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'''Pruinescence''' {{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|r|uː|
[[Image:CicadaPruinescence.JPG|thumb|A [[cicada]] displaying ventral pruinescence.]]
[[Image:Common whitetail.jpg|thumb|Mature male [[
[[Image:Valor prune.jpg|thumb|Pruina on plums.]]
[[Image:Clitocybe phyllophila 20121111wb.JPG|thumb|Characteristic pruina on cap of ''Clitocybe phyllophila''.]]
==Entomology==
▲'''Pruinescence''' {{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|r|uː|ɨ|ˈ|n|ɛ|s|(ə)|n|s}},<ref>{{Cite web | title = pruinescence, n. | work = [[Oxford English Dictionary]], Third edition, September 2007; online version | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | date = September 2011 | url = http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/153602 | accessdate = 8 December 2011}}</ref> or '''pruinosity''', is a "bloom" caused by pigment on top of an insect's [[cuticle]] that covers up the underlying coloration, giving a dusty or frosted appearance. The pruinescence is commonly white to pale blue in color, but can also be gray, pink, purple, or red; these colors may be produced by [[Tyndall effect|Tyndall scattering]] of light. When pale in color, pruinescence often strongly reflects [[ultraviolet]].<ref name="corbet"/>
In insects, a "bloom" caused by wax particles on top of an insect's [[cuticle]] covers up the underlying coloration, giving a dusty or frosted appearance. The pruinescence is commonly white to pale blue in color but can be gray, pink, purple, or red; these colors may be produced by [[Tyndall effect|Tyndall scattering]] of light. When pale in color, pruinescence often strongly reflects [[ultraviolet]].<ref name="corbet"/>
Pruinescence is found in many species of [[Odonata]], particularly [[damselfly|damselflies]] of the families [[Lestidae]] and [[Coenagrionidae]], where it occurs on the wings and body.
In the [[
▲Pruinescence is found in many species of [[Odonata]], particularly [[damselflies]] of the families [[Lestidae]] and [[Coenagrionidae]], where it occurs on the wings and body. Among true [[dragonflies]] it is most common on male [[Libellulidae]] (skimmers).<ref name="corbet"/>
==Plants, fungi, and lichens==
▲In the [[Common Whitetail]] and [[Blue Dasher]] dragonflies (''Plathemis lydia'' and ''Pachydiplax longipennis''), males display the pruinescence on the back of the abdomen to other males as a territorial threat.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Johnson | first = Clifford | title = A Study of Territoriality and Breeding Behavior in Pachydiplax longipennis Burmeister (Odonata:Libellulidae) | journal = The Southwestern Naturalist | volume = 7 | issue = 3/4 | pages = 191–197 | year = 1962 | doi = 10.2307/3668841 | jstor = 3668841 }}</ref> Other Odonata may use pruinescence to recognize members of their own species or to cool their bodies by reflecting radiation away.<ref name="corbet">{{cite book | last = Corbet | first = Phillip S. | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Dragonflies: Behavior and Ecology of Odonata | publisher = Cornell University Press | year = 1999 | location = Ithaca, NY | isbn = 0-8014-2592-1 | pages = 281–282 }}</ref>
The term ''pruinosity'' is also applied
An '''[[Lichen#Internal structure and growth forms|epinecral layer]]''' is "a layer of horny dead fungal hyphae with indistinct lumina in or near the cortex above the algal layer".<ref name=HPTCLGD>Pruina as a Taxonomic Character of the Lichen Genus ''Dermatocarpon'', Starri Heidmarsson, The Bryologist
Vol. 99, No. 3 (Autumn, 1996), pp. 315-320, [https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/3244302?uid=3739560&uid=2134&uid=2129&uid=2483406463&uid=2483406453&uid=2&uid=70&uid=3&uid=3739256&uid=60&sid=21105085217323]</ref>
▲The term pruinosity is also applied for "blooms" on plants, for example on the skin of [[grape]]s<ref>[http://www.vitis-vea.de/admin/volltext/w1%2008%20895.pdf ''‘Sangiovese’ and ‘Garganega’ are two key varieties of the Italian grapevine assortment evolution''], M. Crespan, A. Calò, S. Giannetto, A. Sparacio, P. Storchi and A. Costacurta, Vitis '''47''' (2), 97–104 (2008); p. 98-99 discusses different [[phenotype]]s of ''[[Vitis vinifera]]'' '[[Catarratto]]' showing varying pruinosity</ref> and also to powderings on the cap and stem of [[mushrooms]].
==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:
[[Category:Plant morphology]]
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