World Trade Center site: Difference between revisions

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| image1 = WTC New York 1992 Sander Lamme.jpg

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| caption2 = The site as it appeared twelve days after [[September 11 attacks|9/11]]

| image3 = WTCmemorialJune2012.png

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==Before the World Trade Center==

The western portion of the World Trade Center site was originally under the Hudson River, with the shoreline in the vicinity of Greenwich Street. On this shoreline close to the intersection of Greenwich Street and the former Dey Street, Dutch explorer [[Adriaen Block]]'s ship, the [[Tyger (ship)|''Tyger'']], burned to the waterline in November 1613, stranding Block and his crew and forcing them to overwinter on the island. The remains of the ship were buried under landfill when the shoreline was extended starting in 1797, and were discovered during excavation work in 1916. The remains of another ship from the eighteenth century were found in 2010 during excavation work at the site. The ship, believed to be a Hudson River [[sloop]], was found just south of where the Twin Towers used to stand, about {{convert|20|ft}} below the surface.<ref name="2010-07-15 CNN">{{cite news |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2010-07-15/us/new.york.ground.zero.ship_1_ship-archaeologist-ground-zero?_s=PM:US |title=Pieces of ship made in 1700s found at ground zero building site |publisher=[[CNN]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113070306/http://articles.cnn.com/2010-07-15/us/new.york.ground.zero.ship_1_ship-archaeologist-ground-zero?_s=PM%3AUS |date=January 13, 2011 |archive-date=2011-01-13 |last1=Spodak |first1=Cassie}}</ref>

 

{{Main|World Trade Center (1973–2001)}}

[[File:World Trade Center, New York City - aerial view (March 2001).jpg|thumb|right|200px|The original World Trade Center complex]]

 

 

===September 11 attacks===

{{Main|World Trade Center (2001–present)}}

[[File:Remarks from Ground Zero September 14, 2001.webm|thumb|thumbtime=00:11|[[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[George W. Bush]] making remarks from "Ground Zero" on September 14, 2001]]

 

In a later address before [[United States Congress|Congress]], the president declared, "As a symbol of America's resolve, my administration will work with Congress, and these two leaders, to show the world that we will rebuild New York City."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html |title=Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People |publisher=The White House |date=September 20, 2001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225062850/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html |archive-date=February 25, 2008}}</ref> The immediate response from World Trade Center leaseholder [[Larry Silverstein]] was that "it would be the tragedy of tragedies not to rebuild this part of New York. It would give the terrorists the victory they seek."<ref>{{cite news |title=In place of the Trade Center; Ideas range from building new towers to playground |author=Litt, Steven |publisher=Plain Dealer (Cleveland) |date=September 17, 2001}}</ref> However, by 2011, only one building, [[7 World Trade Center]], had been rebuilt. The buildings that have been rebuilt as of June 2018 include 7 World Trade Center, [[One World Trade Center]], [[4 World Trade Center]], and [[3 World Trade Center]]. The original twin towers took less than three years from start of construction to be finished and five years from the beginning planning stages. However, given the complexity and highly political nature of the rebuilding efforts, they are often cited as an example of a successful public-private collaboration and are taught as a case study in successful negotiations.<ref>Cornell Real Estate Review, Volume 10, Number 1 (July 2012), 39-53, http://cip.cornell.edu/cpre.crer/1342144023; http://www.cornell.edu/video/?videoID=1680</ref>

 

==New structures==

{{#section:World Trade Center (2001–present)|construction}}<!--The content for this section can be edited at [[World Trade Center (2001–present)#Structures]]-->

 

[[Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners|Richard Rogers Partnership]] designed [[Three World Trade Center]], or 175 Greenwich Street, which stands across Greenwich Street from the Memorial's two reflecting pools.<ref name="wtc3-1">{{cite web |url=http://www.wtc.com/media/images/s/construction-3-world-trade-center?sid=1 |title=3 World Trade Center |work=wtc.com}}</ref><ref name="commercial observer">{{cite web |url=http://commercialobserver.com/2012/10/240569/ |title=GroupM Considers Huge Lease to Anchor 3 WTC |last=Geiger |first=Daniel |date=October 3, 2012 |publisher=Commercial Observer|access-date=November 3, 2013}}</ref> Groundbreaking occurred in fall 2008, and in May 2009, the Port Authority proposed reducing the tower to four stories.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/port-authority-dump-proposed-skyscrapers-wtc-site-article-1.377512 |title=Port Authority wants to dump three of five proposed skyscrapers for WTC site |date=May 10, 2009 |newspaper=NY Daily News |access-date=April 24, 2014 |archive-date=April 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424192334/http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/port-authority-dump-proposed-skyscrapers-wtc-site-article-1.377512 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2012, with Silverstein still unable to find tenants, construction on the above-ground levels was delayed indefinitely, with plans for only 7 stories.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20120122/REAL_ESTATE/301229973 |title=Silverstein to call a halt at 3 WTC |last=Agovino |first=Theresa |date=January 22, 2012 |work=Crain's New York Business|access-date=October 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404083903/http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20120122/REAL_ESTATE/301229973|archive-date=April 4, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, work progressed on below-grade foundations and the ground-level podium, which was completed by October 2013.<ref name="wtc3-1" /><ref name="commercial observer" /> Anchor tenant Group M was finally signed in late 2013,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/9-11-anniversary-new-wtc-finally-shaping-article-1.1451531 |title=9/11 anniversary: After 12 years, new WTC taking shape after terror attack |last=Rich |first=Schapiro |date=September 10, 2013 |newspaper=New York Daily News|access-date=November 14, 2013}}</ref> but finance negotiations between Silverstein Properties and the Port Authority dragged, until an agreement was reached in June 2014. Construction resumed in August 2014,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://nypost.com/2014/08/04/hudson-market-project-finds-a-home-in-chelsea/ |title=Hudson Market project finds a home in Chelsea |date=August 4, 2014 |newspaper=New York Post}}</ref> and the building opened on June 11, 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://commercialobserver.com/2018/06/inside-3-world-trade-center-opens/ |title=3 World Trade Center Opens Today: Here's a Look Inside |date=June 11, 2018 |work=Commercial Observer|access-date=June 11, 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref>

 

 

[[Five World Trade Center]] was designed by [[Kohn Pedersen Fox]] and will stand where the [[Deutsche Bank Building]] once stood. On June 22, 2007, the Port Authority announced that [[JP Morgan Chase]] will lease the 42-story building for its investment banking headquarters;<ref>{{cite news |title=JP Morgan releases WTC tower plans |first=Marlene |last=Naanes |url=http://www.amny.com/news/local/am-wtc0622,0,6464804.story?coll=am-local-headlines |newspaper=[[AM New York]] |date=June 22, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211043752/http://www.amny.com/news/local/am-wtc0622%2C0%2C6464804.story?coll=am-local-headlines |archive-date=December 11, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kohn Responds to WTC5 Criticisms |first=Alec |last=Appelbaum |url=http://archrecord.construction.com/news/daily/archives/070730wtc.asp |magazine=[[Archit. Rec.|Architectural Record]] |date=July 30, 2007 |access-date=July 30, 2010}}</ref> however, JPMorgan's March 2008 acquisition of [[Bear Stearns]] had caused construction to stagnate, as the company changed its plans and relocated its headquarters to 383 Madison Avenue.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jones |first=David |title=JPMorgan might flip WTC site |website=The Real Deal New York |date=March 20, 2008 |url=http://therealdeal.com/blog/2008/03/20/jpmorgan-might-flip-wtc-site/ | access-date=October 5, 2015}}</ref> Construction began on September 9, 2011.<ref name="Minchom 2013">{{cite web |url=http://jewishbusinessnews.com/2013/11/12/new-world-trade-center-coming-to-life-already-impacts-new-york-skyline/ |title=New World Trade Center Coming To Life Already Impacts New York Skyline |last=Minchom |first=Clive |date=November 12, 2013 |website=Jewish Business News|access-date=October 5, 2015}}</ref> Although the foundation was completed, construction on the main structure never commenced.<ref name="Minchom 2013" />

 

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