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'''Andrzej Witold Wajda''' ({{IPA-pl|ˈandʐɛj ˈvajda|lang}}; 6 March 1926 – 9 October 2016) was a Polish film and theatre director. Recipient of an [[Honorary Oscar]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/10/movies/andrzej-wajda-towering-auteur-of-polish-cinema-dies-at-90.html|title=Andrzej Wajda, Towering Auteur of Polish Cinema, Dies at 90|date=10 October 2016|access-date=10 October 2016|
He is considered one of the world's most renowned filmmakers,<ref name="Andrzej Wajda">{{cite news|url=http://culture.pl/en/artist/andrzej-wajda#second-menu-15 |title=Andrzej Wajda |access-date=2017-06-09}}</ref> whose works chronicled his native country's political and social evolution<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.allmovie.com/artist/andrzej-wajda-p115731 |title=Andrzej Wajda |access-date=2017-06-11}}</ref> and dealt with the myths of Polish [[national identity]] offering insightful analyses of the universal element of the Polish experience – the struggle to maintain dignity under the most trying circumstances.▼
▲'''Andrzej Witold Wajda''' ({{IPA-pl|ˈandʐɛj ˈvajda|lang}}; 6 March 1926 – 9 October 2016) was a Polish film and theatre director. Recipient of an [[Honorary Oscar]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/10/movies/andrzej-wajda-towering-auteur-of-polish-cinema-dies-at-90.html|title=Andrzej Wajda, Towering Auteur of Polish Cinema, Dies at 90|date=10 October 2016|access-date=10 October 2016|via=The New York Times}}</ref> the [[Palme d'Or]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global/2016/oct/10/acclaimed-polish-film-director-andrzej-wajda-dies-aged-90|title=Acclaimed Polish film director Andrzej Wajda dies aged 90|first=Agence|last=France-Presse|date=9 October 2016|access-date=10 October 2016|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> as well as Honorary [[Golden Lion]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/venice-film-festival-andrzej-wajda-612057|title=Venice Film Festival to Honor Polish Auteur Andrzej Wajda|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=2013-08-22|access-date=2017-02-19}}</ref> and [[Honorary Golden Bear]] Awards, he was a prominent member of the "[[Polish Film School]]". He was known especially for his trilogy of war films consisting of ''[[A Generation]]'' (1955), ''[[Kanał]]'' (1957) and ''[[Ashes and Diamonds (film)|Ashes and Diamonds]]'' (1958).<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2016/film/news/andrzej-wajda-polish-director-dead-dies-1201883386/|title=Andrzej Wajda, Celebrated Polish Director, Dies at 90|first=Richard|last=Natale|date=9 October 2016|work=variety.com|access-date=10 October 2016}}</ref>
▲He is considered one of the world's most renowned filmmakers<ref name="Andrzej Wajda">{{cite news|url=http://culture.pl/en/artist/andrzej-wajda#second-menu-15 |title=Andrzej Wajda |access-date=2017-06-09}}</ref> whose works chronicled his native country's political and social evolution<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.allmovie.com/artist/andrzej-wajda-p115731 |title=Andrzej Wajda |access-date=2017-06-11}}</ref> and dealt with the myths of Polish [[national identity]] offering insightful analyses of the universal element of the Polish experience – the struggle to maintain dignity under the most trying circumstances.
Four of his films have been nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]]: ''[[The Promised Land (1975 film)|The Promised Land]]'' (1975),<ref name="Oscars1976">{{cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1976 |title=The 48th Academy Awards (1976) Nominees and Winners |access-date=18 March 2012 |work=oscars.org}}</ref> ''[[The Maids of Wilko]]'' (1979),<ref name="Oscars1980">{{cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1980 |title=The 52nd Academy Awards (1980) Nominees and Winners |access-date=8 June 2013 |work=oscars.org}}</ref> ''[[Man of Iron]]'' (1981) and ''[[Katyń (film)|Katyń]]'' (2007).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LEussU2CjokC&q=wajda+katyn&pg=PT33|title=Remembering Katyn|first1=Alexander|last1=Etkind|first2=Rory|last2=Finnin|first3=Uilleam|last3=Blacker|first4=Julie|last4=Fedor|first5=Simon|last5=Lewis|first6=Maria|last6=Mälksoo|first7=Matilda|last7=Mroz|date=24 April 2013|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9780745662961}}</ref>
==Early life==
Wajda was born in [[Suwałki]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2016/10/legendary-polish-director-andrzej-wajda-dies-at-90-1201833782/|title=Andrzej Wajda Dies: Oscar & Palme d'Or-Winning Director Was 90|first=Ross A.|last=Lincoln|date=10 October 2016|work=deadline.com|access-date=10 October 2016}}</ref> the son of Aniela (née Białowąs), a school teacher, and Jakub Wajda, an army officer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/88/Andrzej-Wajda.html |title=Andrzej Wajda Biography (1926?-) |publisher=Filmreference.com |access-date=14 August 2012}}</ref>
==Early career==
After Wajda's apprenticeship to director [[Aleksander Ford]], Wajda was given the opportunity to direct his own film. ''[[A Generation]]'' (1955) was his first major film. At the same time Wajda began his work as a director in theatre, including [[Michael V. Gazzo]]'s ''[[A Hatful of Rain]]'' (1959), ''[[Hamlet]]'' (1960), and ''[[Two for the Seesaw (play)|Two for the Seesaw]]'' (1963) by [[William Gibson (playwright)|William Gibson]]. Wajda made two more increasingly accomplished films, which developed further the anti-war theme of ''A Generation'': ''[[Kanał]]'' (1957) ([[Jury Prize (Cannes Film Festival)#Prize winners|Special Jury Prize]] at [[Cannes Film Festival]] in 1957, shared with Bergman's ''[[The Seventh Seal]]'') and ''[[Ashes and Diamonds (film)|Ashes and Diamonds]]'' (1958) with [[Zbigniew Cybulski]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/andrzej-wajda-dead-oscar-winning-936684|title=Andrzej Wajda, Oscar-Winning Polish Director, Dies at 90|work=hollywoodreporter.com|date=9 October 2016 |access-date=10 October 2016}}</ref>
While capable of turning out mainstream commercial fare (often dismissed as "trivial" by critics), Wajda was more interested in works of [[allegory]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buenosairesherald.com/article/222801/legendary-polish-director-andrzej-wajda-dies|title=Legendary Polish director Andrzej Wajda dies|work=buenosairesherald.com|access-date=10 October 2016}}</ref> and [[symbol]]ism,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theculturetrip.com/europe/poland/articles/man-of-hope-andrzej-wajda-s-solidarity-trilogy/|title=Man of Hope: Andrzej Wajda's Solidarity Trilogy|first=Thomas|last=Storey|work=theculturetrip.com|date=23 October 2013 |access-date=10 October 2016}}</ref> and certain symbols (such as setting fire to a glass of liquor, representing the flame of youthful idealism that was extinguished by the war) recur often in his films. ''[[Lotna]]'' (1959) is full of [[surrealistic]] and symbolic scenes and shots, but he managed to explore other styles, making [[French New Wave|new wave]] style ''[[Innocent Sorcerers]]'' (1960) with music by [[Krzysztof Komeda]], starring [[Roman Polanski]] and [[Jerzy Skolimowski]] (who was also a co-script writer) in the episodes. Then Wajda directed ''[[Samson (1961 Polish film)|Samson]]'' (1961), the story of Jacob, a Jewish boy, who wants to survive during the Nazi occupation of Poland. In the mid-1960s Wajda made ''[[The Ashes (film)|The Ashes]]'' (1965) based on the novel by Polish writer [[Stefan Żeromski]] and directed several films abroad: ''[[Love at Twenty]]'' (1962), ''[[Siberian Lady Macbeth]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wajda.pl/en/filmy/film07.html|title=Andrzej Wajda. Official Website of Polish movie director – Films – "Siberian Lady Macbeth"|first=Tomasz Wygoda – code, Katarzyna Lezenska – content, Belin Czechowicz -|last=design|work=wajda.pl|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-date=2 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502134032/http://www.wajda.pl/en/filmy/film07.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kinolorber.com/film/view/id/277|title=Siberian Lady Macbeth|work=kinolorber.com|access-date=10 October 2016}}</ref> (1962) and ''[[Gates To Paradise]]'' (1968).
In 1967, Cybulski was killed in a train accident, whereupon the director articulated his grief with ''[[Everything for Sale (1969 film)|Everything for Sale]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wajda.pl/en/filmy/film12.html|title=Andrzej Wajda. Official Website of Polish movie director – Films – "Everything For Sale"|first=Tomasz Wygoda – code, Katarzyna Lezenska – content, Belin Czechowicz -|last=design|work=wajda.pl|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192547/http://www.wajda.pl/en/filmy/film12.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> (1968), considered one of his most personal films, using the technique of a film-within-a-film to tell the story of a film maker's life and work. The following year he directed an ironic satire ''[[Hunting Flies (1969 film)|Hunting Flies]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wajda.pl/en/filmy/film13.html|title=Andrzej Wajda. Official Website of Polish movie director – Films – "Hunting Flies"|first=Tomasz Wygoda – code, Katarzyna Lezenska – content, Belin Czechowicz -|last=design|work=wajda.pl|access-date=10 October 2016}}</ref> with the script written by [[Janusz Głowacki]] and a short television film called ''[[Przekładaniec]]'' based on a screenplay by [[Stanisław Lem]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmpolski.pl/fp/index.php?film=122590|title=FilmPolski.pl|access-date=10 October 2016}}</ref>
==Artistic recognition==
[[File:Olbrychski wajda.jpg|thumb|right|Andrzej Wajda (center), c. 1970]]
The 1970s were the most prolific artistic period for Wajda, who made over ten films: ''[[Landscape After the Battle]]'' (1970), ''[[Pilate and Others]]'' (1971), ''[[The Wedding (1972 film)|The Wedding]]'' (1972) – the film version of the famous Polish poetic drama by [[Stanisław Wyspiański]], ''[[The Promised Land (1975 film)|The Promised Land]]'' (1974), ''[[Man of Marble]]'' (
Wajda continued to work in theatre, including ''[[Play Strindberg]]'', Dostoyevsky's ''[[The Possessed (play)|The Possessed]]'' and ''Nastasja Filippovna'' – Wajda's version of ''[[The Idiot (novel)|The Idiot]]'', ''November Night'' by Wyspiański, ''[[The Immigrants]]'' by Sławomir Mrożek, ''The Danton Affair'' or ''The Dreams of Reason''.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9804E0DC1F38F93BA1575AC0A965948260? |title = Movie Reviews|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 13 December 2019}}</ref>
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Wajda's later commitment to Poland's burgeoning [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]] movement was manifested in ''[[Man of Iron]]'' (1981), a thematic sequel to ''The Man of Marble'', with Solidarity leader [[Lech Wałęsa]] appearing as himself in the latter film. The film sequence is loosely based on the life of [[Anna Walentynowicz]], a hero of socialist labor [[Stakhanovite]] turned dissident and alludes to events from real life, such as the firing of Walentynowicz from the shipyard and the underground wedding of [[Bogdan Borusewicz]] to [[Alina Pienkowska]].<ref>Michael Szporer, [http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/solidarity-michael-m-phd-szporer-phd/1110913404 Solidarity: The Great Workers Strike of 1980]. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2012</ref> The director's involvement in this movement would prompt the Polish government to force Wajda's production company out of business. For the film, Wajda won the [[Palme d'Or]] at the [[Cannes Film Festival]].
In 1983, he directed ''[[Danton (1983 film)|Danton]]'', starring [[Gérard Depardieu]] in the title role, a film set in 1794 (Year Two of the [[French Republican calendar]]) dealing with the [[Reign of Terror|Post-Revolutionary Terror]]. Made against the backdrop of the [[martial law in Poland]], Wajda showed how easily revolution can change into terror and start to "eat its own children."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Szporer|first=Mieczyslaw [Michael]|title=Andrzej Wajda's Reign of Terror: Danton's Polish Ambiance|journal=Film Quarterly|date=Winter 1983–1984|volume=37
==Career after 1990==
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In September 2009, Wajda called for the release of director [[Roman Polanski]] after Polanski was arrested in Switzerland in relation to his [[Roman Polanski sexual abuse case|1977 charge for drugging and raping a 13-year-old girl]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8277886.stm|title=Outcry over Polanski's detention|work=BBC News|date=28 September 2009}}</ref>
Wajda died in [[Warsaw]] on 9 October 2016 at the age of 90 from [[pulmonary failure]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-37603756|title=Polish film director Andrzej Wajda dies|date=10 October 2016|access-date=10 October 2016|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> He was buried at [[Salwator Cemetery]] in [[Kraków]].<ref name="śmierć">{{cite web|access-date=2016-10-09|date=2016-10-09|title=Andrzej Wajda nie żyje. Wybitny reżyser miał 90 lat|url=http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/7,114883,20813491,andrzej-wajda-nie-zyje-wybitny-rezyser-mial-90-lat.html#MT|website=gazeta.pl}}</ref>
==Awards and honours==
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* 2012: [[Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary]];<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.kozlonyok.hu/nkonline/MKPDF/hiteles/MK12134.pdf |title=MAGYAR KÖZLÖNY |access-date=3 November 2019}}</ref>
* 2011: [[Order of the White Eagle (Poland)|Order of the White Eagle]] (the highest Polish distinction), [[Commander (order)|Commander]] of the [[Order of Three Stars]] (Latvia);<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.president.lv/pk/content/?cat_id=603&art_id=17103 |title=Latvijas un Polijas prezidents pārrunā ekonomisko sadarbību, enerģētikas jautājumus, sadarbību |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420062951/http://www.president.lv/pk/content/?cat_id=603&art_id=17103 |access-date=4 November 2019|archive-date=20 April 2016 }}</ref>
* 2010: [[Order of Friendship]] of the [[Russian Federation]],<ref>{{Cite web |language=ru |url=http://special.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/31619 |title=Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 10.08.2010 г. № 996 |publisher=Президент России |access-date=2023-04-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.mail.ru/politics/4914560/ |title=Медведев наградил Анджея Вайду орденом Дружбы — Новости Политики. Новости@Mail.ru |date=2012-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112033937/http://news.mail.ru/politics/4914560/ |archive-date=2012-01-12 |access-date=2017-09-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Order of Danica Hrvatska]] (Croatia);<ref>{{cite news|url=https://wiadomosci.wp.pl/andrzej-wajda-otrzymal-order-chorwackiej-jutrzenki-6031712299013249a |title=Andrzej Wajda otrzymał Order Chorwackiej Jutrzenki |access-date=4 November 2019}}</ref>
* 2008: [[Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise]] (Ukraine),<ref>{{cite news|url=https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/wajda-nagrodzony-orderem-jaroslawa-madrego/6l68v |title=Wajda nagrodzony orderem Jarosława Mądrego |access-date=4 November 2019}}</ref> [[Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana]] (Estonia);<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.president.ee/et/vabariik/teenetemargid/kavaler/801/andrzej-wajda |title=Teenetemärkide kavalerid |access-date=4 November 2019}}</ref>
* 2007: Nomination for an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] for ''[[Katyń (film)|Katyń]]'';
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* 1997: Honourable Mention at the [[47th Berlin International Film Festival]] for ''[[Miss Nobody (1996 film)|Miss Nobody]]'';<ref name="Berlinale 1997">{{cite web |url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1997/03_preistr_ger_1997/03_Preistraeger_1997.html |title=Berlinale: 1997 Prize Winners |access-date=8 January 2012 |work=berlinale.de |archive-date=11 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111234912/http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1997/03_preistr_ger_1997/03_Preistraeger_1997.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 1996: [[Silver Bear|Silver Bear for an outstanding artistic contribution]] at the [[46th Berlin International Film Festival]] for ''[[Holy Week (film)|Wielki tydzień]]'';<ref name="Berlinale 1996">{{cite web |url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1996/03_preistr_ger_1996/03_Preistraeger_1996.html |title=Berlinale: 1996 Prize Winners |access-date=1 January 2012 |work=berlinale.de |archive-date=30 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630185658/https://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1996/03_preistr_ger_1996/03_Preistraeger_1996.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 1995: [[Order of the Rising Sun]] (Japan), [[Honorary degree|Doctor Honoris Causa]] of [[Université Libre de Bruxelles]], [[Belgium]], [[Theatre of Poland#Witkacy Prize|Witkacy Prize
* 1994: [[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]] (France);
* 1990: European Felix Award for life achievement and an outstanding achievement and artistic conduct at the [[Cannes International Film Festival]];
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* 1959: Jury and [[International Federation of Film Critics|FIPRESCI]] Award at the [[Venice Film Festival]] for ''[[Ashes and Diamonds (film)|Ashes and Diamonds]]'', [[Knight]]'s Cross of the [[Order of Polonia Restituta]];
* 1957: Special [[Jury Prize (Cannes Film Festival)|Jury Prize]] at the [[Cannes International Film Festival]] for ''[[Kanał]]''.<ref name="Andrzej Wajda"/>
[[File:Salwator Cemetery, grave of Andrzej Wajda (Polish film and theatre director), Waszyngtona Avenue, Kraków, Poland.jpg|thumb|240px|[[Salwator Cemetery]]<br >Andrzej Wajda tomb]]
==Filmography==
{{main|Andrzej Wajda filmography}}
==See also==
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{{BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award}}
{{César Award for Best Director}}
{{Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement}}
{{Honorary César}}
{{Honorary Golden Bear}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Wajda, Andrzej}}
[[Category:Andrzej Wajda| ]]
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
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[[Category:Polish film directors]]
[[Category:Polish United Workers' Party members]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Builders of People's Poland]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Banner of Work]]
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[[Category:Recipients of the State Award Badge (Poland)]]
[[Category:20th-century Polish screenwriters]]
[[Category:
[[Category:20th-century Polish male writers]]
[[Category:Home Army members]]
[[Category:Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement recipients]]
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