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{{Short description|Music genre}}
{{See also|Indigenous Australian music}}
{{Use Australian English|date=December 2014}}
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{{See also|Bush band|Bush dance}}
For much of its history, Australia's bush music belonged to an oral and folkloric tradition, and was only later published in print in volumes such as [[Banjo Paterson]]'s ''Old Bush Songs'', in the 1890s. More than 70 of [http://www.wallisandmatilda.com.au/banjo-paterson-poems.shtml Banjo Paterson's poems] have been set to music by Wallis & Matilda since 1980.<ref name="ReferenceB">[http://www.wallisandmatilda.com.au/touring.shtml Wallis and Matilda]</ref> The distinctive themes and origins of Australia's "bush music" or "[[bush band]] music" can be traced to the [[sea shanties]] of 18th and 19th century Europe and other songs sung by the convicts who were sent to Australia during the early period of the British colonisation, beginning in 1788. Early Australian ballads sing of the harsh ways of life of the epoch and of such people and events as [[bushrangers]], [[swagmen]], [[Drover (Australian)|drovers]], [[Stockman (Australia)|stockmen]] and [[sheep shearer|shearer]]s. Convict and bushranger verses often railed against government tyranny. Classic bush songs on such themes include: [[The Wild Colonial Boy]], [[Click Go The Shears]], [[The Eumeralla Shore]], The Drover's Dream, [[The Queensland Drover]],
Later themes which endure to the present include the experiences of war, of droughts and flooding rains, of [[Australian Aborigines|Aboriginality]] and of the railways and trucking routes which link Australia's distances. Isolation and loneliness of life in the [[Australian bush]] has been another theme.
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[[Waltzing Matilda]], often regarded as Australia's unofficial [[national anthem]], is a quintessential Australian folk song, influenced by Celtic folk ballads.
Country and folk artists such as [[
A number of British singers have spent periods in Australia and have included Australian material in their repertoires, e.g. [[A. L. Lloyd]], [[
Notable Australian exponents of the folk revival movement included both European immigrants such as [[Eric Bogle]], noted for his sad lament to the [[battle of Gallipoli|Gallipoli campaign]] "[[And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda]]", and indigenous Australians like [[Archie Roach]] and many others. In adapted forms [[Indigenous Australian music]] influenced the development of [[Australian country music]] and particularly after the folk revival, Australian folk music.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}
==Folk rock==
In the 1960s and the 1970s, Australian Folk Rock brought both familiar and less familiar traditional songs, as well as new compositions, to live venues and the airwaves. Notable artists include [[The Bushwackers (band)|The Bushwacker Band]] and [[Redgum]]. Redgum are known for their 1983 anti-war protest song "[[I Was Only Nineteen]]", which peaked at #1 on the National singles charts.
==History==
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European settlement of Australia began with the [[Penal transportation|transportation]] of [[convicts]] from Great Britain. These convicts brought songs with them which were rapidly adapted to Australian conditions. Songs such as [[Moreton Bay (song)|Moreton Bay]] based on the Irish song [[Boolavogue (song)|Boolavogue]] described the sufferings of the convicts.
The most notable songwriter of this era was Frank Macnamara, better known as [[Frank the Poet]], author of such well known songs as
The convict tradition also came to include songs popular in the English [[music halls]], such as [[Botany Bay (song)|Botany Bay]], and [[Broadside ballad|broadsheet ballads]] such as [[The Black Velvet Band]].
===19th century===
In the century following European settlement of Australia, a musical tradition developed in the bush, particularly among itinerant workers such as [[Sheep shearer|shearers]]. As in the convict era, most bush music was made by setting new words to well-known traditional or popular songs. ''[[The Bulletin (Australian periodical)|The Bulletin]]'', known as the 'Bushman's bible' played a prominent role in publishing and popularising new songs.
===1900–1950===
As in other countries, the spread of recorded music and the arrival of radio spelt the end of Australian bush music in its traditional form. American country music largely displaced traditional Australian music in the bush. However, traditional dance music proved more durable
===
[[File:Babayaga_Trio_performing_at_Surfers_Paradise_1964.JPG|thumb|Babayaga Trio ''(L to R)'' Ray Gurney, Murray Uhlmann and Frank White on a [[Gold Coast, Queensland]] Tour 1964]] [[File:Mucky_Duck_poster_1978_Tour.jpg|thumb|right|1978 [[Mucky Duck Bush Band]] tour poster for the [[Pilbara|Pilbara Region]]]]
However, folk music continued to develop amongst small audiences. Bush bands experienced a revival in 1953 with the musical play ''[[Reedy River (musical)|Reedy River]]'', which was first produced and published by the [[New Theatre (Newtown)|New Theatre (Sydney)]]<ref>Reedy river [music]: the songs from the Australian musical drama / by Dick Diamond</ref> and most recently produced in 2002.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}} Written by [[Dick Diamond]], the musical featured twelve or so Australian songs, which included [[Doreen Bridges|Doreen Jacobs]]' setting of [[Helen Palmer (publisher)|Helen Palmer]]'s "Ballad of 1891", as well as the title song, [[Chris Kempster]]'s setting of Lawson's "Reedy River". The backing band for this popular stage production was "[[The Bushwhackers (band)|The Bushwhackers]]", who had formed a year earlier in 1952. As the musical was performed in [[Brisbane]] and other Australian cities, local "bush bands" modeled on the Sydney group, such as Brisbane's "The Moreton Bay Bushwhackers" featuring Stan Arthur and [[Bill Scott (author)|Bill Scott]], sprang up in each place; many of these remained together following the closing of the musical, and spawned other, similar groups.
This traditional period was superseded by a revival of [[folk music]] that featured more contemporary forms. The Australian band [[The Seekers]] emerged in 1963 and blended traditional music, contemporary folk music and pop, an illustration of the rapid evolution and diversification of folk music that took place in the mid-1960s. In Brisbane, from 1962 until it closed in 1977, the Folk Centre (renting facilities on Ann Street, adjacent to the People's Palace hotel) served as a crucible for both established and emerging artists. Stan and Kathy Arthur ran it, and the Wayfarers (Stan Arthur, Garry Tooth, Bob Stewart & Alistair Frazer) were the mainstay of the venue;<ref>The Folk Rag. Stan Arthur – an oldie but goodie. http://www.folkrag.org/profiles/stana.htm{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} accessed March 7, 2015</ref> while emerging local groups included the Wildwood Trio and the Babayaga Trio.<ref>Malcolm J Turnbull. The early years of the folk revival in Brisbane (cont). {{cite web|url=http://www.warrenfahey.com/early-brisbane-2/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-03-10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121503/http://www.warrenfahey.com/early-brisbane-2/ |archivedate=2 April 2015 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>Lucifer Canon. What a Crazy World We're Living In, Two Bellies. An Impromptu Pairing......Wildwood Trio (rep. Bob) and Babayaga (rep. Ray) Uploaded Nov 19, 2010 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3VDzGLDMG1Y</ref><ref>Brisbane Folk History Project – preserving the folk history of southeast Queensland. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rc_rHc-uL68</ref> In Perth, W.A. in the early 70's, Stan Hastings ran a popular folk club called The Stables (a music venue in Malcolm Street) where Stan and his son Greg were instrumental in starting a Bush Band – ''[[Mucky Duck Bush Band]]''. The 'Duck' turned professional in 1974, taking Australian bush music to many regional areas of W.A. Greg Hastings left the band in '79 to go solo and the band has kept going, with numerous different members throughout the years.▼
This traditional period was superseded by a revival of [[folk music]] that featured more contemporary forms. The Australian band [[The Seekers]] emerged in 1963 and blended traditional music, and Lionel Long, with contemporary folk music and pop, an illustration of the rapid evolution and diversification of folk music that took place in the mid-1960s.
▲
In Perth, W.A. in the early 70's, Stan Hastings ran a popular folk club called The Stables (a music venue in Malcolm Street) where Stan and his son Greg were instrumental in starting a Bush Band – ''[[Mucky Duck Bush Band]]''. The 'Duck' turned professional in 1974, taking Australian bush music to many regional areas of W.A. Greg Hastings left the band in '79 to go solo and the band has kept going, with numerous different members throughout the years.
=== 1970's to 90's ===
The popularity of international folk-rock artists such as [[Bob Dylan]], [[The Byrds]], and [[The Band]], along with the rise of protest movements, inspired new folk and folk-rock acts in Australia in the 1970's, such as [[Eric Bogle]], [[Judy Small]], [[Redgum]], and the folk-punk band [[Roaring Jack]].
Many folk acts featured songs with political or social commentary. Bogle wrote the song '[[And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda|And the band played Waltzing Matilda]]' in 1971 as an oblique comment on the [[Vietnam War|Vietnam war]] but instead referencing Australian involvement in Gallipoli. The song became a hit overseas in the mid 70's and has since won awards, been covered many times and been voted as one of the [[APRA Top 30 Australian songs|Top 30 Australian songs]] of all time.
Redgum achieved mainstream chart success in 1983 with their #1 hit '[[I Was Only 19|I was only 19]]' - another political commentary on war.
In the 1980's and 90's Indigenous musicians such as [[Kev Carmody]], [[Archie Roach]] and [[Tiddas (band)|Tiddas]] gained a following combining acoustic folk songs with story-telling, and occasionally incorporating traditional Aboriginal instruments.
As music festivals became more popular in the 1970's, festivals dedicated to folk music began. [[Port Fairy Folk Festival|Port Fairy folk festival]] started in 1977 in Victoria, under the theme of 'Australian and traditional Irish music'. The festival has continued annually, expanding it's focus to include folk music from around the world. Similarly, [[Maleny Folk Festival|Maleny folk festival]] which began in 1987 in Queensland, expanded to the [[Woodford Folk Festival|Woodford folk festival]] in 1994, and now encompasses a wide range of international folk and some rock music. Both these, and smaller festivals such as the Blue Mountains Music Festival of Folk, Roots & Blues [https://www.bmff.org.au/], have provided an outlet for folk and folk-inspired music outside mainstream venues and radio.
===2001-Present===
[[File:Moondyne festival 2013 gnangarra-37.jpg|thumb|Greg Hastings at the [[Moondyne Festival]] 2013]]
There has been somewhat of a revival of Australian folk music in recent years with many folk bands and musicians becoming quite successful. For example, [[Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu]] whose debut album ''[[Gurrumul (album)|Gurrumul]]'' was nominated for four [[ARIA Music Awards|ARIA]] awards and reached
Known internationally, were the [[The Bushwackers (band)|Bushwackers]] (spelt without the "h" as in the earlier Bushwhackers Band of the 1950s), who formed in Melbourne<!--which year?--> and were active from the early 1970s to 1984. Their style was infused with Celtic music (i.e. reels and jigs) to a greater extent than previous bush bands, and they used an electric bass guitar in place of the more traditional bush bass. The period leading up to and following Australia's Bicentenary, 1988, saw a marked resurgence in bush music and bush dances that lasted for many years.
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==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://warrenfahey.com/articles/oz-trad-music.html |title=Australia and its Traditional Music |url-status=dead |
* http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/austn-music
* https://web.archive.org/web/20110423125215/http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/performing_arts.html
* http://www.greghastings.com/asongs.html#Ned
{{Folk music}}
{{Music of Australia}}
{{Oceania topic|Music of}}
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