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{{Use American English|date=January 2019}}
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| total_width = 275
| image1 = WTC New York 1992 Sander Lamme.jpg
| caption1 = The original Twin Towers of the [[World Trade Center (1973-2001)|World Trade Center]] in 1992
| image2 = Wtc-photo.jpg
| caption2 = The site, as it appeared twelve days after [[September 11 attacks|9/11]]
| image3 = WTCmemorialJune2012.png
| caption3 = The site as it appeared in 2012: The pools lie on the approximate site of each twin tower. Left is the [[List of tenants in 1 World Trade Center (1971–2001)|North Tower]] and right is the [[List of tenants in 2 World Trade Center|South Tower.]]
}}
 
The '''World Trade Center site''', often referred to as "'''[[Ground zero#World Trade Center|Ground Zero]]'''" or "'''the Pile'''" immediately after the [[September 11 attacks]], is a 14.6-acre (5.9&nbsp;ha) area in [[Lower Manhattan]] in [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dunlap |first1=David W. |title=In a Space This Sacred, Every Square Foot Counts |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/29/nyregion/blocks-in-a-space-this-sacred-every-square-foot-counts.html|access-date=July 8, 2015 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 29, 2004 |ref=blocks-4-29-2004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Barry |first=Dan |title=A Nation Challenged – The Site: 'At the Scene of Random Devastation, a Most Orderly Mission' |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 24, 2001 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0DEFDD143AF937A1575AC0A9679C8B63 | access-date=July 31, 2010}}</ref> The site is bounded by [[Vesey Street (Manhattan)|Vesey Street]] to the north, the [[West Side Highway]] to the west, [[Liberty Street (Manhattan)|Liberty Street]] to the south, and [[Church Street (Manhattan)|Church Street]] to the east. The [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]] (PANYNJ) owns the site's land (except for [[7 World Trade Center]]). The original [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] complex stood on the site until it was destroyed in the September 11 attacks.
 
The Port Authority, [[Silverstein Properties]], and the [[Lower Manhattan Development Corporation]] (LMDC) have overseen the reconstruction of the site as part of the [[World Trade Center (2001–present)|new World Trade Center]], following a master plan by [[Daniel Libeskind|Studio Daniel Libeskind]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Greenspan |first1=Elizabeth |title=Daniel Libeskind's World Trade Center Change of Heart |url=http://www.newyorker.com/business/currency/daniel-libeskinds-world-trade-center-change-of-heart|access-date=July 8, 2015 |magazine=the New Yorker |date=August 28, 2013}}</ref> Developer [[Larry Silverstein]] holds the lease to retail and office space in four of the site's buildings.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hartocollis |first=Anemona |title=Developer Sues to Win $12.3 Billion in 9/11 Attack |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 27, 2008 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/27/nyregion/27rebuild.html|access-date=July 31, 2010}}</ref>
 
==Before the World Trade Center==
[[File:Radio Row-Berenice Abbott.jpg|thumb|left|[[Berenice Abbott]]'s photograph showing [[Radio Row]] in 1936, with [[Cortlandt Street station (IRT Ninth Avenue Line)|Cortlandt Street station]] seen in the background]]
The western portion of the World Trade Center site was originally under the Hudson River, with the shoreline in the vicinity of Greenwich Street. On this shoreline close to the intersection of Greenwich Street and the former Dey Street, Dutch explorer [[Adriaen Block]]'s ship, the [[Tyger (ship)|''Tyger'']], burned to the waterline in November 1613, stranding Block and his crew and forcing them to overwinter on the island. The remains of the ship were buried under landfill when the shoreline was extended starting in 1797, and were discovered during excavation work in 1916. The remains of another ship from the eighteenth century were found in 2010 during excavation work at the site. The ship, believed to be a Hudson River [[sloop]], was found just south of where the Twin Towers used to stand, about {{convert|20|ft}} below the surface.<ref name="2010-07-15 CNN">{{cite news |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2010-07-15/us/new.york.ground.zero.ship_1_ship-archaeologist-ground-zero?_s=PM:US |title=Pieces of ship made in 1700s found at ground zero building site |publisher=[[CNN]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113070306/http://articles.cnn.com/2010-07-15/us/new.york.ground.zero.ship_1_ship-archaeologist-ground-zero?_s=PM%3AUS |date=January 13, 2011 |archive-date=2011-01-13 |last1=Spodak |first1=Cassie}}</ref>
 
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{{Main|World Trade Center (1973–2001)}}
[[File:World Trade Center, New York City - aerial view (March 2001).jpg|thumb|right|200px|The original World Trade Center complex]]
At the time of their completion the "Twin Towers"—the original 1 World Trade Center (the North Tower), at 1,368&nbsp;{{cvt|1368|ft (417 metres)|m}}, and 2 World Trade Center (the South Tower)—were the [[History of the tallest buildings in the world#Tallest buildings (from 1901)|tallest buildings]] in the world. The other buildings in the complex included the [[Marriott World Trade Center]] (3 WTC), [[FourList of tenants in 4 World Trade Center|4 WTC]], [[FiveList of tenants in 5 World Trade Center|5 WTC]], [[6 World Trade Center|6 WTC]], and [[7 World Trade Center (1987–2001)|7 WTC]]. All of these buildings were built between 19751972 and 19851987, with a construction cost of $400&nbsp; million (equivalent to ${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|400000000|1971|{{Inflation-year|US}}|r=-8}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} dollars).{{Inflation-fn|US}} The complex was located in New York City's [[Financial District, Manhattan|Financial District]] and contained {{convert|13400000|sqft|m2}} of office space.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F01E4D81030F935A35752C0A9649C8B63 |title=Commercial Property; In Office Market, a Time of Uncertainty |work=The New York Times |author=Holusha, John |date=January 6, 2002 |access-date=November 21, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3601/is_30_48/ai_83762552 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120526191512/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3601/is_30_48/ai_83762552 |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 26, 2012 |title=Ford recounts details of Sept. 11 |work=Real Estate Weekly |date=February 27, 2002 |publisher=BNET |access-date=January 3, 2009}}</ref>
 
The World Trade Center experienced a [[1975 World Trade Center fire|fire]] on {{Nowrap|February 13}}, 1975, a [[1993 World Trade Center bombing|bombing]] on {{Nowrap|February 26}}, 1993 and [[1998 Bank of America robbery|a robbery]] on {{Nowrap|January 14}}, 1998. In 1998, the Port Authority decided to privatize the World Trade Center, leasing the buildings to a private company to manage, and awarded the lease to [[Silverstein Properties]] in {{Nowrap|July 2001}}.
 
===September 11 attacks===
{{Main|September 11 attacks}}
[[File:WTC smoking on 9-11.jpeg|thumb|left|World Trade Center towers following [[American Airlines Flight 11]] and [[United Airlines Flight 175]] both crashing into North and South Towers respectively]]
On the morning of September 11, 2001, Islamist terrorists affiliated with [[Al-Qaeda]] [[aircraft hijacking|hijacked]] [[American Airlines Flight 11]] and [[United Airlines Flight 175]], both of which were en route from [[Boston]] to [[Los Angeles]], and intentionally crashed them into the two main towers of the World Trade Center. The towers collapsed within less than two hours of the collisions.<ref>{{Cite news |title=US Shocked by Terror Attacks |newspaper=[[BBC News]] |date=September 11, 2001 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1538929.stm#map | access-date=December 31, 2009}}</ref> 2,606 people, including 2,192 [[civilians]], 343 [[firefighters]], and 71 [[law enforcement officers]] who were in the towers and in the surrounding area died in the attacks, as well as 147 civilians and the 10 hijackers aboard the two airliners. After the collapse of the World Trade Center, hospital workers and law enforcement officers began referring to the World Trade Center site as "[[Ground Zero#World Trade Center|Ground Zero]]".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barry |first=Dan |title=A Day of Terror: Hospitals; Pictures of Medical Readiness, Waiting and Hoping for Survivors to Fill Their Wards |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 12, 2001 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=980DE1D91238F931A2575AC0A9679C8B63 | access-date=July 31, 2010}}</ref>
 
===Debris and clean-up===
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{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = World Trade Center Site After 9-11 Attacks With Original Building Locations.jpg
| width1 = 230
| caption1 = Aerial image of the World Trade center site after the attacks with the location of the Twin Towers and other buildings in the complex superimposed over the debris field
| image2 = FEMA - 4235 - Photograph by Andrea Booher taken on 09-28-2001 in New York.jpg
| width2 = 258
| caption2 = The World Trade Center site 17 days after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. Buildings surrounding the site of the collapsed towers are fitted with mesh to prevent further damage and large construction vehicles are being used to clear debris.
}}
 
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{{Main|World Trade Center (2001–present)}}
[[File:Remarks from Ground Zero September 14, 2001.webm|thumb|thumbtime=00:11|[[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[George W. Bush]] making remarks from "Ground Zero" on September 14, 2001]]
Soon after the September 11 attacks, [[Mayor of New York City|Mayor]] [[Rudy Giuliani]], [[List of Governors of New York|Governor]] [[George Pataki]], and President [[George W. Bush]] vowed to rebuild the World Trade Center site. On the day of the attacks, Giuliani proclaimed, "We will rebuild. We're going to come out of this stronger than before, politically stronger, economically stronger. The skyline will be made whole again."<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.architectureweek.com/2001/0926/today.html |title=Rebuilding in New York |date=September 26, 2001 |author=Taylor, Tess |magazine=Architecture Week |access-date=May 16, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511012010/http://www.architectureweek.com/2001/0926/today.html |archive-date=May 11, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> During a visit to the site on September 14, 2001, Bush spoke to a crowd of cleanup workers through a megaphone. An individual in the crowd shouted, "We can't hear you," to which Bush replied, "I can hear you. The rest of the world hears you. And the people who knocked these buildings down will hear all of us soon."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Walsh |first=Edward |title=Bush Encourages N.Y. Rescuers |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |pages=A10 |date=September 15, 2001 |url=http://old.911digitalarchive.org/crr/documents/1126.pdf |access-date=July 31, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724210450/http://old.911digitalarchive.org/crr/documents/1126.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2011}}</ref>
 
In a later address before [[United States Congress|Congress]], the president declared, "As a symbol of America's resolve, my administration will work with Congress, and these two leaders, to show the world that we will rebuild New York City."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html |title=Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People |publisher=The White House |date=September 20, 2001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225062850/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html |archive-date=February 25, 2008}}</ref> The immediate response from World Trade Center leaseholder [[Larry Silverstein]] was that "it would be the tragedy of tragedies not to rebuild this part of New York. It would give the terrorists the victory they seek."<ref>{{cite news |title=In place of the Trade Center; Ideas range from building new towers to playground |author=Litt, Steven |publisher=Plain Dealer (Cleveland) |date=September 17, 2001}}</ref> However, by 2011, only one building, [[7 World Trade Center]], had been rebuilt. The buildings that have been rebuilt as of June 2018 include 7 World Trade Center, [[One World Trade Center]], [[4 World Trade Center]], and [[3 World Trade Center]]. The original twin towers took less than three years from start of construction to be finished and five years from the beginning planning stages. However, given the complexity and highly political nature of the rebuilding efforts, they are often cited as an example of a successful public-private collaboration and are taught as a case study in successful negotiations.<ref>Cornell Real Estate Review, Volume 10, Number 1 (July 2012), 39-53, http://cip.cornell.edu/cpre.crer/1342144023; http://www.cornell.edu/video/?videoID=1680</ref>
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==New structures==
{{Main|World Trade Center (2001–present)}}
{{As of|20222023|01September}}, the current structures on the site include:
{{#section:World Trade Center (2001–present)|construction}}<!--The content for this section can be edited at [[World Trade Center (2001–present)#Structures]]-->
 
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[[Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners|Richard Rogers Partnership]] designed [[Three World Trade Center]], or 175 Greenwich Street, which stands across Greenwich Street from the Memorial's two reflecting pools.<ref name="wtc3-1">{{cite web |url=http://www.wtc.com/media/images/s/construction-3-world-trade-center?sid=1 |title=3 World Trade Center |work=wtc.com}}</ref><ref name="commercial observer">{{cite web |url=http://commercialobserver.com/2012/10/240569/ |title=GroupM Considers Huge Lease to Anchor 3 WTC |last=Geiger |first=Daniel |date=October 3, 2012 |publisher=Commercial Observer|access-date=November 3, 2013}}</ref> Groundbreaking occurred in fall 2008, and in May 2009, the Port Authority proposed reducing the tower to four stories.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/port-authority-dump-proposed-skyscrapers-wtc-site-article-1.377512 |title=Port Authority wants to dump three of five proposed skyscrapers for WTC site |date=May 10, 2009 |newspaper=NY Daily News |access-date=April 24, 2014 |archive-date=April 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424192334/http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/port-authority-dump-proposed-skyscrapers-wtc-site-article-1.377512 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2012, with Silverstein still unable to find tenants, construction on the above-ground levels was delayed indefinitely, with plans for only 7 stories.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20120122/REAL_ESTATE/301229973 |title=Silverstein to call a halt at 3 WTC |last=Agovino |first=Theresa |date=January 22, 2012 |work=Crain's New York Business|access-date=October 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404083903/http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20120122/REAL_ESTATE/301229973|archive-date=April 4, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, work progressed on below-grade foundations and the ground-level podium, which was completed by October 2013.<ref name="wtc3-1" /><ref name="commercial observer" /> Anchor tenant Group M was finally signed in late 2013,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/9-11-anniversary-new-wtc-finally-shaping-article-1.1451531 |title=9/11 anniversary: After 12 years, new WTC taking shape after terror attack |last=Rich |first=Schapiro |date=September 10, 2013 |newspaper=New York Daily News|access-date=November 14, 2013}}</ref> but finance negotiations between Silverstein Properties and the Port Authority dragged, until an agreement was reached in June 2014. Construction resumed in August 2014,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://nypost.com/2014/08/04/hudson-market-project-finds-a-home-in-chelsea/ |title=Hudson Market project finds a home in Chelsea |date=August 4, 2014 |newspaper=New York Post}}</ref> and the building opened on June 11, 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://commercialobserver.com/2018/06/inside-3-world-trade-center-opens/ |title=3 World Trade Center Opens Today: Here's a Look Inside |date=June 11, 2018 |work=Commercial Observer|access-date=June 11, 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref>
 
[[Fumihiko Maki|Maki and Associates]] designed [[Four World Trade Center]], also known as 150 Greenwich Street.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.renewnyc.com/ThePlan/world_trade_center_towers.asp |title=World Trade Center Towers |publisher=Lower Manhattan Development Corporation}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/123905/ny1-exclusive--developer-says-wtc-project-to-be-complete-in-five--six-years NY1 Exclusive: Developer Says WTC Project To Be Complete In Five, Six Years] [[NY1]]. Retrieved August 17, 2010. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819201403/http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/123905/ny1-exclusive--developer-says-wtc-project-to-be-complete-in-five--six-years|date=August 19, 2010}}</ref> Construction started in 2008, and the steel skeleton was mostly complete by 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-worldtradecenter/steel-skeleton-completed-at-4-world-trade-center-idUSBRE85O15U20120625 |title=Steel skeleton completed at 4 World Trade Center |date=June 25, 2012 |work=Reuters|access-date=October 27, 2017}}</ref> The building opened in November 2013, making it the second tower on the site to open behind 7 World Trade Center, as well as the first building on the Port Authority property.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20131113/financial-district/4-wtc-becomes-first-tower-at-trade-center-site-open |title=4 WTC Becomes First Tower at Trade Center Site to Open |last=Plagianos |first=Irene |date=November 13, 2013 |website=DNAinfo New York|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027131336/https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20131113/financial-district/4-wtc-becomes-first-tower-at-trade-center-site-open|archive-date=October 27, 2017|url-status=dead|access-date=October 27, 2017}}</ref> The first tenants to move in were two government agencies,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-11-12/world-trade-center-tower-debuts-in-manhattan-leasing-test |title=NYC's World Trade Tower Opens 40% Empty in Revival |date=November 12, 2013 |website=Bloomberg.com|access-date=October 5, 2015}}</ref> and {{as of|July 2015|lc=y}}, the building is 62% leased.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-424252525.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220160704/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-424252525.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 20, 2016 |title=Silverstein Signs Four More Tenants at 4WTC |work=Real Estate Weekly|access-date=October 5, 2015}}{{subscription required|via=[[HighBeam]]}}</ref>
 
[[Five World Trade Center]] was designed by [[Kohn Pedersen Fox]] and will stand where the [[Deutsche Bank Building]] once stood. On June 22, 2007, the Port Authority announced that [[JP Morgan Chase]] will lease the 42-story building for its investment banking headquarters;<ref>{{cite news |title=JP Morgan releases WTC tower plans |first=Marlene |last=Naanes |url=http://www.amny.com/news/local/am-wtc0622,0,6464804.story?coll=am-local-headlines |newspaper=[[AM New York]] |date=June 22, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211043752/http://www.amny.com/news/local/am-wtc0622%2C0%2C6464804.story?coll=am-local-headlines |archive-date=December 11, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kohn Responds to WTC5 Criticisms |first=Alec |last=Appelbaum |url=http://archrecord.construction.com/news/daily/archives/070730wtc.asp |magazine=[[Archit. Rec.|Architectural Record]] |date=July 30, 2007 |access-date=July 30, 2010}}</ref> however, JPMorgan's March 2008 acquisition of [[Bear Stearns]] had caused construction to stagnate, as the company changed its plans and relocated its headquarters to 383 Madison Avenue.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jones |first=David |title=JPMorgan might flip WTC site |website=The Real Deal New York |date=March 20, 2008 |url=http://therealdeal.com/blog/2008/03/20/jpmorgan-might-flip-wtc-site/ | access-date=October 5, 2015}}</ref> Construction began on September 9, 2011.<ref name="Minchom 2013">{{cite web |url=http://jewishbusinessnews.com/2013/11/12/new-world-trade-center-coming-to-life-already-impacts-new-york-skyline/ |title=New World Trade Center Coming To Life Already Impacts New York Skyline |last=Minchom |first=Clive |date=November 12, 2013 |website=Jewish Business News|access-date=October 5, 2015}}</ref> Although the foundation was completed, construction on the main structure never commenced.<ref name="Minchom 2013" />
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* [[Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks]]
* [[Survivors' Staircase]]
* [[Barclay-Vesey Building|Verizon Building]]
 
==References==
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'''Organizations:'''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050728030852/http://www.projectrebirth.org/ Project Rebirth] (archived 28 July 2005)
* [http://www.wtcrising.com World Trade Center Rising]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307194047/http://www.wtcrising.com/ |date=March 7, 2021 }}.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090317032105/http://www.rebuildgroundzero.org/ RebuildGroundZero], a community project based on Ground Zero's rebuilding (archived 17 March 2009)
 
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