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{{Short description|Australian Aboriginal language of northern Australia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{use Australian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Gunbarlang
|nativename=''Warlang''
|states=[[Australia]]
|region=[[Arnhem Land]]
|ethnicity=[[Gambalang]]
|extinct=by 2016
|ref=<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stat.data.abs.gov.au/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=ABS_C16_T09_SA|title=Census 2016, Language spoken at home by Sex (SA2+)|last=ABS|website=stat.data.abs.gov.au|language=en-au|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|access-date=2017-10-29|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226044803/http://stat.data.abs.gov.au/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=ABS_C16_T09_SA|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|familycolor=Australian
|fam1=[[
|fam2=[[Gunwinyguan languages|Gunwinyguan]]
|fam3=Gunwinggic
|dia1=Djimbilirri
|dia2=Gurrigurri
Line 15 ⟶ 19:
|dia4=Marrabanggu
|dia5=Marranumbu
|dia6=Gunguluwala<ref>{{harvnb|Dixon|2002|page=xl}}</ref>
|iso3=wlg
|glotto=kunb1251
|glottorefname=Kunbarlang
|aiatsis=N69
}}
'''Gunbarlang''',
The language is part of a [[language revival]] project, as a critically endangered language.
==
Gunbarlang has been proposed to be included into the ''marne'' group of Gunwinyguan family,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Bininj Gun-Wok: A Pan-Dialectal Grammar of Mayali, Kunwinjku and Kune |last=Evans |first=N. |publisher=ANU |year=2003 |page=33 |hdl=1885/53188 |author-link=Nicholas Evans (linguist) |hdl-access=free}}</ref> making its closest relatives the Central Gunwinyguan languages [[Bininj Kunwok language|Bininj Kunwok]] and [[Dalabon language|Dalabon]]. The label ''marne'' refers to the phonological shape of the [[benefactive]] [[applicative voice|applicative]] affix common to all three languages (as opposed to the ''bak'' languages to the east, e.g. [[Rembarrnga language|Rembarrnga]], [[Ngandi language|Ngandi]] and [[Nunggubuyu language|Wubuy/Nunggubuyu]]).<ref name="Alpher, Evans & Harvey 2003">Alpher, B., Evans, N. & Harvey, M. 2003. "Proto Gunwinyguan verb suffixes." In Nicholas Evans (ed.), ''The non-Pama-Nyungan languages of northern Australia: Comparative Studies of the continent's most linguistically complex region'', 305-352. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.</ref>
==Geographic distribution==
Some Gunbarlang speakers live in [[Warruwi]] on [[Goulburn Islands|South Goulburn Island]] and [[Maningrida, Northern Territory|Maningrida]]. Historically, it was also spoken in [[Gunbalanya, Northern Territory|Gunbalanya]].<ref>{{harvnb|Harris|1969}}</ref>
== Phonology ==
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
!<small>voiceless</small>
|p
|t
|ʈ
|c
|k
|ʔ
|-
!<small>tense</small>
|pː
|tː
|ʈː
|cː
|kː
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal vowel|Nasal]]
|m
|n
| colspan="1" |ɳ
|ɲ
|ŋ
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
| colspan="1" |
|l
| colspan="1" |ɭ
| colspan="1" |
| colspan="1" |
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
| colspan="1" |
|ɾ
| colspan="1" |ɻ
| colspan="1" |
| colspan="1" |
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant]]
|w
| colspan="1" |
| colspan="1" |
|j
|
|
|}
/ɾ/ can also be heard as a trill [r].
=== Vowels ===
{| class="IPA wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
![[High vowel|High]]
|i
|
|u
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|e
|
|o
|- style="text-align: center;"
![[Low vowel|Low]]
|
|a
|
|}
==Grammar==
Gunbarlang is a [[polysynthetic language]] with complex verb morphology. It includes polypersonal agreement, [[Incorporation (linguistics)|incorporation]], and a number of derivational affixes. Word order in a (transitive) clause is SVO or SOV.<ref>{{harvnb|Coleman|1982}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Kapitonov|2019}}</ref>
===Morphosyntax===
Morphology is primarily [[Agglutination|agglutinating]]. Verbal morphology (rather than case marking or syntax) encodes a significant part of grammatical relations.
====Verbal====
The verb includes obligatory agreement with its core arguments in the form of bound pronouns. The subject/agent prefix precedes the object prefix. Subject prefixes form four mood series: positive indicative, "non-performative", future/intentional, and potential.<ref>{{harvnb|Dixon|2002|page=338}}</ref>
The verb features derivational affixes, such as benefactive, directional, and TAM.
====Nominal====
Case in not marked on nouns and free pronouns, but bound pronouns follow [[Nominative–accusative language|nominative-accusative]] alignment.<ref>{{harvnb|Dixon|2002|page=350}}</ref>
Gunbarlang distinguishes five noun classes on demonstratives (M, F, plants, body-parts, and inanimate), but only four on other constituents (collapsing the latter two).<ref>{{harvnb|Coleman|1982}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Dixon|2002|page=478}}</ref>
==Language revival==
{{as of|2020}}, Kunbarlang is one of 20 languages prioritised as part of the Priority Languages Support Project, being undertaken by First Languages Australia and funded by the [[Department of Communications and the Arts]]. The project aims to "identify and document critically-endangered languages — those languages for which little or no documentation exists, where no recordings have previously been made, but where there are living speakers".<ref>{{cite web|website=First Languages Australia|url=https://www.firstlanguages.org.au/projects/plsp|title=Priority Languages Support Project|access-date=13 January 2020|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224021102/https://firstlanguages.org.au/projects/plsp|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
==References==
* {{cite book |last=Coleman |first=C. |title=A Grammar of Gunbalang with Special Reference to Grammatical Relations |year=1982 }}
* {{cite book |last=Dixon |first=R. M. W. |author-link=R. M. W. Dixon |title=Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |url=http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521473780 }}
* {{Cite book |title=Papers in Australian linguistics no. 4 |last=Harris |first=Joy Kinslow |publisher=Pacific Linguistics |year=1969 |editor-last=Joy Kinslow Harris |series=Pacific Linguistics, Series A 17 |location=Canberra |pages=1–49 |chapter=Preliminary grammar of Gunbalang |editor-last2=Stephen A. Wurm |editor-last3=Donald C. Laycock |url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/144554/1/PL-A17.pdf |doi=10.15144/PL-A17 |hdl=1885/144554 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Kapitonov |first=I. |title=A Grammar of Kunbarlang |date=2019 |degree=PhD |publisher=The University of Melbourne |url=https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/bitstream/handle/11343/225743/main.pdf |hdl=11343/225743 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{Cite book |last=Kapitonov |first=Ivan |title=A grammar of Kunbarlang |publisher=Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter |year=2021}}
{{Pama–Nyungan languages|Macro}}
{{Australian Aboriginal languages}}
[[Category:Gunwinyguan languages]]
[[Category:Arnhem Land]]
[[Category:Indigenous Australian languages in the Northern Territory]]
[[Category:Extinct languages of the Northern Territory]]
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