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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Subspeciesbox
| name =
| image = Watusi Cattle1.jpg
| image_caption = Watusi cattle, a breed in the "Sanga" group.
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| species_link = Cattle
| subspecies = africanus
| authority = ([[unavailable name]])
| synonyms = {{Genus list
| Bos africanus |Kerr, 1792<!-- Not to be confused with Bos [bubalus] aficanus Zimmermann, 1780, which refers to some sort of buffalo. Would be really good if we can hunt down the publication. No ZooBank entry. -->
| Bos sanga |[[Leopold Fitzinger|Fitzinger]], 1860 <!-- Would also be really good if we can hunt down the publication. No ZooBank entry. -->
}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=ASM21>{{Cite journal |author=American Society of Mammalogists |author-link=American Society of Mammalogists |title=Bos taurus |url=https://www.mammaldiversity.org/explore.html#genus=Bos&species=taurus&id=1006267 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501164649/https://www.mammaldiversity.org/explore.html#genus=Bos&species=taurus&id=1006267 |url-status=live |archive-date=May 1, 2023 |journal=ASM Mammal Diversity Database |date=2021}} Note: this source considers all domestic cattle to be ''B. taurus''. The two synonyms referring to African cattle are picked from the source.</ref>
}}
'''
== Genetic signatures and classification ==
A relatively complete survey on the many breeds of
* African taurine (N'Dama, Muturu)
* African humped cattle
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The existence of "taurine", "sanga", "zenga", and "indicine" groups among Africa cattle is generally agreed-upon by groups of researchers despite disagreements in ''how'' these groups originated.<ref name=Rege1999/> Specifically, the main topic in dispute is whether African taurines were separately domesticated.<ref name=pmid30622640/>
<gallery caption="Major groups of
File:N'Dama_herd_in_West_Africa.jpg|N'Dama (African taurine)
File:2Watussirinder.jpg|Watusi (Sanga)
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===Trypanotolerance===
[[Trypanosomiasis]] poses a considerable constraint on livestock agricultural development in [[Tsetse fly]] infested areas of
==Origins==
The timeline for their history is the subject of extensive debate. A combination of genetic studies with archaeological research, including cultural history, has clarified the question of the complex origin of
===Origin of the African taurine===
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==== Archaeological evidence ====
Morphological features of early
====Near-eastern introduction theory====
Thus
Rather than the domesticating of cattle happening in the region of the [[Acacus Mountains|Tadrart Acacus]], it is considered more likely that domesticated cattle were introduced to the region.<ref name="Garcea">{{cite book |last1=Garcea |first1=Elena A.A. |title=Uan Tabu in the Settlement History of the Libyan Sahara |date=July 2019 |
Based on cattle remains near the Nile dated to 9000 BP and cattle remains near [[Nabta Playa]] and [[Bir Kiseiba]] reliably dated to 7750 BP, domesticated cattle may have appeared earlier, near the Nile, and then expanded to the western region of the Sahara.<ref name="Soukopova">{{cite journal |last1=Soukopova |first1=Jitka |title=Prehistoric Colonization of the Central Sahara: Hunters versus Herders and the Evidence from the Rock Art |date=2020 |url=https://www.academia.edu/44872727 |journal=Expression |issn=2499-1341 |pages=
The mitochondrial divergence of undomesticated Indian cattle, European cattle, and
====Independent domestication theory====
These cattle originated in [[East Africa]], probably the western shores of Lake Victoria, and have spread down the river Nile (i.e. northwards), with depictions on Ancient Egyptian murals. Sanga are an intermediate type, probably formed by hybridizing the indigenous humpless cattle with [[Zebu]] cattle.<ref name='(9290530995)'>{{cite journal|title= A review of reproductive performance of female Bos Indicus (Zebu) cattle|journal=International Livestock Research Institute|date=1989|first=E.|last=Mukasa-Mugerwa|url=http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/ilri/x5442e/x5442e03.htm|access-date=2010-03-02 }}</ref> However, archaeological evidence{{which|date=January 2024}} indicates this cattle type was domesticated independently in Africa, and bloodlines of taurine and zebu cattle were introduced only within the last few hundred years.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grigson |first1=Caroline |title=An African origin for African cattle? — some archaeological evidence |journal=The African Archaeological Review |date=1991 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=119–144 |doi=10.1007/BF01117218 |s2cid=162307756 }}</ref>
The time and location for when and where cattle were domesticated in Africa remains to be resolved.<ref name="Soukopova" />
Osypińska (2021) indicates that an "archaeozoological discovery made at Affad turned out to be of great importance for the entire history of cattle on the [[Africa]]n continent. A large skull fragment and a nearly complete horn core of an [[aurochs]], a wild ancestor of [[domestic cattle]], were discovered at sites dating back 50,000 years and associated with the [[Middle Stone Age|MSA]]. These are the oldest remains of the auroch in Sudan, and they also mark the southernmost range of this species in the world.<ref name="Osypiński II">{{cite book |last1=Osypińska |first1=Marta |last2=Osypiński |first2=Piotr |title=From Faras to Soba: 60 years of Sudanese–Polish cooperation in saving the heritage of Sudan |date=2021 |publisher=Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology/University of Warsaw |isbn=9788395336256 |oclc=1374884636 |pages=460 |url=https://depot.ceon.pl/bitstream/handle/123456789/21580/Katalog%20wystawy%20From%20Faras%20to%20Soba%20-%20ONLINE%20o2.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref> Based on the [[cattle]] ([[Bos]]) remains found at [[Affad]] and Letti, Osypiński (2022) indicates that it is "justified to raise again the issue of the origin of cattle in [[Northeast Africa]]. The idea of domestic cattle in Africa coming from the Fertile Crescent exclusively is now seen as having serious shortcomings."<ref name="Osypiński">{{cite journal |last1=Osypiński |first1=Piotr |title=Unearthing a Middle Nile crossroads – exploring the prehistory of the Letti Basin (Sudan) |journal=Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean |date=December 30, 2022 |volume=31 |
The managing of [[Barbary sheep]] may be viewed as parallel evidence for the domestication of amid the early period of the Holocene.<ref name="Marshall">{{cite journal |last1=Marshall |first1=Fiona |last2=Weissbrod |first2=Lior |title=Domestication Processes and Morphological Change Through the Lens of the Donkey and African Pastoralism |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/658389 |journal=Current Anthropology |date=October 2011 |volume=52 |issue=S4 |pages=S397–S413 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press Journals|doi=10.1086/658389 |s2cid=85956858 }}</ref> Near [[Nabta Playa]], in the [[Western Desert (Egypt)|Western Desert]], between 11th millennium cal BP and 10th millennium cal BP, semi-sedentary African hunter-gatherers may have independently [[domesticated]] African cattle as a form of reliable food source and as a short-term adaptation to the dry period of the Green Sahara, which resulted in a limited availability of edible flora.<ref name="Marshall" /> African [[Bos primigenius]] fossils, which have been dated between 11th millennium cal BP and 10th millennium cal BP, have been found at Bir Kiseiba and Nabta Playa.<ref name="Marshall" />
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=== Origin of indicine contribution ===
Indian humped cattle (''Bos indicus'') and North African/Middle Eastern taurine cattle (''Bos taurus'') are commonly assumed to have admixed with one another, resulting in Sanga cattle as their offspring.<ref name="Grigson">{{cite journal |last1=Grigson |first1=Caroline |title=An African origin for African cattle? — some archaeological evidence |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01117218 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |date=December 1991 |volume=9 |pages=119, 139 |doi=10.1007/BF01117218 |s2cid=162307756 |issn=0263-0338 |oclc=5547025047}}</ref> Rather than accept the common assumption, admixture with taurine and humped cattle is viewed as having likely occurred within the last few hundred years, and Sanga cattle are viewed as having originated from among African cattle within Africa.<ref name="Grigson" /> Regarding possible origin scenarios for
20th century authors<!-- Payne, 1964; Schoeman, 1989 cited by Strydom -- very uncomfortably old. --> date the first Sanga cattle, which originated through by crossing in of Zebu bulls in northeast and east Africa, from 1600 [[Before Common Era|BCE]] onward.<ref name="Strydom et al 2001"/> Kim ''et al.'' (2020) reports a consensus date of 700 AD among contemporary researchers and their own estimate date of 950–1250 AD.<ref name=Kim2020/> Kim ''et al.'' (2023) does not report a different date, but finds that the indicine import is mostly similar to North Indian breeds, with a small South Indian contribution.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=K |last2=Kim |first2=D |last3=Hanotte |first3=O |last4=Lee |first4=C |last5=Kim |first5=H |last6=Jeong |first6=C |title=Inference of Admixture Origins in Indigenous African Cattle. |journal=Molecular
==List of breeds==
The list of breeds below follow the framework of Kim ''et al.'' 2020. It includes contributions from Rege 1999, which has a very similar grouping (albeit the evolutionary theory is different).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rege|first=J. E. O.|date=1999|title=The state of African cattle genetic resources I. Classification framework and identification of threatened and extinct breeds|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/animal-genetic-resources-resources-genetiques-animales-recursos-geneticos-animales/article/abs/state-of-african-cattle-genetic-resources-i-classification-framework-and-identification-of-threatened-and-extinct-breeds/CF5F79FB95BCDBB51EDEF17F6670A96D|journal=Animal Genetic Resources/Resources génétiques animales/Recursos genéticos animales|language=en|volume=25|pages=1–25|doi=10.1017/S1014233900003448|issn=2076-4022}}</ref><ref name=Rege1999>{{cite journal |last1=Rege |first1=J. E. O. |title=The state of African cattle genetic resources I. Classification framework and identification of threatened and extinct breeds |journal=Animal Genetic Resources |date=April 1999 |volume=25 |pages=1–25 |doi=10.1017/S1014233900003448 |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/pdf/012/w2517t/w2517t01.pdf }}</ref>
===African taurine===
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* Diali
* Biu
* Humpless Shorthorns<ref name="dagris.info">{{Cite web|url=https://dagris.info/groups/106/breeds?order=name&sort=desc|title = Humpless Shorthorns - Breeds
}}
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}}
===
In addition to the traditional breeds outlined, African cattle have
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