Spaceflight participant: Difference between revisions

'''Spaceflight participant''' ({{lang-ru|участник космического полета|translit=uchastnik kosmicheskogo polyota}}) is the term used by the [[NASA]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ladwig |first1=Alan |title=The Space Flight Participant Program - Taking the teacher and classroom into space |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19860031168 |website=NASA Technical Reports Server |publisher=NASA |access-date=July 10, 2015 |date=October 1, 1985}} document ID no. 19860031168.</ref> [[Roscosmos]],<ref name=Roscosmos/> and the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA)<ref>FAA regulations, ''Commercial Space Transportation'', {{CodeFedReg | 14}} § [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2015-title14-vol4/pdf/CFR-2015-title14-vol4-sec401-5.pdf 401.5]</ref> for people who travel into space, but who are not professional [[astronaut]]s.{{ref|a}}

While the derogatory term gained new prominence atwith the beginningsrise of [[space tourism]], when NASA refused to train Dennis Tito on ISS Safety Equipment,<ref>{{Cite news|date=March 22, 2001|title=CBC|work=Canadian Broadcast Corporation|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/russia-u-s-argue-over-space-tourist-1.290386|access-date=November 16, 2021}}</ref> then refused entry into the US side of the ISS claiming lack of training on ISS safety equipment. Astronauts aboard ISS welcomed and provided training within the first day aboard the ISS.<ref>{{Cite web|last=agencies|first=Staff and|date=2001-05-03|title=Nasa anger grows over space tourist|url=http://www.theguardian.com/education/2001/may/03/highereducation.spaceexploration|access-date=2021-11-16|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Itit has also been used for participants in programs like NASA's [[Teacher in Space]] and astronauts designated by inter-government agreements like the [[Angkasawan program]] and the [[Korean Astronaut Program]].

The [[National Aeronautics and Space Act]] of 1958 stated that NASA should provide the "widest practicable and appropriate dissemination of information concerning its activities and the results thereof". The Naugle panel of 1982 concluded that carrying civilians—those not NASA astronauts—on the shuttle was part of "the purpose of adding to the public's understanding of space flight".<ref name="pincus19860305">{{Cite news |last=Pincus |first=Walter |date=1986-03-05 |title=NASA's Push to Put Citizen in Space Overtook Fully 'Operational' Shuttle |language=en-US |worknewspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/03/05/nasas-push-to-put-citizen-in-space-overtook-fully-operational-shuttle/29fe2714-39b7-40dd-b15e-073441de636e/ |access-date=2020-07-14 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> As the Shuttle program expanded, NASA developed the Space Flight Participant Program, where civilians, with an emphasis on creative people, would be sent into space to increase public awareness of NASA's mission. The initial goal was that two or three shuttle missions a year would include a civilian participant.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Space Flight Participant Program - Taking the teacher and classroom into space|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19860031168|website=NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)|publisher=NASA|access-date=2 February 2016}}</ref> The agency hoped that potential passengers such as [[Walter Cronkite]] and [[James Michener]] could "communicate" space to the public.{{r|pincus19860305}} The first would be the [[Teacher in Space Project]], which would combine publicity and educational opportunities for NASA. [[Christa McAuliffe]] would have been the first Teacher in Space, but she was killed in the [[Challenger disaster]] and the program was canceled. At the time of the Challenger disaster, NASA was planning to include a Journalist in Space on a mission scheduled to launch in September 1986. The program continued briefly, with the initial candidate pool being narrowed to 100 in March and 40 in April before being postponed indefinitely in July.<ref>{{cite web|title=Journalist in space candidates narrowed|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RV4eAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2cgEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4510%2C7118250|website=Google News|publisher=Times Daily|access-date=2 February 2016|date=29 April 1986}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Journalist-in-space program on hold|url=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1986/07/15/Journalist-in-space-program-on-hold/7053521784000/|website=UPI.com|publisher=UPI|access-date=2 February 2016|date=15 July 1986}}</ref> [[Walter Cronkite]] and [[Miles O'Brien (journalist)|Miles O'Brien]] were considered front-runners.<ref name="time">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,139766,00.html?iid=chix-sphere|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080104014126/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,139766,00.html?iid=chix-sphere|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 4, 2008|title=A Realm Where Age Doesn't Count|access-date=September 12, 2007|publisher=Time Magazine / CNN|author=Roger Rosenblatt| date=2001-06-24}}</ref><ref name="inspace">{{cite web|url=http://www.spacetoday.org/Astronauts/BarbaraMorganTeacherAstronaut.html|title=May fly sometime:|access-date=September 12, 2007|publisher=Space Today Online|year=2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Candidates for the "Journalist in Space Program"|url=http://www.spacefacts.de/english/e_journalist.htm|website=Space Facts|access-date=2 February 2016}}</ref>

|| Back-up was [[Nik Halik]].<ref name="Garriott back-uptourist">{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/space/20080128/sc_space/thrillionairesignsonasbackupspacetourist|title='Thrillionaire' Signs on as Backup Space Tourist |access-date=January 28, 2008|publisher=SPACE.com |year=2008|author=Tariq Malik |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080202005022/http://news.yahoo.com/s/space/20080128/sc_space/thrillionairesignsonasbackupspacetourist |archive-date = February 2, 2008}}</ref><ref>[http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5gVmXiJGB7S--M-E06nd_2DUW5sqQD93P1L181 ap.google.com, US game designer blasts into space with DNA cargo ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016003746/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5gVmXiJGB7S--M-E06nd_2DUW5sqQD93P1L181 |date=October 16, 2008 }}</ref>

|rowspan="2"|Maezawa and Hirano will bewere the first space tourists from Japan.<ref name=NT/> Maezawa purchased two seats from [[Space Adventures]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=spaceadventures |number=1392835022261002241 |title=Yusaku Maezawa purchased two seats on the #Soyuz spacecraft from Space Adventures. He and his assistant, Yozo Hirano, willcompleted begintheir spaceflight training in Russia next month after passing the required medical examinations. @yousuckMZ<br>@Roscosmos<br>#spaceflight}}</ref> There was no backup crew for Maezawa but Shun Ogiso, the Public Relations Manager of the Start Today corporation, was backup for Hirano.

|rowspan="2"| [[Soyuz MS-2325]] / [[Soyuz MS-24|MS-24]]

!colspan="6"|< style="text-align:center>;"|Failed attempts</center>

|| Killed alongside six fellow crew members in the [[Space Shuttle Challenger disaster]]. Back-up was [[Barbara Morgan]], who was selected in 1998 to train as a [[Missionmission Specialistspecialist]]. Morgan finally flew to space aboard [[STS-118]] in 2007, but as a "teacher-turned-astronaut", not a space flight participant.

|| Was expected to fly in 2009. The [[United Russia]] political party was expected to pay the estimated $25 million for the flight from the party funds.<ref>{{cite webnews|title=Kazakh Cosmonaut May Fly To Space Station Next Year|date=November url17, 2008|url= httphttps://enwww.riansatellitetoday.rucom/russiagovernment-military/200710052008/82599456.html | title = First Russian 11/17/kazakh-cosmonaut-may-fly-to-space flight participant will not lift off until 2009 -station-next-year/| publisher =Via [[RIA Novosti]] | year=2007Satellite|access-date=2007-10-28April 16, 2023}}</ref>

While not labeled as "spaceflight participants", the following people participated in NASA or Roscosmos spaceflight missions under the auspices of special programs outside the professional astronaut corps.

|| To demonstrate the capabilities of the Space Shuttle, NASA offered a seat to Garn, a member of the [[Senate Appropriations Committee]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/StevensonRE/RES_5-13-99.pdf |format=PDF |title=ORAL HISTORY 2 TRANSCRIPT : ROBERT E. STEVENSON INTERVIEWED BY CAROL BUTLER : HOUSTON, TEXAS – 13 MAY 1999 |website=Jsc.nasa.gov |access-date=2016-01-21}}</ref>

|| NASA also provided a seat to Nelson, a member of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] at the time and future [[Administrator of NASA]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/61-c/mission-61-c.html |title=61-C |website=Science.ksc.nasa.gov |access-date=2016-01-21 |archive-date=2009-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330143746/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/61-c/mission-61-c.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was originally scheduled to be aboard [[STS-51-L]].

*[http://www.charlesinspace.com/ Charles in Space] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228220154/http://www.charlesinspace.com/ |date=2017-12-28 }} Charles Simonyi's blog and video blog about his trip to the ISS.