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{{Short description|Election}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=
{{Use Australian English|date=January 2016}}
<section begin="Aus infobox" />{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1990 Australian federal election
| country = Australia
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = <includeonly>Results of the </includeonly>1987 Australian federal election<includeonly> (House of Representatives)</includeonly>
| previous_year = 1987
| next_election = <includeonly>Results of the </includeonly>1993 Australian federal election<includeonly> (House of Representatives)</includeonly>
| next_year = 1993
| outgoing_members = Members of the Australian House of Representatives, 1987–1990
| elected_members = Members of the Australian House of Representatives, 1990–1993
| registered = 10,728,435 {{small|{{increase}} 3.62%}}
| turnout = 10,225,800 (95.31%)<br>({{increase}}1.47 [[Percentage point|pp]])
| seats_for_election = All 148 seats in the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]<br /><small> 75 seats were needed for a majority in the House </small><br />40 (of the 76) seats in the [[Australian Senate|Senate]]
| election_date = {{start date|1990|3|24|df=y}}
| vote_type = [[Instant run-off voting#Australia|First preference]]
<!-- Australian Labor Party -->
| image1 = [[File:Hawke Bob BANNER.jpg|200x200px]]
| leader1 = [[Bob Hawke]]
| leader_since1 = [[1983 Australian Labor Party leadership spill|
| party1 = Australian Labor Party
| leaders_seat1 = [[Division of Wills|Wills]] (Vic.)
| last_election1 = 86 seats
| seats1 = '''78 seats'''
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}} 8
| popular_vote1 = 3,904,138
| percentage1 =
| swing1 = {{decrease}}
<!-- Liberal/National coalition -->
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| last_election2 = 62 seats
| seats2 = 69 seats
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 7
| popular_vote2 = '''4,302,127'''
| percentage2 = '''
| swing2 = {{
<!-- 2PP -->
<!-- rating -->| 1blank = [[Two-party-preferred vote|TPP]]
| 1data1 = 49.90%
| 1data2 = '''50.10%'''
| 2blank = [[Two-party-preferred vote|TPP]] swing
| 2data1 = {{decrease}} 0.93
| 2data2 = {{increase}} 0.93
| map_image = 1990 Australian federal election.svg
| map_size = 350px
| map_caption = Results by division for the House of Representatives, shaded by winning party's margin of victory.
| title = [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]]
| before_election = [[Bob Hawke]]
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| after_election = [[Bob Hawke]]
| after_party = Australian Labor Party
}}<section end="Aus infobox" />
{{1990 Australian federal election sidebar}}
The '''1990 Australian federal election''' was held in Australia on 24 March 1990. All 148 seats in the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] and 40 seats in the 76-member [[Australian Senate|Senate]] were up for election. The incumbent [[Australian Labor Party]], led by [[Bob Hawke]], defeated the opposition [[Liberal Party of Australia]], led by [[Andrew Peacock]], with its
[[Coalition (Australia)|coalition]] partner, the [[National Party of Australia]], led by [[Charles Blunt]], despite losing the nationwide popular and [[two-party-preferred vote]]. The result saw the re-election of the Hawke government for a fourth successive term.
It was the first and, to date, only time the Labor party won four consecutive elections. {{As of|2023}} it is the most recent federal election in which leaders of both the largest parties represented divisions outside [[New South Wales]], the last to have both major party leaders from the same city other than [[Sydney]], the last to have a rematch just [[1984 Australian federal election|six years earlier]] and until [[2001 Australian federal election|2001]], thus was the last for the 20th century, which unlike 13 years earlier in [[1977 Australian federal election|1977]] when it's the last rematch with the same major party leaders appeared consecutively after the previous federal election in the 20th century just [[1975 Australian federal election|2 years earlier]], and the last to have both major party leaders born prior to [[World War II]].
__TOC__
==Background==
After [[John Howard]] lost the [[1987 Australian federal election|1987 election]] to Hawke,
Hawke's government was in political trouble, with high interest rates and a financial crisis in Victoria.
The controversy over the [[Multifunction Polis]] boiled over during the federal election campaign. Peacock, declared that a future Coalition Government would abandon the project.<ref>Hamilton, "Serendipity City", pp. 152-55.</ref> He shared the Asian "enclave" fears of [[Returned and Services League of Australia|RSL]] president [[Alf Garland]] and others.<ref name="Woomera">
{{cite book |last=Jupp |first=James |title=From White Australia to Woomera: The Story of Australian Immigration |date=2 April 2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JPzMx64wXKUC&dq=%22multifunctional+polis%22&pg=PA107 |access-date=2008-01-12 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-69789-7 |pages=107–219 }}</ref> The following day, ''[[The Australian]]'' newspaper ran a headline "Peacock a 'danger in the Lodge{{'"}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.crikey.com.au/2016/05/23/opinion-less-matters/|title = The more opinion, the less it matters |first=David |last=Washington |website=Crikey |date = 23 May 2016 |access-date=2023-07-23 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
==Voting intention==
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://infogram.com/federal-newspoll-archive-1gv4m7ejjndop18|title=Federal Newspoll Archive - Infogram|website=infogram.com|access-date=8 April 2023}}</ref>
{| class="toccolours" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" style="text-align:center; margin-right:.4em; margin-top:.4em; font-size:90%;"
|-
! Date
! Brand
|-
!
!
|-
! style="background:#b0e9db;"|24 March 1990 election
| colspan=
| style="
| style="
| style="
| style="
|-
!22 March 1990
| style="text-align:left;" |Newspoll
|'''41.5%'''
|39.5%
|14%
|5%
|-
!4 March 1990
| style="text-align:left;" |Newspoll
|'''42%'''
|39%
|13%
|6%
|-
!10 December 1989
| style="text-align:left;" |Newspoll
|'''44.5%'''
|40%
|9.5%
|6%
|-
!27 March 1988
| style="text-align:left;" |Newspoll
|38%
|'''48%'''
|9%
|5%
|-
!23 August 1987
| style="text-align:left;" |Newspoll
|'''49%'''
|41%
|8%
|2%
|-
! style="background:#b0e9db;"|[[1987 Australian federal election|18 July 1987 election]]
| colspan="1" style="background:#b0e9db;" |
| style="
| style="
| style="
| style="
|-
|}
{{clear}}
==Results==
===House of Representatives results===
[[File:Australian House of Representatives elected members, 1990.svg|right|thumb|250px|'''[[Fourth Hawke Ministry|Government]] (78)'''<br />
{{Color box|{{Australian politics/party colours|Labor}}|border=darkgray}} [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] (78)<br />
<br />
'''[[Opposition (Australia)|Opposition]] (69)'''<br />
[[Coalition (Australia)|Coalition]]<br />
{{Color box|{{Australian politics/party colours|Liberal}}|border=darkgray}} [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]] (55)<br />
{{Color box|{{Australian politics/party colours|National}}|border=darkgray}} [[National Party of Australia|National]] (14)<br />
<br />
'''[[Crossbencher|Crossbench]] (1)'''<br />
{{Color box|{{Australian politics/party colours|Independent}}|border=darkgray}} [[Independent (politician)|Independent]] ([[Ted Mack (politician)|1]])
]]
{{Excerpt|Results of the 1990 Australian federal election (House of Representatives)|Australia|bold=yes}}
{{bar box
| title=Popular vote
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{{Color box|{{Australian politics/party colours|Greens}}|border=darkgray}} [[Greens Western Australia|WA Greens]] (1)<br />
{{Color box|{{Australian politics/party colours|Independent}}|border=darkgray}} [[Independent (politician)|Independent]] (1)<br />
]]
{{
==Seats changing hands==
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==Outcome==
[[File:1990 Election Australia Gallagher Index.png|right|thumb|300px|The [[Gallagher Index]] result: 12.7]]
The 1990 election resulted in a modest swing to the opposition Coalition. Though Labor had to contend with the [[Late 1980s recession|late 80s/early 90s recession]], they won a record fourth successive election and a record 10 years in government with [[Bob Hawke]] as leader, a level of political success not previously seen by federal Labor. The election was to be Hawke's last as Prime Minister and Labor leader, he was replaced by [[Paul Keating]] on 20 December 1991 who would go on to lead Labor to win a record fifth successive election and a record 13 years (to the day) in government resulting from the [[1993 Australian federal election|1993 election]].
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This election saw the peak of the [[Australian Democrats]]' popularity under [[Janine Haines]], and a [[Greens Western Australia|WA Greens]] candidate won a seat in the [[Australian Senate]] for the first time – although the successful candidate, [[Jo Vallentine]], was already a two-term senator, having previously won a seat for the [[Nuclear Disarmament Party]] at the [[1984 Australian federal election|1984 election]], and the Vallentine Peace Group at the 1987 election. Until 2010, this was the only post-war election where a third party (excluding splinter state parties and the Nationals) has won more than 10% of the primary vote for elections to the Australian House of Representatives.
It also saw the Nationals' leader, [[Charles Blunt]], defeated in his own seat of [[Division of Richmond|Richmond]] by Labor challenger [[Neville Newell]]—only the second time that a major party leader had lost his own seat. Newell benefited from the presence of independent and anti-nuclear activist [[Helen Caldicott]]. Her preferences flowed overwhelmingly to Newell on the third count, allowing Newell to win despite having been second on the primary vote.
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==Notes==
{{Notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=Greens House|There was no federal [[Australian Greens]] party at this election. The Greens total includes [[Greens Western Australia]] (67,164), [[Greens New South Wales|NSW Green Alliance]]{{hsp}}{{efn|name=Greens NSW|At this election the Greens in New South Wales were a loose alliance largely organised by [[Greens New South Wales#Local groups|local groups]], with 18 candidates running under a variety of names: Australian Gruen Party ([[Electoral results for the Division of Fowler#1990|Fowler]], [[Electoral results for the Division of Macarthur#1990|Macarthur]], [[Electoral results for the Division of Mackellar#1990|Mackellar]], [[Electoral results for the Division of Macquarie#1990|Macquarie]], [[Electoral results for the Division of Prospect#1990|Prospect]], [[Electoral results for the Division of St George#1990|St George]], [[Electoral results for the Division of Throsby#1990|Throsby]] and [[Electoral results for the Division of Werriwa#1990|Werriwa]]), the Greens ([[Electoral results for the Division of Phillip#1990|Phillip]] and [[Electoral results for the Division of Wentworth#1990|Wentworth]]), Illawarra Greens ([[Electoral results for the Division of Cunningham#1990|Cunningham]] and [[Electoral results for the Division of Hughes#1990|Hughes]]), [[Electoral results for the Division of Sydney#1990|Sydney]] Greens, South Sydney Greens ([[Electoral results for the Division of Kingsford Smith#1990|Kingsford Smith]]), Central Coast Green Party ([[Electoral results for the Division of Dobell#1990|Dobell]] and [[Electoral results for the Division of Robertson#1990|Robertson]]), Greens in [[Electoral results for the Division of Lowe#1990|Lowe]] and [[Electoral results for the Division of Cowper#1990|Cowper]] Greens.}} (45,819), [[Queensland Greens]] (10,054), [[United Tasmania Group]] (6,367), [[Greens South Australia]] (1,878) and [[ACT Greens|ACT Green Democratic Alliance]] (6,069).}}
}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[http://elections.uwa.edu.au/ University of WA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118085343/http://elections.uwa.edu.au/ |date=18 January 2015 }} election results in Australia since 1890
*[http://www.aec.gov.au/Elections/Australian_Electoral_History/House_of_Representative_1949_Present.htm AEC 2PP vote]
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