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{{short description|nicknameDemonym for residents of and people from Teesside, North EastNorthern England}}▼
{{Redirect|Smoggies|the animated television series|The Smoggies}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
▲{{short description|nickname for residents of and people from Teesside, North East England}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2021}}
'''Smoggie''' or '''Smoggy''' is a [[nickname]] given to people from [[Teesside]], North East England, as well as the local accent and dialect. It originated with visiting football supporters and is a contraction of 'smog monster'.<ref name="Sarah McKeown">{{cite web |url=http://www.macmillandictionaryblog.com/smoggy |title=Ich bin ein Smoggy: reclaiming regional pride |first=Sarah |last=McKeown |publisher=Macmillan Dictionary Blog |date=22 June 2009 |accessdate=30 September 2013}}</ref>
 
'''Smoggie''' is a colloquial term used to refer to people from the [[Teesside]] area of [[North East England]]. The term is also used to describe the local accent and dialect spoken in the area. The term relates to the area's notoriety for its high levels of pollution from local industry, which resulted in a thick smog that often blanketed the region. Despite popular belief that the term originates from the 1960s, its earliest recorded use is in the 1990s, as visiting [[association football|football]] supporters from other areas of the country began to refer to the locals as "smog monsters", which was later shortened to "smoggies".<ref name="Michael Pearce">{{cite journal |last1=Pearce |first1=Michael |title='Not quite a Geordie': the folk-ethnonyms of north-east England |journal=Nomina |date=2014 |volume=37 |pages=22–24 |url=https://www.snsbi.org.uk/Nomina_articles/Nomina_37_Pearce.pdf}}</ref> Despite its origins as a term of derision, "Smoggie" has since been adopted as a term of pride by many residents of Teesside.<ref name="Michael Pearce" />
 
==History==
Originally, this was a term of abuse for supporters of [[Middlesbrough F.C.]] coined by their [[Sunderland A.F.C.]] counterparts. The name was meant to refer to the heavy air pollution once produced by the local petrochemical industry,<ref name="SarahMichael McKeownPearce">{{cite web |url=http://www.macmillandictionaryblog.com/smoggy |title=Ich bin ein Smoggy: reclaiming regional pride |first=Sarah |last=McKeown |publisher=Macmillan Dictionary Blog |date=22 June 2009 |accessdate=30 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7046579.stm |title='I was made in Middlesbrough'|first=Shaun |last=Harley |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=16 October 2007 |accessdateaccess-date=2 October 2013}}</ref> and from [[Dorman Long]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://visitmiddlesbrough.com/visitor-info/smogtionary-slang-dictionary#S|title=Dictionary of Middlesbrough and Teesside Accent Dialect and Slang|publisher=Love Middlesbrough - Middlesbrough Borough Council |date=2012{{ndash}}142012–2014 |accessdateaccess-date=5 July 2014 |archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116162102/http://visitmiddlesbrough.com/visitor-info/smogtionary-slang-dictionary#S |archivedatearchive-date=16 November 2018}}</ref> Though, at first, Smoggie was used as a pejorative term, it has become an example of [[reappropriation]] with many people now proudly calling themselves 'Smoggies'.<ref name="SarahMichael McKeownPearce" />
 
==Current usage==
Primarily directed at people from Teesside, 'Smoggies' is often used to describe the areas of Teesside with a noticeable amount of industry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/geordie/ |title=Geordie: A regional dialect of English |publisher=[[British Library]] |accessdateaccess-date=2 October 2013}}</ref> The term was referred to by [[Middlesbrough South and East Cleveland (UK Parliament constituency)|Middlesbrough South and East Cleveland]] MP, [[Tom Blenkinsop]], in the House of Commons, and was recorded in [[Hansard]], in July 2011.<ref name="Tom Blenkinsop">{{cite web |url=http://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/local-news/teesside-mp-uses-word-smoggie-3690423 |title=Teesside MP uses the word "smoggie" in Parliament speech |publisher=[[Evening Gazette (Teesside)]] |date=11 July 2011 |accessdateaccess-date=29 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="Michael Pearce" /> Smoggies has occasional use as a nickname for Middlesbrough F.C..<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/society/2009/09/steel-industry-middlesbrough |title=How is Britain coping with the recession? - Middlesbrough - Smoggies steel themselves |first=Dan |last=Hancox |publisher=[[New Statesman]] |date=10 September 2009 |accessdateaccess-date=2 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="Tom Blenkinsop"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/hi/music/newsid_8011000/8011813.stm |title=Maximo Park fear for footy teams |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=22 April 2009 |accessdateaccess-date=29 September 2013}}</ref> In 2013 the Cleveland Art Society organised a major exhibition of the works of local artists entitled ''Smoggies Allowed in an Art Gallery''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.middlesbrough.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=7583 |title=Exhibition showcases work of Teesside artists |publisher=[[Middlesbrough Borough Council]] |date=1 June 2013 |accessdateaccess-date=2 October 2013}}</ref>
 
==Characteristics==
Due to the rapid growth of Teesside in the 19th century, Smoggie represents an example of new dialect formation and was influenced by [[Northumbrian dialect|Northumbrian]], [[Yorkshire dialect|Yorkshire]] and [[Hiberno-English]].<ref name = "Kerswill">{{cite book |last=Kerswill |first=Paul |date=July 23, 2018 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Laura |title=Southern English Varieties Then and Now |publisher=De Gruyter |pages=8–38 |chapter=Dialect formation and dialect change in the Industrial Revolution: British vernacular English in the nineteenth century |isbn=9783110577549}}</ref> Despite its mixed origins, it is considered part of the urban North East dialect area, forming the 'Southern Urban North-Eastern English' dialect region including Hartlepool and Darlington.<ref name = "Beal">{{cite book |last1=Beal |first1=Joan C. |title=Urban North-eastern English: Tyneside to Teesside (Dialects of English) |date=2012 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press }}</ref>
* Like most North East dialects, the definite article is always full and never reduced to t' as in the Yorkshire Dialect. ▼
 
* Final unstressed /i/ is tense [i], rather than lax [ɪ], which mirrors other North Eastern varieties and contrasts with most Yorkshire varieties.▼
===Phonology===
▲* Like most North East dialects, the definite article is always full and never reduced to t' as in the Yorkshire Dialectdialect.
▲* Final unstressed /i/ is a tense [i], rather than a lax [ɪ],. whichThis mirrors other North Eastern varietiesdialects and contrasts with most Yorkshire varietiesEnglish.
* [[H-dropping]] is common in informal speech. This is considered unusual among most North East dialects but is shared with [[Mackem]].
*/l/ is typically more velarised than in other North East dialects.<ref name="Beal"/>
* When compared with [[Geordie]], [[Mackem]], and [[Pitmatic]], there is a relative lack of [[Northumbrian dialect|Northumbrianisms]]. For instance, Smoggie lacks markedly North-Eastern forms such as ''divvent'' for don't or ''gan'' for go.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wright |first1=Laura |title=Southern English Varieties Then and Now |date=2018 |publisher=De Gruyter |access-date=7 July 2021}}</ref> However, a limited number of Northumbrian words are still found in the dialect, such as ''bairn'' and ''canny''.
* [[Square–nurse merger]]: the vowel in ''word'', ''heard'', ''nurse'', etc. is pronounced in the same way as in ''square, dare'' for many speakers. This is {{IPA|[ɛː]}}.{{sfnp|Williams|Kerswill|1999|ppp=143, 146}}<ref>''Handbook of Varieties of English'', p. 125, Walter de Gruyter, 2004</ref>
* The phoneme {{IPA|/aɪ/}} (as in ''prize'') may become a monophthong {{IPA|[aːɑː]}} before a voiced consonant. For example, ''five'' becomes {{IPA|[faːvfɑːv]}} (fahvfahve), ''prize'' becomes {{IPA|[pʰɹaːzpʰɹɑːz]}} (prahzprahze). This does not occur before voiceless consonants, so "price" is {{IPA|[pʰɹaɪs]}}.{{sfnp|Williams|Kerswill|1999|ppp=146, 156–159}}
* The FACE vowel is typically [eː], or sometimes more rarely [ɪə] or [ɜː].
* The GOOSE vowel is typically [ɪʉ] or [ʉː].
* The START vowel is typically more fronted than in upper North East varieties, thus ''park'' is typically pronounced [paːk].
* In conservative forms of the dialect ''make'' and ''take'' are pronounced ''mek'' and ''tek'' ({{IPA|[ˈmɛk]}} and {{IPA|[ˈtɛk]}}). These contrast with the Sunderland and Durham variants ''mak'' and ''tak'' but are counterintuitively shared with broad Geordie.<ref name="Beal"/>
 
===Vocabulary===
*Smoggie is characterised by a relative lack of [[Humber-Lune Line|Northumbrianisms]] in comparison to [[Geordie]], [[Mackem]], and [[Pitmatic]] (upper North East dialects). Markedly North-Eastern forms such as ''divvent'' or ''dinnet'' for "don't" and ''gan'' for "go" are not found on Teesside.<ref name="Kerswill"/>
**However, a limited number of Northumbrian words are still found in the dialect, such as ''bairn'' and ''canny''.
*The emphatic interjection ''well aye'' corresponds to the upper North East ''whey aye'' or [[Scots language|Scots]] ''och aye''.<ref>{{cite web |title=TeesSpeak: Dialect of the Lower Tees Valley |url=http://www.communigate.co.uk/ne/teesspeak/page16.phtml |website=Lower Tees Dialect Group |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001170610/http://www.communigate.co.uk/ne/teesspeak/page16.phtml |access-date=12 July 2021|archive-date=1 October 2012 }}</ref>
*''’oway'' or ''’owee'' corresponds to Geordie ''howay'' or Mackem ''haway''. On Teesside the '''h''' is always dropped.
 
==See also==
Line 24 ⟶ 40:
{{Reflist}}
 
==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book
|last1=Williams
|first1=Ann
|last2=Kerswill
|first2=Paul
|editor1-last=Foulkes
|editor1-first=Paul
|editor2-last=Docherty
|editor2-first=Gerard
|chapter=Dialect levelling: change and continuity in Milton Keynes, Reading and Hull
|title=Urban voices. Accent studies in the British Isles.
|year=1999
|location=London
|publisher=Arnold
|pages=141–162
|chapter-url=http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fss/linguistics/staff/kerswill/pkpubs/WilliamsKerswill1999UrbanVoices.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916171839/http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fss/linguistics/staff/kerswill/pkpubs/WilliamsKerswill1999UrbanVoices.pdf
|archive-date=16 September 2012
}}
{{refend}}
 
== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121002045152/http://www.communigate.co.uk/ne/teesspeak/index.phtml Lower Tees Dialect Society]
 
{{English dialects by continent}}
 
[[Category:English language in England]]
[[Category:Regional nicknames]]
[[Category:Middlesbrough]]
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