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{{Short description|American general during World War II}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Lloyd Fredendall
| image = L.R.Fredendall.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1883|12|28}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1963|10|4|1883|12|28}}
| placeofburial = [[Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery]]
| birth_place = [[Cheyenne, Wyoming|Cheyenne]], [[Wyoming Territory]], U.S.
| death_place = [[San Diego
| allegiance = {{flag|United States|1908}}
| branch = {{army|United States}}
| serviceyears = 1907–1946
| servicenumber = 0-2197
|
| unit = [[File:USA - Army Infantry Insignia.png|25px]] [[Infantry Branch (United States)|Infantry Branch]]
| commands = [[57th Infantry Regiment (United States)|57th Infantry Regiment]]<br>[[4th Infantry Division (United States)|4th Infantry Division]]<br>[[XI Corps (United States)|XI Corps]]<br>[[II Corps (United States)|II Corps]]<br>[[Second United States Army|Second Army]]<br>[[Central Defense Command]] | battles = [[Philippine–American War]]<br>[[World War I]]<br>[[World War II]]
* [[North African Campaign]]
| awards = [[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Army Distinguished Service Medal]]<br>[[Philippine Campaign Medal]]<br>[[Mexican Border Service Medal]]<br>[[World War I Victory Medal (United States)|World War I Victory Medal]]<br>[[American Defense Service Medal]]<br>[[American Campaign Medal]]<br>[[European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal]]<br>[[World War II Victory Medal]]
| spouse = Crystal Daphne Chant (m. 1909-1963, his death)
| children = 2
}}
[[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lieutenant General]] '''Lloyd Ralston Fredendall''' (December 28, 1883 – October 4, 1963) was a general [[Officer (armed forces)|officer]] of the [[United States Army]] who served during [[World War II]]. He is best known for his leadership failure during the [[Battle of Kasserine Pass]], leading to one of America's worst defeats of [[World War II]], for which he was relieved of his command.<ref>{{cite news |last=Brimelow |first=Benjamin |date=February 22, 2022 |title=What the US's first humiliating encounter with the Nazis taught the Allies about how to win World War II |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/what-allied-defeat-at-kasserine-pass-taught-about-fighting-nazis-2022-2 |work=[[Business Insider]] |location=New York, NY |quote="Decades after the battle, Gen. Omar Bradley described it as a "complete disaster." "Even these many years later, it pains me to reflect on that disaster," Bradley said in an autobiography published in the 1980s. "It was probably the worst performance of U.S. Army troops in their whole proud history.""}}</ref>
He was in command of the Central Task Force landings during [[Operation Torch]] in North Africa, and led [[II Corps (United States)|II Corps]] during the early stages of the [[Tunisian Campaign]].
In February 1943, while in command of the II Corps, his forces were defeated by [[Wehrmacht|German forces]] commanded by [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] [[Erwin Rommel]] and [[Generaloberst|General]] [[Hans-Jürgen von Arnim]] in the [[Battle of Kasserine Pass]]. After this debacle, Fredendall was relieved of command of II Corps by [[General (United States)|General]] [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], the [[Supreme Allied Commander]] in North Africa, and replaced by [[Major General (United States)|Major General]] [[George S. Patton
In spite of being relieved of command, Fredendall was promoted to lieutenant general in June 1943, assumed command of [[Second United States Army|Second Army]] and was greeted in the United States as a hero.<ref>{{
==Early life and military career==
Lloyd Ralston Fredendall was born on December 28, 1883, at [[Fort D. A. Russell (Wyoming)|Fort D. A. Russell]] near [[Cheyenne, Wyoming]]. His father, Ira Livingston Fredendall (December 7, 1846 – February 6, 1935), was on active duty in the [[United States Army]] when Fredendall was born. Ira became [[sheriff]] of [[Laramie County, Wyoming|Laramie County]] before receiving a commission in the [[Quartermaster Corps]] during the [[Spanish–American War]]. The elder Fredendall retired as a [[Major (United States)|major]] in 1914, returned to active duty during [[World War I]] to supervise construction at several bases in the western United States, and retired again as a [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|lieutenant colonel]].
As a result of his father's connections in the service and with local and state politicians, Fredendall secured an appointment from [[Wyoming]] [[United States Senator|Senator]] [[Francis E. Warren]] to enter the class of 1905 at the [[United States Military Academy]] (USMA). Described by a classmate as "a very soldierly little fellow, but extremely goaty in [[mathematics]]," Fredendall performed poorly in math as well as in general deportment, and was dismissed after just one semester.<ref name="ossad">{{cite news |first=Ossad |last=Steven L. |title=Command Failures: Lessons Learned from Lloyd R. Fredendall |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3723/is_200303/ai_n9222724 |work=Army Magazine |date=March 2003 |accessdate=November 20, 2008 }}</ref>{{efn|For West Point underclassmen, the [[United States Military Academy#Goat-Engineer game|"goats"]] are those ranked in the bottom half of the class. For seniors, the "goat" is the cadet ranked last in the graduating class.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 29, 2014 |title=The Curious Tradition of the West Point Goat |url=http://www.wnyc.org/story/cult-goat-west-point-tradition/ |newspaper=WNYC Radio |location=New York, NY}}</ref>}}
His mother persuaded Senator Warren to re-appoint Fredendall the next year, but he dropped out again. Although the senator was willing to nominate him for a third attempt, the Academy declined to readmit him. Instead, Fredendall attended the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] from 1903 to 1904 as a member of the class of 1907.<ref>Massachusetts Institute of Technology Register of Former Students, 1915, page 183, Found at: https://books.google.com/books?id=SIlMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA183#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> He took the officer's qualifying exam in 1906, and scored first out of 70 applicants. On February 13, 1907, he received his commission in the [[United States Army]] as a [[Second lieutenant#United States|second lieutenant]] in the [[Infantry Branch (United States)|Infantry Branch]].<ref name="ossad" />▼
▲His mother persuaded Senator Warren to re-appoint Fredendall the next year, but he dropped out again.{{sfn|Taaffe|2013|p=62}} Although the senator was willing to nominate him for a third attempt, the
After service in the [[Philippines]] and other overseas and stateside assignments, Fredendall shipped out to the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] with the [[28th Infantry Regiment (United States)|28th Infantry Regiment]] in August 1917, four months after the [[American entry into World War I]]. He held a succession of instructor assignments in the army's schools in France, and commanded one of its training centers.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Tucker |editor1-first=Spencer C. |date=2016|title=World War II: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection |volume=I |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wm_YDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA651 |location=Santa Barbara, CA |publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=651 |isbn=978-1-8510-9969-6 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> He built a record as an excellent teacher, trainer, and administrator, and ended the war as a temporary [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|lieutenant colonel]].<ref name="ossad" />▼
▲After service in the [[Philippines]] and other overseas and stateside assignments, Fredendall shipped out to the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] with the [[28th Infantry Regiment (United States)|28th Infantry Regiment]] in August 1917, four months after the [[American entry into World War I]]. He held a succession of instructor assignments in the army's schools in France, and commanded one of its training centers.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Tucker |editor1-first=Spencer C. |date=2016|title=World War II: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection |volume=I |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wm_YDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA651 |location=Santa Barbara, CA |publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=651 |isbn=978-1-8510-9969-6 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> He built a record as an excellent teacher, trainer, and administrator, and ended the war as a temporary [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|lieutenant colonel]].<ref name="ossad"
==Between the wars==
The [[Armistice of 11 November 1918|Armistice of November 11, 1918]], saw Fredendall assigned, like many other officers, to a variety of staff and training duties. He was both student and instructor at the [[United States Army Infantry School|U.S. Army Infantry School]]; was a 1923 distinguished graduate (placing 31 out of 151) of the [[United States Army Command and General Staff College|U.S. Army Command and General Staff School]]; and in 1925, he graduated from the [[United States Army War College|U.S. Army War College]]. He also completed tours of duty in [[Washington (state)|Washington]] at the Statistics Branch, the [[Inspector general|Inspector General]]'s Department (September 1934 to March 1936) and as [[executive officer]] (XO), Office of the Chief of Infantry. These postings led to important contacts that later furthered his military career.<ref name="ossad"
In December 1939, during World War II (although the United States was still neutral at this stage), Fredendall was promoted to the [[one-star rank]] of [[Brigadier general (United States)|brigadier general]], serving with the [[5th Infantry Division (United States)|5th Infantry Division]]. In October 1940, he was promoted to the [[two-star rank]] of [[Major general (United States)|major general]], and given command of the [[4th Infantry Division (United States)|4th Infantry Division]] until July 1941.
==World War II==
[[File:Major-General-Lloyd-Fredendall.jpg|thumb|left|Fredendall in 1941,
Fredendall's rise to military command in World War II was facilitated by [[General (United States)|General]] [[George Marshall]], the [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army|U.S. Army Chief of Staff]]; and [[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lieutenant General]] [[Lesley J. McNair]], the commander of [[Army Ground Forces]], a friend and colleague. McNair had included Fredendall on a list of the top three generals he believed capable of commanding all U.S. Army forces being sent to [[United Kingdom|Great Britain]]. Marshall, in turn, had recommended the swaggering Fredendall to Lieutenant General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] for a major command in the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] invasion of North Africa, codenamed [[Operation Torch]].
Fredendall was described by General [[Lucian Truscott|Lucian K. Truscott]] as:▼
General Marshall was especially fond of the youthful-looking, cocky Fredendall, describing him as "one of the best" and remarking in a staff meeting when his name was mentioned, "I like that man; you can see determination all over his face." Fredendall himself was convinced that neither Eisenhower nor his deputy, Major General [[Mark W. Clark]], wanted him in Africa since he was above both in pre-war rank. However, with such glowing testimonials from senior commanders, Eisenhower chose Fredendall to command the 39,000-man Central Task Force (the largest of three) in Operation Torch. Eisenhower cabled Marshall on November 12, 1942, four days after the invasion, "I bless the day you urged Fredendall upon me and cheerfully acknowledge that my earlier doubts of him were completely unfounded." Eisenhower, in notes dictated to [[Harry C. Butcher]] on December 12, 1942, said, "…[[George S. Patton|Patton]] I think comes closest to meeting every requirement made on a commander. Just after him I would, at present, rate Fredendall, although I do not believe the latter has the imagination in foreseeing and preparing for possible jobs of the future that Patton possesses." Eisenhower later came to regret both this assessment and his selection of Fredendall for the command.<ref name="ossad"/>
{{quote|Small in stature, loud and rough in speech, he was outspoken in his opinions and critical of superiors and subordinates alike. He was inclined to jump to conclusions which were not always well founded. Fredendall rarely left his command post for personal visits and reconnaissance, yet he was impatient with the recommendations of subordinates more familiar with the terrain and other conditions than he.<ref name="ossad"/>}}▼
▲{{
===Tunisia, Oran, and Kasserine Pass===
[[File:Major General Lloyd Fredendall Visits a British Aircraft Carrier. 14 January 1943, Oran, Major General Lloyd Fredendall of the United States Army in North Africa, Paid a Visit To the British Aircraft Carrier, H A13895.jpg|thumb|
After the Torch landings, Fredendall became the ''de facto'' military governor in [[Oran]]. Orders from his headquarters in the Grand Hotel of Oran were headed with "II Corps – In the Field," which prompted derision from his troops, who were living in spartan conditions.<ref>{{cite book |last=Atkinson |first=Rick |date=2002 |title=An Army at Dawn: The War in North Africa, 1942-1943 |url=https://archive.org/details/armyatdawnwarinn00atki |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=Henry Holt |page=[https://archive.org/details/armyatdawnwarinn00atki/page/273 273] |isbn=0-8050-8724-9}}</ref>
Fredendall was assigned to command the [[II Corps (United States)|U.S. II Corps]] in its [[
During the advance into Tunisia, Fredendall used an [[Military engineer|engineer]] [[Company (military unit)|company]] of the [[19th Engineer Regiment]] to build a large, dug-in [[corps]] headquarters [[bunker]] {{convert|70|mi}} behind the front in a place called Speedy Valley (nine miles southeast of [[Tébessa]]). Blasted and drilled out of solid rock, the bunker (actually two U-shaped complexes running {{convert|160|ft}} into the hillside) took three weeks to construct.<ref>Andrews, Peter, ''A Place to be Lousy In'', ''[[American Heritage Magazine]]'' (December 1991), Volume 42, Issue 8, pp. 100–109.</ref> An anti-aircraft battalion was emplaced to protect the headquarters. Fredendall also ordered a bulletproof [[Cadillac]] similar to Eisenhower's, and regularly phoned Oran to find out why it was not being delivered faster. Then-[[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier General]] [[Omar Bradley]] called the headquarters "an embarrassment to every American soldier," and General Eisenhower, the [[Supreme Allied Commander]] in North Africa, after viewing the elaborate structure, reminded his senior commanders that even generals must assume personal risk in combat.<ref>[[Stephen E. Ambrose|Ambrose, Stephen E.]], ''D-Day, June 6, 1944: The Climactic Battle of World War II'', Simon and Schuster (1994), {{ISBN|0-671-67334-3}}, {{ISBN|978-0-671-67334-5}}, p. 361: After observing Fredendall's huge underground HQ bunker located 70 miles behind the lines, Eisenhower had reminded his senior commanders that "Generals are expendable just as is any other item in an army."</ref> Fredendall rarely visited the front lines, and had a habit of disregarding advice from commanders who had been farther forward and had actually reconnoitered the terrain.<ref>MacDonald, Charles B., ''The Mighty Endeavor: The American War in Europe'', Da Capo Press (1992), {{ISBN|0-306-80486-7}}, {{ISBN|978-0-306-80486-1}}, pp. 125–126.</ref>
During the [[Battle of Kasserine Pass]], Eisenhower sent Major General [[Ernest N. Harmon]] to report on the fighting, to assist Fredendall and the other Allied commanders, and to determine whether Fredendall or his [[1st Armored Division (United States)|1st Armored Division]] commander, Major General [[Orlando Ward]], should be replaced.<ref>Carr, p. 28.</ref>
Allied forces were bereft of [[air support]] during critical attacks, and were frequently positioned by the senior command in positions where they could not support each other. Subordinates later recalled their utter confusion at being handed conflicting orders, not knowing which general to obey—Anderson or Fredendall. While interviewing field commanders, Harmon heard much criticism over what many Allied officers viewed as a [[coward]]ly, confused, and out-of-touch command. Noting that Fredendall seemed out of touch (and at one point, intoxicated), he requested and received permission to go to the front and intervene where necessary to shore up Allied defenses.<ref>[[Carlo D'Este|D'Este, Carlo]], ''Eisenhower: A Soldier's Life'', Orion Publishing Group Ltd. (2003), {{ISBN|0-304-36658-7}}, {{ISBN|0-304-36658-7}}</ref>
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-557-1002-10, Tunesien, amerikanische Kriegsgefangene.jpg|thumb|left|American troops taken prisoner at Kasserine Pass marching through a Tunisian village, January 1943.]]
▲[[File:Major General Lloyd Fredendall Visits a British Aircraft Carrier. 14 January 1943, Oran, Major General Lloyd Fredendall of the United States Army in North Africa, Paid a Visit To the British Aircraft Carrier, H A13895.jpg|thumb|Major General Lloyd Fredendall visits a British aircraft carrier]]
On 5 March 1943, after the American [[Battle of Kasserine Pass|rout at Kasserine Pass]], Eisenhower visited II Corps headquarters and conferred with Brigadier General Bradley. Eisenhower asked "What do you think of the command here?" Bradley's response was "It's pretty bad. I've talked to all the [[Division (military)|division]] commanders. To a man they've lost confidence in Fredendall as the corps commander." British [[General (United Kingdom)|General]] [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|Sir Harold R.L.G. Alexander]], the [[18th Army Group]] commander, informed Eisenhower that he would welcome a replacement for Fredendall.<ref>[[Martin Blumenson|Blumenson, Martin]], ''Masters of the Art of Command,'' Da Capo Press (1990), {{ISBN|0-306-80403-4}}, {{ISBN|978-0-306-80403-8}}, p. 284</ref> Eisenhower offered the II Corps command to Harmon, who declined on the grounds that it would be unethical to appear to personally benefit from his negative assessment of Fredendall. Eisenhower then decided on [[Major general (United States)|Major General]] [[George Patton]] as Fredendall's replacement. On 5 March 1943, Eisenhower personally flew to [[Tébessa|Tebessa]] to inform Fredendall of his decision to replace him, which he couched in terms of a routine reassignment.<ref>[[John Eisenhower|Eisenhower, John S.D.]], ''Allies: Pearl Harbor to D-Day'', Da Capo Press (2000), {{ISBN|0-306-80941-9}}, {{ISBN|978-0-306-80941-5}}, pp. 279–280</ref> Eisenhower arranged the replacement so that Fredendall's reputation was not formally brought into disrepute, an action some believe he soon came to regret.<ref>Blumenson, p. 282–284</ref><ref>Eisenhower, John S.D., ''Allies: Pearl Harbor to D-Day'', Da Capo Press (2000), {{ISBN|0-306-80941-9}}, {{ISBN|978-0-306-80941-5}}, p. 280: Upon assuming command of II Corps, Patton was given specific personal written instructions by Eisenhower, including this directive: "You must not retain for ''one instant'' any man in a responsible position where you have become doubtful of his ability to do his job."</ref> On 6 March 1943, Patton replaced Fredendall. When Patton arrived at II Corps headquarters, Fredendall was at breakfast. Patton had disliked Fredendall in 1941 when they were both division commanders at [[Fort Benning]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]. After a brief conference, Patton formally relieved him, saying II Corps "was primarily a tank show and I know more about tanks." Patton noted in his diary that Fredendall was "Very nice, conducted himself well – very well." In a letter to his wife Beatrice that day, Patton even wrote that "Fredendall is a great sport, and I feel sure, is a victim largely due to circumstances beyond his control." However, only a week later, after an initial inspection of his new command, Patton had completely changed his mind: "I cannot see what Fredendall did to justify his existence."<ref>Perry, Mark, ''Partners in Command: George Marshall and Dwight Eisenhower in War and Peace'', London: Penguin Group (2007), {{ISBN|1-59420-105-6}}, {{ISBN|978-1-59420-105-9}}, p. 178</ref>▼
On March 5, 1943, after the American [[Battle of Kasserine Pass|rout at Kasserine Pass]], Eisenhower visited II Corps headquarters and conferred with Brigadier General Bradley. Eisenhower asked "What do you think of the command here?" Bradley's response was "It's pretty bad. I've talked to all the [[Division (military)|division]] commanders. To a man they've lost confidence in Fredendall as the corps commander." British [[General (United Kingdom)|General]] [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|Sir Harold Alexander]], the [[18th Army Group]] commander, informed Eisenhower that he would welcome a replacement for Fredendall.<ref>[[Martin Blumenson|Blumenson, Martin]], ''Masters of the Art of Command,'' Da Capo Press (1990), {{ISBN|0-306-80403-4}}, {{ISBN|978-0-306-80403-8}}, p. 284.</ref> Eisenhower offered the II Corps command to Harmon, who declined on the grounds that it would be unethical to appear to personally benefit from his negative assessment of Fredendall.
▲
In his after-action report for the Kasserine battles, the [[2nd Armored Division (United States)|2nd Armored Division]] commander, Major General [[Ernest N. Harmon]], called Fredendall both a moral and physical coward and later said he was "a son of a bitch".<ref>D'Este, Carlo, ''Patton: A Genius for War'', Harper/Collins (1996), {{ISBN|0-06-092762-3}}, {{ISBN|978-0-06-092762-2}}, p. 460.</ref>
===Reassignment and stateside duty===
At Eisenhower's recommendation, Fredendall returned to the United States. Eisenhower's aide made a report on Fredendall to [[President of the United States|President]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]],
While commanding the [[Central Defense Command]] and the [[Second United States Army|U.S. Second Army]] at [[Memphis, Tennessee]], Fredendall supervised training and field maneuvers, gave away brides,<ref>"Captain and Army Nurse Wed", ''[[The New York Times]]'',
Author [[Charles B. MacDonald]] described Fredendall as a "man of bombast and bravado in speech and manner [who] failed to live up to the image he tried to create." [[Historian]]
Fredendall served through the end of the war in 1945, and retired on March 31, 1946.
==Death==
Fredendall died in [[San Diego|San Diego, California]], on October 4, 1963. He is interred at [[Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery]] Officers Sections, Site 52-A, along with his wife Crystal Daphne Chant (July 23, 1890 – April 30, 1972).
==In popular culture==
In
Fredendall was portrayed by [[William Boyett]] in ''[[Ike: The War Years]]''.
==Commands==
*
*
*
*
*November 1942, Central Task Force, [[Operation Torch]],
*
*
==Awards==
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{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
!1st
|colspan="4"|[[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Distinguished Service Medal]]<br>with oak leaf cluster
|colspan="4"|[[Philippine Campaign Medal]]
|-
!2nd
|colspan="3"|[[Mexican Border Service Medal]]
|colspan="3"|[[World War I Victory Medal (United States)|World War I Victory Medal]]
|colspan="3"|[[American Defense Service Medal]]
|-
!3rd
|colspan="3"|[[American Campaign Medal]]
|colspan="3"|[[European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal]] <br>with two campaign stars
Line 162 ⟶ 174:
|[[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lieutenant General]], Retired List: March 31, 1946
|-
|}<ref>Official Army Register. Department of the Army. January 1
==See also==
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==References==
{{Reflist
==Additional sources==
*Berlin, Robert H. "U.S. Army World War II Corps Commanders: A Composite Biography" The Journal of Military History, Vol. 53, No. 2 (April, 1989), pp. 147–168 [https://web.archive.org/web/20060611212036/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/Berlin2/BERLIN2.asp]
*Patton, George S., and Martin Blumenson. The Patton Papers:
*Tucker, Spencer C. World War II: A Student Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, 2005. page 474.
==Further reading==
*{{cite book | title = An Army at Dawn |
*{{cite book|last=Taaffe|first=Stephen R.|title=Marshall and His Generals: U.S. Army Commanders in World War II|year=2013|location=Lawrence, Kansas|publisher=University Press of Kansas|isbn=978-0-7006-1942-9|oclc=840162019}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Lloyd Fredendall}}
*[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3723/is_200303/ai_n9222724 ''Command Failures''], Steven L. Ossad (from findarticles.com)
*[https://generals.dk/general/Fredendall/Lloyd_Ralston/USA.html Generals of World War II]
*[https://www.unithistories.com/officers/US_Army_officers_F01.html#Fredendall_LR United States Army Officers 1939−1945]
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{{s-bef|before=
{{s-ttl|title=[[XI Corps (United States)|Commanding General XI Corps]]|years=1941–1942}}
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[[Category:1883 births]]
[[Category:1963 deaths]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Wyoming]]
[[Category:People from Cheyenne, Wyoming]]
▲[[Category:United States Army generals]]
[[Category:Burials at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery]]
[[Category:United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)]]
[[Category:United States Army generals of World War II]]
[[Category:United States Army generals]]
[[Category:United States Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:United States Army War College alumni]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni]]
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