Philip the Good: Difference between revisions

| caption = Philip, wearing the [[Collar (Order of Knighthood) |collar]] of [[Fire striker| firesteels]] of the [[Order of the Golden Fleece]] which he instituted, (copy of a [[Rogier van der Weyden]] work of c.{{circa | 1450}})

| death_place = [[Bruges]], [[County of Flanders| Flanders]], [[Burgundian Netherlands]]

| burial_place = [[Dijon]], [[Duchy of Burgundy|Burgundy]]

* {{marriage|[[Isabella of Portugal, Duchess of Burgundy |Isabella of Portugal]]|1430}}

* [[David of Burgundy |David, Bishop of Therouanne and Utrecht]]

* [[Anna van Bourgondië |Anne, Lady of Ravenstein]]

| house = [[House of Valois-Burgundy| Valois-Burgundy]]

'''Philip III the Good''' ({{lang-fr| Philippe le Bon}}; {{lang-nl| Filips de Goede}}; 31 July 1396 in Dijon – 15 June 1467 in Bruges) wasruled as [[Duke of Burgundy]] from 1419 until his death in 1467. He was a member of a [[House of Valois-Burgundy|cadet line]] of the [[House of Valois| Valois dynasty]], to which all 15th-century [[kings of France]] belonged. During his reign, the [[Burgundian State]] reached the apex of its prosperity and prestige, and became a leading centre of the arts.

Duke Philip ishas knowna historicallyreputation for his administrative reforms, for his patronage of Flemish artists (such as [[Jan van Eyck|van Eyck]]) and of [[Franco-Flemish school|Franco-Flemish composers]] (such as [[Gilles Binchois]]), and perhaps most significantlyfor the 1430 seizure of [[Joan of Arc]], whom Philip [[ransom| ransomed]] to the [[Kingdom of England |English]] after his soldiers captured her, resulting in her trial and eventual execution. In political affairs, he alternated between alliances with the English and with the [[Kingdom of France|French]] in an attempt to improve [[House of Valois-Burgundy |his dynasty]]'s powerbase. Additionally, as ruler of [[County of Flanders| Flanders]], [[Duchy of Brabant| Brabant]], [[Duchy of Limburg| Limburg]], [[County of Artois| Artois]], [[County of Hainaut| Hainaut]], [[County of Holland| Holland]], [[Duchy of Luxembourg| Luxembourg]], [[County of Zeeland| Zeeland]], [[Friesland]] and [[County of Namur| Namur]], he played an important role in the history of the [[Low Countries]].

Philip of [[House of Valois-Burgundy|Valois-Burgundy]] was born on 31 July 1396 in [[Dijon]], [[Kingdom of France|France]] as the fourth child and first son of [[John the Fearless|John, Count of Nevers]] (later [[Duke of Burgundy]] known as "John the Fearless"; 1371–1419) and his wife and consort, born [[Margaret of Bavaria]] (1363–1424).{{sfn|Vaughan|2005|p=2}} He was a [[great-grandson]] of [[John II, King of France]] (1319–1364), and a [[First cousin once-removed|first cousin once removed]] of the then-ruling king, [[Charles VI of France|Charles VI]] (1368–1422). His father succeeded Philip's grandfather, [[Philip the Bold|Philip II]] ("Philip the Bold", 1342–1404) as Duke of Burgundy in 1404.{{sfn|Vaughan|2005|pp=4, 6}} On 28 January 1405, at the age of 8eight, Philip was created [[Count of Charolais]] as an [[appanage]] and was probably [[Engagement|engaged]] to his [[Cousin|second cousin]], 9nine-year-old [[Michelle of France]] (1395–1422), daughter of King Charles VI on the same day.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} They were married in June 1409.{{sfn|Vaughan|2004|p=8}}

In 1419, at the age of 24, Philip became duke of Burgundy (fief of [[Kingdom of France|France]]) and count of [[County of Flanders|Flanders]] (France), [[County of Artois|Artois]] (France) and [[Franche-ComtéCounty of Burgundy|Burgundy]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]]) upon the [[assassination of John the Fearless]], his father, in 1419.{{sfn|Vaughan|2004|p=1}} Philip accused [[Charles VII of France|Charles]], the [[Dauphin of France]] and Philip's brother-in-law, of planning the murder, which took place during a meeting between John and Charles at [[Montereau-Fault-Yonne|Montereau]]. Because of this, he continued to prosecute the [[Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War]], which in turn became entangled in the larger [[Hundred Years' War]]. In 1420, Philip allied himself with [[Henry V of England]] under the [[Treaty of Troyes]]. In 1423, the marriage of Philip's sister [[Anne of Burgundy|Anne]] to [[John, Duke of Bedford]], regent for [[Henry VI of England]], strengthened the English alliance.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}

Philip was generally preoccupied with matters in his own territories and was seldom involved directly in the [[Hundred Years' War]] between England and France, although he did play a role during a number of periods, such as the campaign against Compiègne during which his troops captured Joan of Arc. HeIn 1429, he incorporated [[Namur (province)|Namur]] into Burgundian territory in 1429 (by purchase, from [[John III, Marquis of Namur]]) and [[County of Hainault|Hainault]] and [[County of Holland|Holland]], [[Friesland]] and [[Zeeland]] in 1432 with the defeat of [[Jacqueline, Countess of Hainault]], in the last episode of the [[Hook and Cod wars]]. He inherited the [[Duchy of Brabant|Duchies of Brabant and Limburg]] and the [[Margraviate of Antwerp]] in 1430 on the death of his cousin [[Philip of Saint-Pol, Duke of Brabant|Philip of Saint-Pol]] and purchased [[Luxembourg]] in 1443 from [[Elisabeth of Bohemia, Duchess of Luxembourg]].

In 1463, Philip gave up some of his territory to [[Louis XI of France]]. That year he also created an [[Estates-General of the Netherlands|Estates-General]] for the Netherlands based on the French model. The first meeting of the Estates-General was to obtain a loan for a war against France and to ensure support for the succession of his son [[Charles I, Duke of Burgundy|Charles I]] to his now vast dominions.

In 1465 and 1467, Philip [[Liège Wars|crushed two rebellions in Liège]] before dying a few weeks later in Bruges after the latter insurrection.

Philip was also a considerable patron of otherthe visual arts, aside from literature. He commissioned many [[Tapestry|tapestries]] (which he tended to prefer over oil paintings), pieces from goldsmiths, jewellery, and other works of art, including numerous mechanical [[automata]] and fountains at the Chauteau of [[Hesdin]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Truitt |title=Medieval Robots. Mechanism, Magic, Nature, and Art |date=21 November 2016 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=9780812223576 |pages=131 |url=https://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/book/15383.html}}</ref> It was also during his reign that the Burgundian chapel became the musical centre of Europe, with the activity of the [[Burgundian School]] of composers and singers. Esteemed composers such as [[Gilles Binchois]], [[Robert Morton (composer)|Robert Morton]], and later [[Guillaume Dufay]] were all part of Philip's court chapel.

In 1428, [[Jan van Eyck|van Eyck]] travelled to Portugal to paint a portrait of the daughter of [[John I of Portugal|King John I]], the [[Isabella of Portugal, Duchess of Burgundy|Infanta Isabella]], personally for Philip in advance of their marriage. With help from more experienced Portuguese shipbuilders, Philip established a shipyard in Bruges, which helped commerce flourish. [[Rogier van der Weyden]] painted his portrait twice on panel. Only copies survive, but in each he is shown wearing the collar of the Order of the Golden Fleece. The only extant original van der Weyden of Philip a superb [[Miniature (illuminated manuscript)|miniature]] known as "[[Jean Wauquelin presenting his 'Chroniques de Hainaut' to Philip the Good]]" (above right).{{sfn|Kren|McKendrick|2003|p=68}} The painter [[Hugo van der Goes]] of the [[Early Netherlandish painting|Early Netherlandish school]] is credited with paintings for the church where Philip's funeral was held.

Philip married his [[Cousin|second cousin]] [[Michelle of France]] (1395–1422) in June 1409, when he was 1312 and she was 1514. She was a daughter of [[Charles VI, King of France]] (1368–1422) and his wife and consort, [[Isabeau of Bavaria]] ({{circa 1370–1435|1370}}–1435). They had one daughter, Agnes, who [[died in infancy]], and Michelle died on 8 July 1422. On 30 November 1424 in [[Moulins-Engilbert|Moulins-Engelbert]], Philip married the [[widow]] of his late paternal uncle, [[Philip II, Count of Nevers]] (1389–1415), [[Bonne of Artois]] (1396 – 17 September 1425). She was the daughter of [[Philip of Artois, Count of Eu]] (1358–1397) and his wife, [[Marie of Berry]], ''[[suo jure]]'' [[Duchess of Auvergne]] ({{circa 1375–1434|1375}}–1434). Bonne died within a year of the wedding, and the couple had no children.,{{sfn|Vaughan|2004|p=8}} leaving Philip with no legitimate sons to this point.<ref>Lobanov (2012), p. 313</ref>

On 7 January 1430 in [[Bruges]], Philip married his third wife, ''[[Infanta]]'' [[Isabella of Portugal, Duchess of Burgundy|Isabella of Portugal]] (21 February 1397 – 17 December 1471), daughter of [[John I, King of Portugal]] (1385–14331357–1433) and his wife, [[Philippa of Lancaster]] (1360–1415) after a [[proxy marriage]] the year before. This marriage produced three sons, only one of whom reached adulthood:{{sfn|Vaughan|2004|p=132}}

* [[Charles the Bold|Charles]] of Burgundy (10 November 1433 – 5 January 1477), Philip's successor, known as "Charles the Bold". {{sfn|Blockmans|Prevenier|1999|p=73}}

** [[Raphael de Mercatellis|Raphael of Burgundy]], (circa 1437 – 3 August 1508), [[abbot]] of [[Saint Bavo's Abbey]] in [[Ghent]], titular bishop of [[Arsuz|Rhosus]] and [[bibliophile]];{{sfn|Vaughan|2004|p=135}}<ref name=defoort>{{cite web |url= https://www.mmmonk.be/en/collections/abt-mercatellis|title= Abbot Raphael de Mercatellis|last= Defoort|first= Hendrik|date= 2002|website= Mmmonk (Medieval Monastic Manuscripts – Open – Network – Knowledge)|publisher= Bruges Public Library, Ghent University Library, Major Seminary Ten Duinen in Bruges and Ghent Diocese|access-date= 19 December 2022}}</ref>

** Jean, bastard of Burgundy (died 25 January 1499, BursselsBrussels), provost in [[Bruges]], papal [[notary]], had illegitimate issue;{{sfn|Vaughan|2004|p=135}}