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{{Short description|Human being who inhabits a cave}}
{{About||the stock character|Caveman|animals living in caves|Troglofauna|Washington, D.C. society|Cave dwellers (Washington, D.C.)|the Italian film|Ator 2 – L'invincibile Orion}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
[[File:Malta - Mellieha - Triq l-Gherien (Triq l-Erwieh) 01 ies.jpg|thumb|Cave dwellings in [[Mellieħa]], [[Malta]]]]
[[File:Cave dwellings, Spiti, India.jpg|thumb|Cave dwellings, [[Spiti]], India]]
A '''cave dweller''', or '''troglodyte''', is a [[
== Prehistory ==
Some [[Prehistory|prehistoric]] humans were cave dwellers, but most were not (''see''
The [[Grotte du Vallonnet]], a cave in the [[French Riviera]], was used by people approximately one million years ago. Although stone tools and the remains of eaten animals have been found in the cave, there is no indication that people dwelt in it.
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Starting about 170,000 years ago, some ''Homo sapiens'' lived in some cave systems in what is now South Africa, such as [[Pinnacle Point]] and [[Diepkloof Rock Shelter]]. The stable temperatures of caves provided a cool habitat in summers and a warm, dry shelter in the winter. Remains of grass bedding have been found in nearby [[Border Cave]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Fire and grass-bedding construction 200 thousand years ago at Border Cave, South Africa|year=2020|journal=Science|volume= 369|issue =6505|pages= 863–866
|doi=10.1126/science.abc7239 |first1=Lyn |last1=Wadley|first2=Irene |last2=Esteban|first3=Paloma |last3=de la Peña1|first4=Marine |last4=Wojcieszak1|pmid=32792402|bibcode=2020Sci...369..863W |s2cid=221113832|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02998410/file/Wadley_galley_UncorrectedProofBedding.pdf}}</ref>
About 100,000 years ago, some [[Neanderthal]]s dwelt in caves in Europe and western Asia. Caves there also were inhabited by some [[Cro-Magnon]]s, from about 35,000 years ago until about 8000 [[Anno Domini|B.C.]] Both species built shelters, including tents, at the mouths of caves and used the caves’ dark interiors for ceremonies. The Cro-Magnon people also made [[Representation (arts)|representational]] [[Cave painting|paintings on cave walls]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author-link=Karl Butzer |last=Butzer |first=Karl W. |title=Cave dwellers |encyclopedia=[[World Book Encyclopedia]] |volume=3 |page=245 |publisher=World Book, Inc. |location=Chicago |date=1983}}</ref>
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Also about 100,000 years ago, some ''Homo sapiens'' worked in [[Blombos Cave]], in what became South Africa. They made the earliest paint workshop now known, but apparently did not dwell in the caves.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/14/science/14paint.html?hpw=&pagewanted=all |title=In African Cave, Signs of an Ancient Paint Factory |newspaper=The New York Times |first=John Noble |last=Wilford |date=13 October 2011 |access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref>
== Ancient and premodern examples==
Writers of the classical [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] and [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] period made several allusions to cave-dwelling tribes in different parts of the world. For details, ''see'' "[[Troglodytae]]".<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Troglodytes|volume=27|pages=298–299}}</ref>▼
[[File:Vivienda troglodítica en Amboise.jpg|alt=Cave dwellings in Amboise, France|thumb|Cave dwellings in Amboise, Loire Valley, France]]
[[File:روستای کندوان تبریز=Kandovan, Tabriz - panoramio (1).jpg|thumb|[[Kandovan, Osku|Kandovan]] village, Iran]]
In Hirbet Tawani near [[Yatta, Hebron|Yatta Village]] in the [[Southern Hebron Hills]] in an area contested between the [[Palestinian Authority]] and [[Israel]] there are [[Palestinians]] who have lived in caves who have been recorded to be doing so during [[The British Mandate for Palestine]] and before, under the [[Ottoman Empire]]. In recent years some have been evicted by the Israeli government or by settlers.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/sep/26/israel Cave dwellers defy Israeli eviction bid], September 24, 2004 (The Guardian website)</ref>▼
Especially during war and other times of strife,
[[File:Matmata, cave dwelling.jpg|right|thumb|Cave dwelling in [[Matmata,_Tunisia|Matmata]], Tunisia]]
▲Writers of the classical [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] and [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] period made several allusions to cave-dwelling tribes in different parts of the world
Perhaps fleeing the violence of [[Ancient Rome|Ancient Romans]], people left the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]] in eleven caves near [[Qumran]], in what is now an area of the [[West Bank]] managed by
▲Especially during war and other times of strife, relatively small groups of people have lived temporarily in caves, where they have hidden or otherwise sought refuge. They also have used caves for clandestine and other special purposes while living elsewhere.
From about 1000 to about 1300, some [[Pueblo]] people lived in villages that they built [[Cliff-dwelling|beneath cliffs]] in what is now the [[Southwestern United States]].▼
▲Perhaps fleeing the violence of [[Ancient Rome|Ancient Romans]], people left the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]] in eleven caves near [[Qumran]], in what is now an area of the [[West Bank]] managed by [[Israel]]'s Qumran National Park. The documents remained undisturbed there for approximately 2,000 years, until their discovery in the 1940s and 1950s.
The [[DeSoto Caverns]], in what became [[Alabama]] in the United States, were a burial ground for local [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|tribes]]; the same caves became a violent [[speakeasy]] in the 1920s.
==Modern examples==
▲From about 1000 to about 1300, some [[Pueblo]] people lived in villages that they built [[Cliff-dwelling|beneath cliffs]] in what is now the [[Southwestern United States]].
===Asia===
In the 1970s, several members of the [[Tasaday]] apparently inhabited caves near [[Cotabato]], in the [[Philippines]].▼
▲In Hirbet Tawani, near [[Yatta, Hebron|Yatta Village]], in the [[Southern Hebron Hills]], in an area contested
In her book ''Home Life in Colonial Days'', [[Alice Morse Earle]] wrote of some of the first European settlers in New England, New York, and Pennsylvania living in cave dwellings, also known as "smoaky homes":▼
At least 30,000,000 people in China live in cave homes, called [[yaodong]]s; because they are warm in the winter and cool in the summer, some people find caves more desirable than concrete homes in the city.<ref>{{cite web|last=Demick |first=Barbara |url=https://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-china-caves-20120318,0,2352472.story |title=In China, millions make themselves at home in caves |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=18 March 2012 |access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref>▼
<blockquote>In Pennsylvania caves were used by newcomers as homes for a long time, certainly half a century. They generally were formed by digging into the ground about four feet in depth on the banks or low cliffs near the river front. The walls were then built up of sods or earth laid on poles or brush; thus half only of the chamber was really under ground. If dug into a side hill, the earth formed at least two walls. The roofs were layers of tree limbs covered over with sod, or bark, or rushes and bark. The chimneys were laid of cobblestone or sticks of wood mortared with clay and grass. The settlers were thankful even for these poor shelters, and declared that they found them comfortable. By 1685 many families were still living in caves in Pennsylvania, for the Governor's Council then ordered the caves to be destroyed and filled in.<ref name=Earle>[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100616026 Earle, Alice Morse, ' 'Home Life in Colonial Days' ', Ch. 1, pp.2-3.]</ref></blockquote>▼
===Australia===
▲In the 1970s, several members of the [[Tasaday]] apparently inhabited caves near [[Cotabato]], in the [[Philippines]].
In the Australian desert mining towns of [[Coober Pedy]] and [[Lightning Ridge]], many families have carved homes into the underground [[opal]] mines, to escape the
===Europe===
In Greece, some Christian hermits and saints are known by the [[epithet]] "cave dweller" ({{lang-el|Σπηλαιώτης|translit=Spileótis}}) since they lived in cave dwellings; examples include [[Joseph the Hesychast|Joseph the Cave Dweller]] (also known as Joseph the Hesychast) and [[Arsenios the Cave Dweller]].<ref name="bio">Monk Joseph Dionysaitis. ''Elder Arsenios the Cave-dweller (1886–1983): Fellow Ascetic of Elder Joseph the Hesychast.'' Transl. Angela Georgiou. 2005.</ref>
In England, the rock houses at [[Kinver Edge]] were inhabited until the middle of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-stoke-staffordshire-17208140 |title=Restored Kinver Rock House opens |publisher=BBC |date=2 March 2012 |access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref>
Some families have built modern homes (or renovated older ones) in caves, as in Missouri;<ref name="missouri">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2010/03/21/realestate/keymagazine/20100321-reuse-slideshow_9.html |title=Really Extreme Makeover |newspaper=New York Times |date=n.d. |access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref> [[Matera, Italy|Matera]], Italy;<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/17/matera-italy-culture-capital-cave-homes-from-squalor-to-airbnb-film-sets |title=The miracle of Matera: from city of poverty and squalor to hip hub for cave-dwellers |first=Angela |last=Guiffrida |date=18 June 2017 |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/mater-went-from-ancient-civilization-slum-hidden-gem-180949445/ |title=How Matera Went From Ancient Civilization to Slum to a Hidden Gem |magazine=Smithsonian |date=February 2014 |first=Tony |last=Perrottet|access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref> and Spain.<ref name="lewine">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/05/realestate/keymagazine/105hscave-t.html |title=Cave Living? Cool! |first=Edward |last=Lewine |newspaper=New York Times |date=2 October 2008 |access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref>▼
Caves at [[Sacromonte]], near [[Granada]], Spain, are home to about 3,000 [[Romani people in Spain|Gitano]] people, whose dwellings range from single rooms to caves of nearly 200 rooms, along with churches, schools, and stores in the caves.{{cn|date=February 2024}} From 2021–2023 [[Beatriz Flamini]] spent 500 days alone in a cave in Granada in an experiment on the effects of social isolation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-14 |title=Beatriz Flamini: Athlete emerges after 500 days living in cave |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-65276888 |access-date=2023-04-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/spanish-extreme-athlete-emerges-into-daylight-after-500-days-living-cave-2023-04-14/ | title=Spanish athlete emerges into daylight after 500 days in cave | newspaper=Reuters | date=14 April 2023 | last1=Rodriguez | first1=Elena }}</ref>
▲At least 30,000,000 people in China live in cave homes, called [[yaodong]]s; because they are warm in the winter and cool in the summer, some people find caves more desirable than concrete homes in the city.<ref>{{cite web|last=Demick |first=Barbara |url=https://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-china-caves-20120318,0,2352472.story |title=In China, millions make themselves at home in caves |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=18 March 2012 |access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref>
▲Some families have built modern homes
▲In the Australian mining towns of [[Coober Pedy]] and [[Lightning Ridge]], many families have carved homes into the underground [[opal]] mines, to escape the burning desert heat.
===North America===
▲In her book ''Home Life in Colonial Days'', [[Alice Morse Earle]] wrote of some of the first European settlers in New England, New York, and Pennsylvania living in cave dwellings, also known as "smoaky homes":
▲<blockquote>In Pennsylvania caves were used by newcomers as homes for a long time, certainly half a century. They generally were formed by digging into the ground about four feet in depth on the banks or low cliffs near the river front. The walls were then built up of sods or earth laid on poles or brush; thus half only of the chamber was really under ground. If dug into a side hill, the earth formed at least two walls. The roofs were layers of tree limbs covered over with sod, or bark, or rushes and bark. The chimneys were laid of cobblestone or sticks of wood mortared with clay and grass. The settlers were thankful even for these poor shelters, and declared that they found them comfortable. By 1685 many families were still living in caves in Pennsylvania, for the Governor's Council then ordered the caves to be destroyed and filled in.<ref name=Earle>[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100616026 Earle, Alice Morse, ' 'Home Life in Colonial Days' ', Ch. 1, pp.2-3.]</ref></blockquote>
In
==See also==
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* [[Cave monastery]]
* [[Cave painting]]
* [[Cave-dwelling Jews]]
==References==
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{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Cave dwellings]]
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