyde]]s, [[ester]]s, [[carboxylic acid]]s (unsaturated) vs alcohol or ether (saturated)
*[[nitrile]] (unsaturated) vs amine (saturated)
*[[Nitro compound|nitro]] (unsaturated) vs amine (saturated)
{| class="wikitable
|[[Ethane]]▼
|[[Propane]]▼
|-
|[[File:Ethan_Lewis.svg|[[File:Ethan_Lewis.svg]]|102x102px]]
|[[File:Propan_Lewis.svg|[[File:Propan_Lewis.svg]]|136x136px]]
▲| colspan="2" |[[File:Octan-1-ol_Skelett.svg|[[File:Octan-1-ol_Skelett.svg]]|245x245px]]
|}
! colspan=
The concept of saturation can be described using various naming systems, [[formula]]s, and [[Analytical chemistry|analytical tests]]. For instance, [[IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry|IUPAC nomenclature]] is a system of naming conventions used to describe the type and location of unsaturation within organic compounds. The "[[degree of unsaturation]]" is a [[formula]] used to summarize and diagram the amount of hydrogen that a compound can bind. Unsaturation can be determined by [[NMR]], [[mass spectrometry]] and [[IR spectroscopy]], or by determining a compound's [[bromine number]] or [[iodine number]].<ref>{{March6th}}</ref>▼
▲{| class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center; font-size:89
! colspan="2" |Unsaturated compounds▼
|-
|[[File:Ethene_structural.svg|83x83px]]
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|[[File:Ethyne-2D-flat.png|111x111px]]
[[Acetylene]]
[[alpha-Linolenic acid|''alpha''-Linolenic acid]], an unsaturated fatty acid
▲| colspan="2" |[[File:Alpha-Linolenic_acid_Structural_Formulae_V.2.svg|223x223px]]
|}
▲Unsaturated compounds generally carry out typical addition reactions that are not possible with saturated compounds such as alkanes. A saturated organic compound has only single bonds between carbon atoms. An important class of saturated compounds are the [[alkane]]s. Many saturated compounds have functional groups, e.g., [[alcohols]].
===Fatty acids===▼
▲The concept of saturation can be described using various naming systems, [[formula]]s, and [[Analytical chemistry|analytical tests]]. For instance, [[IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry|IUPAC nomenclature]] is a system of naming conventions used to describe the type and location of unsaturation within organic compounds. The "[[degree of unsaturation]]" is a [[formula]] used to summarize and diagram the amount of hydrogen that a compound can bind. Unsaturation can be determined by [[NMR]], [[mass spectrometry]], and [[IR spectroscopy]], or by determining a compound's [[bromine number]] or [[iodine number]].<ref>{{March6th}}</ref>
[[File:TriglycerideTallow.svg|thumb|340px|One of the three side chains of this fat is described as unsaturated.]]▼
{{main|Unsaturated fat}}▼
▲===Fatty acids and fats===
{{Further|Hydrogenation#Food_industry}}▼
▲[[File:TriglycerideTallow.svg|thumb|340px|
The terms saturated vs unsaturated are often applied to the [[fatty acid]] constituents of [[fat]]s. The triglycerides (fats) that comprise [[tallow]] are derived from the saturated [[stearic acid|stearic]] and monounsaturated [[oleic acid]]s.<ref name=Ullmann>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Alfred Thomas |title=Fats and Fatty Oils|encyclopedia=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry|publisher=Wiley-VCH|place=Weinheim|year=2002|doi=10.1002/14356007.a10_173|isbn=3527306730}}</ref> Many [[Vegetable fats and oils|vegetable oils]] contain fatty acids with one (''monounsaturated'') or more (''polyunsaturated'') double bonds in them.▼
▲The terms saturated vs unsaturated are often applied to the [[fatty acid]] constituents of [[fat]]s. The triglycerides (fats) that comprise [[tallow]] are derived from the saturated [[stearic acid|stearic]] and monounsaturated [[oleic acid]]s.<ref name=Ullmann>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Alfred Thomas |title=Fats and Fatty Oils|encyclopedia=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry|publisher=Wiley-VCH|place=Weinheim|year=2002|doi=10.1002/14356007.a10_173|isbn=3527306730}}</ref> Many [[
==Saturated and unsaturated compounds beyond organic chemistry==
===Organometallic chemistry===
[[File:Vaska's.svg|thumb|left|220px|[[Vaska's complex|IrCl(CO)(PPh3)2]] is an unsaturated [[coordination complex]].]]
In [[organometallic chemistry]], a coordinatively unsaturated complex has fewer than [[18-electron rule|18 valence electrons]] and thus is susceptible to [[oxidative addition]] or coordination of an additional [[ligand]]. Unsaturation is characteristic of many [[catalysis|catalysts]]. The opposite of coordinatively unsaturated is coordinatively saturated. Complexes that are coordinatively saturated rarely exhibit catalytic properties.<ref>Hartwig, J. F. ''Organotransition Metal Chemistry, from Bonding to Catalysis''; University Science Books: New York, 2010. {{ISBN|1-891389-53-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=IUPAC definition of Coordinatively Unsaturated Complex|doi=10.1351/goldbook.C01334 |url=https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01334.html|doi-access=free}}</ref>
===Surfaces===
{{Further|Surface science}}
In [[physical chemistry]], when referring to surface processes, saturation denotes the degree at which a binding site is fully occupied. For example, [[
==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Organic chemistry]]
[[Category:Chemical nomenclature]]
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