'''Pruinescence''' {{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|r|uː| ɨᵻ|ˈ|n|ɛ|s| (ə)|nən|s}},<ref>{{Cite web | title = pruinescence, n. | work = [[Oxford English Dictionary]], Third edition, September 2007; online version | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | date = September 2011 | url = http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/153602 | accessdateaccess-date = 8 December 2011}}</ref> or '''pruinosity''', is a dusty"frosted" or dusty-looking coating on top of a surface. It may also be called a '''pruina''' (plural: ''pruinae''), from the Latin word for [[hoarfrost]].<ref>See [[wikt:pruina|Wiktionary entry]].</ref><ref name=HPTCLGD/> The adjectival form is '''pruinose''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|r|uː| ɨᵻ|n|oʊ|s|,_|-|z}}. ▼
[[Image:CicadaPruinescence.JPG|thumb|A [[cicada]] displaying ventral pruinescence.]]
[[Image:Common whitetail.jpg|thumb|Mature male [[Commoncommon Whitetailwhitetail]] with pruinescence covering the [[abdomen]].]]
[[Image:Valor prune.jpg|thumb|Pruina on plums.]]
[[Image:Clitocybe phyllophila 20121111wb.JPG|thumb|Characteristic pruina on cap of ''Clitocybe phyllophila''.]]
▲'''Pruinescence''' {{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|r|uː|ɨ|ˈ|n|ɛ|s|(ə)|n|s}},<ref>{{Cite web | title = pruinescence, n. | work = [[Oxford English Dictionary]], Third edition, September 2007; online version | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | date = September 2011 | url = http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/153602 | accessdate = 8 December 2011}}</ref> or '''pruinosity''', is a dusty looking coating on top of a surface. The adjectival form is '''pruinose''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|r|uː|ɨ|n|oʊ|s|,_|-|z}}.
==Entomology==
In insects, a "bloom" caused by wax particles on top of an insect's [[cuticle]] that covers up the underlying coloration, giving a dusty or frosted appearance. The pruinescence is commonly white to pale blue in color, but can also be gray, pink, purple, or red; these colors may be produced by [[Tyndall effect|Tyndall scattering]] of light. When pale in color, pruinescence often strongly reflects [[ultraviolet]].<ref name="corbet"/>
Pruinescence is found in many species of [[Odonata]], particularly [[ damselfly|damselflies]] of the families [[Lestidae]] and [[Coenagrionidae]], where it occurs on the wings and body. Among true [[ dragonfly|dragonflies]] it is most common on male [[Libellulidae]] (skimmers).<ref name="corbet"/> ▼
In the [[ Commoncommon Whitetailwhitetail]] and [[ Blueblue Dasherdasher]] dragonflies (''Plathemis lydia'' and ''Pachydiplax longipennis''), males display the pruinescence on the back of the abdomen to other males as a territorial threat.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Johnson | first = Clifford | title = A Study of Territoriality and Breeding Behavior in Pachydiplax longipennis Burmeister (Odonata:Libellulidae) | journal = The Southwestern Naturalist | volume = 7 | issue = 3/4 | pages = 191–197 | year = 1962 | doi = 10.2307/3668841 | jstor = 3668841 }}</ref> Other Odonata may use pruinescence to recognize members of their own species or to cool their bodies by reflecting radiation away.<ref name="corbet">{{cite book | last = Corbet | first = Phillip S. | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Dragonflies: Behavior and Ecology of Odonata | publisher = Cornell University Press | year = 1999 | location = Ithaca, NY | isbn = 0-8014-2592-1 | pages = 281–282 }}</ref> ▼▲Pruinescence is found in many species of [[Odonata]], particularly [[damselflies]] of the families [[Lestidae]] and [[Coenagrionidae]], where it occurs on the wings and body. Among true [[dragonflies]] it is most common on male [[Libellulidae]] (skimmers).<ref name="corbet"/>
▲In the [[Common Whitetail]] and [[Blue Dasher]] dragonflies (''Plathemis lydia'' and ''Pachydiplax longipennis''), males display the pruinescence on the back of the abdomen to other males as a territorial threat.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Johnson | first = Clifford | title = A Study of Territoriality and Breeding Behavior in Pachydiplax longipennis Burmeister (Odonata:Libellulidae) | journal = The Southwestern Naturalist | volume = 7 | issue = 3/4 | pages = 191–197 | year = 1962 | doi = 10.2307/3668841 | jstor = 3668841 }}</ref> Other Odonata may use pruinescence to recognize members of their own species or to cool their bodies by reflecting radiation away.<ref name="corbet">{{cite book | last = Corbet | first = Phillip S. | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Dragonflies: Behavior and Ecology of Odonata | publisher = Cornell University Press | year = 1999 | location = Ithaca, NY | isbn = 0-8014-2592-1 | pages = 281–282 }}</ref>
==Plants, fungi, and lichens==
The term ''pruinosity'' is also applied forto "blooms" on plants, forplants—for example, on the skin of [[grape]]s<ref>[http://www.vitis-vea.de/admin/volltext/w1%2008%20895.pdf ''‘Sangiovese’ and ‘Garganega’ are two key varieties of the Italian grapevine assortment evolution''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719112637/http://www.vitis-vea.de/admin/volltext/w1%2008%20895.pdf |date=2011-07-19 }}, M. Crespan, A. Calò, S. Giannetto, A. Sparacio, P. Storchi and A. Costacurta, Vitis '''47''' (2), 97–104 (2008); p. 98-99 discusses different [[phenotype]]s of ''[[Vitis vinifera]]'' '[[Catarratto]]' showing varying pruinosity</ref> and also—and to powderings on the cap and stem of [[mushroomsmushroom]]s, which can be important for identification.
It may also be called a '''pruina''' (plural: pruinae), using the Latin word which gave rise to the various English terms.<ref>See [[wikt:pruina|Wiktionary entry]].</ref>
An '''[[Pruinia]]'''Lichen#Internal isstructure aand whitishgrowth coating on top of an upper surface.<ref name=HPTCLGD/> An '''[[forms|epinecral layer]]''' is "a layer of horny dead fungal hyphae with indistinct [[lumina]] in or near the cortex above the algal layer".<ref name=HPTCLGD>Pruina as a Taxonomic Character of the Lichen Genus ''Dermatocarpon'', Starri Heidmarsson, The Bryologist
Vol. 99, No. 3 (Autumn, 1996), pp. 315-320, [httphttps://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/3244302?uid=3739560&uid=2134&uid=2129&uid=2483406463&uid=2483406453&uid=2&uid=70&uid=3&uid=3739256&uid=60&sid=21105085217323]</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:EntomologyInsect morphology]]
[[Category:Plant morphology]]
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