Mike Moore (New Zealand politician): Difference between revisions

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{{short description|Prime Minister of New Zealand politicianin 1990}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
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|image = Mike Moore.jpg
|caption = Moore, {{circa|2007}}
|order = 34th [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]]
 
|term_start = 4 September 1990
|order = 34th [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]]
|term_startterm_end = 42 SeptemberNovember 1990
|term_endmonarch = 2 November= [[Elizabeth 1990II]]
|monarch governor-general = [[ElizabethPaul IIReeves]]
|predecessor = [[Geoffrey Palmer (politician)|Geoffrey Palmer]]
|governor-general = [[Paul Reeves]]
|predecessorsuccessor = [[Geoffrey Palmer (politician)|GeoffreyJim PalmerBolger]]
|successordeputy = [[JimHelen BolgerClark]]
|deputy = [[Helen Clark]]
 
|order1 = 3rd [[Director-General of the World Trade Organization]]
|term_start1 = 1 September 1999
Line 23 ⟶ 21:
|predecessor1 = [[Renato Ruggiero]]
|successor1 = [[Supachai Panitchpakdi]]
 
|order2 = 26th [[Leader of the Opposition (New Zealand)|Leader of the Opposition]]
|term_start2 = 2 November 1990
|term_end2 = 1 December 1993
|primeminister2 = [[Jim Bolger]]
|deputydeputy2 = [[Helen Clark]]
|predecessor2 = [[Jim Bolger]]
|successor2 = [[Helen Clark]]
 
|order3 = 11th [[Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party]]
|term_start3 = 4 September 1990
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|predecessor3 = [[Geoffrey Palmer (politician)|Geoffrey Palmer]]
|successor3 = [[Helen Clark]]
 
|order4 = 10th [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (New Zealand)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
|term_start4 = 9 February 1990
|term_end4 = 2 November 1990
|primeminister4 = [[Geoffrey Palmer (politician)|Geoffrey Palmer]]<br />Mike MooreHimself
|predecessor4 = [[Russell Marshall]]
|successor4 = [[Don McKinnon]]
 
|order5 = 5th [[Minister of Trade (New Zealand)|Minister of Overseas Trade]]
|term_start5 = 26 July 1984
|term_end5 = 2 November 1990
|primeminister5 = [[David Lange]]<br />[[Geoffrey Palmer (politician)|Geoffrey Palmer]]<br />Mike MooreHimself
|predecessor5 = [[Warren Cooper]]
|successor5 = [[Don McKinnon]]
|order6 = 25th [[Minister of Tourism (New Zealand)|Minister of Tourism]]
 
|term_start6 = 2526 NovemberJuly 19781984
|constituency_MP6 = [[Papanui (New Zealand electorate)|Papanui]]
|parliament6term_end6 = New24 August Zealand1987
|primeminister6 = [[David Lange]]
|term_start6 = 25 November 1978
|term_end6 predecessor6 = 14 July[[Rob 1984Talbot]]
|predecessor6successor6 = [[Bert Walker (politician)|BertPhil WalkerGoff]]
|office7 = Member of the [[New Zealand Parliament]]<br />for {{NZ electorate link|Waimakariri}}<br />{{small| {{NZ electorate link|Christchurch North}} (1984–1996)}}<br />{{small| {{NZ electorate link|Papanui}} (1978–1984)}}
|successor6 = ''Constituency abolished''
|term_start7 = 25 November 1978
 
|term_end7 = 1231 OctoberAugust 19961999
|constituency_MP7 = [[Christchurch North (New Zealand electorate)|Christchurch North]]
|predecessor7 = [[Bert Walker (politician)|Bert Walker]]
|parliament7 = New Zealand
|term_start7successor7 = 14= July[[Clayton 1984Cosgrove]]
|constituency_MP6constituency_MP8 = [[PapanuiEden (New Zealand electorate)|PapanuiEden]]
|term_end7 = 12 October 1996
|predecessor7 = ''New constituency''
|successor7 = ''Constituency abolished''
 
|constituency_MP8 = [[Waimakariri (New Zealand electorate)|Waimakariri]]
|parliament8 = New Zealand
|term_start8 = 1225 OctoberNovember 19961972
|term_end8 = 3129 AugustNovember 19991975
|predecessor8 = ''New[[John constituency''Rae (politician)|John Rae]]
|successor8 = [[ClaytonAussie CosgroveMalcolm]]
|birth_name = Michael Kenneth Moore
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|1|28|df=yes}}
|birth_place = [[WhakataneWhakatāne]], New Zealand
|death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|2|2|1949|1|28|df=yes}}
|death_place = [[Auckland]], New Zealand
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|website = [https://web.archive.org/web/20040924180121/http://www.mike-moore.info/ Website]
}}
'''Michael Kenneth Moore''' {{post-nominals|country=NZL|size=100%|ONZ}} {{post-nominals|country=AUS|size=100%|AOh}} {{post-nominals|country=NZL|size=100%|PC}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Privy Counsellors|url=https://privycouncil.independent.gov.uk/privy-council/privy-council-members/privy-counsellors/|website=privycouncil.independent.gov.uk|publisher=Privy Council|access-date=30 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724154719/https://privycouncil.independent.gov.uk/privy-council/privy-council-members/privy-counsellors/|archive-date=24 July 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> (28 January 1949 – 2 February 2020) was a New Zealand politician, [[union organiser]], and author. In the [[Fourth Labour Government of New Zealand|Fourth Labour Government]] he served in several portfolios including [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (New Zealand)|Ministerminister of Foreignforeign Affairsaffairs]], and was the 34th [[Primeprime Ministerminister of New Zealand|Prime Minister]] for 59 days before the [[1990 New Zealand general election|1990 general election]] elected a new parliament.{{sfn|Espiner|Watkin|2017|p=56}} Following [[New Zealand Labour Party|Labour]]'s defeat in that election, Moore served as [[Leader of the Opposition (New Zealand)|Leader of the Opposition]] until the [[1993 New Zealand general election|1993 election]], after which [[Helen Clark]] successfully challenged him for the Labour Party leadership.
 
Following his retirement from New Zealand politics, Moore was Director-General of the [[World Trade Organization]] from 1999 to 2002. He also held the post of [[List of ambassadors of New Zealand to the United States|New Zealand Ambassador to the United States]] from 2010 to 2015.
 
==Early life==
Moore was born in 1949 in [[WhakataneWhakatāne]], [[Bay of Plenty Region]], New Zealand, the son of Audrey Evelyn (née Goodall) and Alan George Moore.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3y2uNaFX_NkC&q=%22Alan+Moore+and+Audrey+Evelyn+(n%C3%A9e+Goodall);%22|title=Who's who in New Zealand|year=1991|publisher=A.H. & A.W. Reed |isbn=9780790001302}}</ref>

He was raised in [[Moerewa]] and while aged only two his mother pushed him around town in a pram which concealed Labour Party leaflets, which had been made illegal under the emergency powers enacted during the [[1951 New Zealand waterfront dispute|1951 waterfront dispute]].{{sfn|Espiner|Watkin|2017|p=59}} His father died when he was five years old after which he moved to [[Dilworth School]] as a boarder.{{sfn|Espiner|Watkin|2017|p=60}} He was then educated at [[Bay of Islands College]] before leaving school at 14 heto first workedwork as a labourer and then as a printer.{{sfn|Espiner|Watkin|2017|ppp=60-61}}

He became an active trade unionist and at the age of 17 was elected to the Auckland Trades Council. He became the first youth representative on the Labour Party executive and was vice-president of the International Union of Socialist Youth for two consecutive terms.<ref>Traue, J. E., 'Who's Who in New Zealand', A.H. & A.W. Reed, 1978, {{ISBNsfn|0-589-01113-8Traue|1978|p=200}}</ref><ref name="pmsite">{{cite web|url=http://www.primeminister.govt.nz/oldpms/1990moore.html|title=Prime Minister of New Zealand – Past Prime Ministers: Mike Moore|website=PrimeMinister.govt.nz|date=1999|access-date=6 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991128084130/http://www.primeminister.govt.nz/oldpms/1990moore.html|archive-date=28 November 1999}}</ref>

In 1975, he married Yvonne Dereany, a teacher and presenter of the children's television programme ''[[Romper Room#New Zealand|Romper Room]]''.<ref name="WTO bio">{{cite web |title=Mike Moore, WTO Director-General, 1999 to 2002 |url=https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/dg_e/mm_e.htm |publisher=World Trade Organization |access-date=2 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/romper-room-1975/series |title=Romper Room |website=NZOnScreen |access-date=2 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://natlib.govt.nz/records/22412432 |title=Moore, Yvonne, 1955?– |publisher=National Library of New Zealand |access-date=2 February 2020}}</ref>
 
==Political career==
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{{NZ parlbox footer}}
Moore began his parliamentary career when elected as the MP for [[Eden (New Zealand electorate)|Eden]] in 1972, becoming the youngest MP at 23 years of age, where he served for one term before being defeated in the {{NZ election link|1975}}.{{sfn|Wilson|1985|p=221}}<ref name="ZB obituary">{{cite news |title=Former NZ PM Mike Moore dies aged 71 |url=https://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/news/politics/former-prime-minister-mike-moore-passes-away-at-71/ |access-date=2 February 2020 |work=NewstalkZB |date=2 February 2020}}</ref> Following the announcement of [[Norman Douglas (politician)|Norman Douglas]]' retirement from the safe {{NZ electorate link|Auckland Central}} seat there was much speculation that Moore would seek the Auckland Central nomination. The media considered Moore one of the most able [[backbencher]]s in the Labour Party, however Moore decided to stand in the marginal Eden seat once again.<ref>{{cite news |title=Last Term for Mr Douglas |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=18 October 1974 |page=1 }}</ref> AfterOnce hisagain electionMoore loss,was theoffered Mooresa visitedsafer [[Warrenseat Freer]],when andhe werewas insistentapproached thatto hereplace resigncabinet fromminister [[Hugh Watt]] in {{NZ electorate link|Mount AlbertOnehunga}}, soWatt thatencouraged Moorehim couldand takeeven hisoffered place.to Freercampaign (whoon retiredMoore's inbehalf. 1981)However saidMoore hedeclined hadwishing noto intentionremain ofin resigningEden andto furthershow statedconfidence therein wasLabour noand guaranteeits thatnew heleader would[[Bill beRowling]]'s selectedability to replacewin Freerthe election.{{sfn|FreerParussini|20042020|ppp=22669–70}}
 
After his election loss in Eden, the Moores visited [[Warren Freer]], and were insistent that he resign from {{NZ electorate link|Mount Albert}} so that Moore could take his place. Freer (who retired in 1981) said he had no intention of resigning and further stated there was no guarantee that he would be selected to replace Freer.{{sfn|Freer|2004|p=226}} Moore also developed cancer and had to have surgery to remove cancerous growths. He concealed this from the public fearing he would never win nomination for a seat if his condition was revealed.{{sfn|Parussini|2020|pp=87–88}}
 
Moore was then elected Labour's youth vice-president and proceeded to contest the Labour nomination in the [[1977 Mangere by-election]] following the resignation of [[Colin Moyle]]. He was seen as a frontrunner but lost to local lawyer [[David Lange]], who would go on to become Prime Minister in 1984. Several months later Moore then sought to be Labour's candidate in the newly formed [[Papatoetoe (New Zealand electorate)|Papatoetoe]] electorate but again missed out on selection against [[Grey Lynn (New Zealand electorate)|Grey Lynn]] MP [[Eddie Isbey]]. By the time of his second rejection for a candidature in an Auckland seat he had received invitations from Labour Party organisers in 16 electorates elsewhere in New Zealand prompting him to consider moving from Auckland in order to gain re-election to Parliament.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mr Moore is Taking Time to Choose |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=17 October 1977 |page=3 }}</ref>
 
In 1978 Moore moved to Christchurch and was electedselected MPas Labour's candidate for the north Christchurch electorate, then known asof [[Papanui (New Zealand electorate)|Papanui]].<ref>{{cite Henews held|title=Labour's thePapanui electorateChoice until|work=[[The hisPress]] retirement|date=19 inNovember 1999:<ref1977 name|page="ZB1 obituary"}}</ref> asExpecting Papanuito untillose 1984,once asagain [[Christchurch(due Northto (Newinterference Zealandfrom party head electorateoffice)|Christchurch North]]Moore untiltold 1996,party president and asvice-president [[WaimakaririArthur (NewFaulkner]] Zealandand electorate)|Waimakariri[[Joe Walding]] thereafter.{{sfn|Wilson|1985|p=221}}he Shortlydid afternot hiswant re-electionto stand in 1978the heseat wasand elevatedhad toonly Labour'saccepted shadownomination cabinetthere byto leadertest [[Billthe Rowling]].lengths Initiallythat hethe washierarchy passedwould overgo forto astop position,him. howeverHe afteralso fellowtold MPthem [[Richardhe Prebble]]was refusedintending to joinuse thehis shadowacceptance cabinet,speech into protesttell ofthe beingmembers givenand portfoliosmedia hethat didthe notparty want,hierarchy it'could resultedstick intheir Moorenomination takingup histheir placearses'.<ref>{{cite newsDuring |title=Politicalhis Careerwalk Mayto Bethe Hurtpodium |work=[[TheMoore Newchanged Zealandhis Herald]]mind |date=15and Decemberaccepted 1979the |page=1candidature }}</ref><ref>{{citeas newsthe |last=Shandnow |first=G.relieved G.Faulkner |title=Papanuiand MPWalding Could Fill Gap In Labour Teamlooked on.{{sfn|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] Parussini|date=15 December 1979 2020|pagep=1 92}}</ref>
 
He defeated [[Bert Walker (politician)|Bert Walker]] to win the seat at the {{NZ election link|1978}}. He held the electorate until his retirement in 1999:<ref name="ZB obituary"/> as Papanui until 1984, as [[Christchurch North (New Zealand electorate)|Christchurch North]] until 1996, and as [[Waimakariri (New Zealand electorate)|Waimakariri]] thereafter.{{sfn|Wilson|1985|p=221}} Shortly after his re-election in 1978 he was elevated to Labour's shadow cabinet by leader [[Bill Rowling]]. Initially he was passed over for a position, however after fellow MP [[Richard Prebble]] refused to join the shadow cabinet, in protest of being given portfolios he did not want, it resulted in Moore taking his place.<ref>{{cite news |title=Political Career May Be Hurt |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=15 December 1979 |page=1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Shand |first=Greg |title=Papanui MP Could Fill Gap In Labour Team |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=15 December 1979 |page=1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mr Moore is new man in shadow cabinet |work=[[Auckland Star]] |date=5 February 1980 |page=3 }}</ref> Labour leader [[Bill Rowling]] gave Moore three associate shadow portfolios Social Welfare, Health and Education before being promoted to Shadow Minister of Housing in a reshuffle in 1980 caused by the sacking of [[Roger Douglas]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rowling shuffles 'shadows' |date=18 July 1980 |work=[[Auckland Star]] |page=3 }}</ref> In March 1981 Moore was promoted to the front bench and was designated Shadow Minister for the Environment and Housing.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Labour's shadow line-up |date=13 March 1981 |work=[[The Evening Post (New Zealand)|The Evening Post]] |page=4 }}</ref> In a February 1982 reshuffle he retained Housing though lost Environment but was given Customs instead.<ref>{{Cite news |title=How They Line-up |date=20 February 1982 |work =[[The New Zealand Herald]] |page=3 }}</ref>
 
In [[1983 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election|1983]] Moore stood for the deputy leadership of the party. In a three-way contest, in which all candidates were from Christchurch to reflect geographical proportionality, Moore won the first ballot. [[Lyttelton (New Zealand electorate)|Lyttelton]] MP [[Ann Hercus]] was eliminated and on the second ballot almost all of her supporters voted for [[Christchurch Central (New Zealand electorate)|Christchurch Central]] MP [[Geoffrey Palmer (politician)|Geoffrey Palmer]], who beat Moore by one vote.<ref name="Deputy">{{cite news |title=Palmer By One |work=[[The Evening Post (New Zealand)|The Evening Post]] |author=Garnier, Tony |date=4 February 1983 |page=4 }}</ref> Leader [[David Lange]] later expressed relief at Palmer's success thinking that Moore would have been an un-reassuring deputy due to his inherent ambition.{{sfn|Lange|2005|p=150}} Nevertheless, Lange saw fit to promote Moore to number 3 in the party rankings and appointed him shadow minister of overseas trade and tourism.{{sfn|Bassett|2008|pp=81–83}}
 
===Cabinet minister===
As a government minister in the [[Fourth Labour Government of New Zealand|Fourth Labour Government]] he has held numerous portfolios, becominginitially bestas known[[Minister inof hisTrade role(New asZealand)|Minister of Overseas Trade]], [[Minister of TradeTourism (New Zealand)|OverseasMinister Tradeof Tourism]] and [[Minister for Sport and Recreation]].{{sfn|Wilson|1985|p=97}} He became best known in his role as Overseas Trade Minister from 1984 to 1990 with involvement in the [[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade|GATT]] negotiations.<ref name="WTO bio"/> He also advanced the [[Closer Economic Relations]] (CER) free trade agreement with Australia.{{sfn|Espiner|Watkin|2017|p=77}} In 1988 he became Minister of External Relations and Deputy Minister of Finance.<ref name="WTO bio"/> Moore was privately critical of the government’s asset sales agenda, particularly concerned with the surge in unemployment that followed, he even dry-vomited in a toilet after the sale of the Tourist Hotel Corporation.{{sfn|Espiner|Watkin|2017|p=69}} He was also vehemently opposed to finance minister [[Roger Douglas]]' proposal for a [[Flat tax|flat tax rate]].{{sfn|Espiner|Watkin|2017|pp=72–3}}
 
In 1988 Lange recalled Palmer from overseas to be acting Prime Minister to prevent Moore (who was ranked third in cabinet) doing so. Lange later reflected saying "But God alone knew what Moore might do."{{sfn|Lange|2005|p=216}} Moore later said he found the comments to be quite hurtful.{{sfn|Espiner|Watkin|2017|p=71}} When Lange resigned in 1989, Moore [[1989 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election|stood for the leadership of the party]], but was defeated 41 votes to 1319 by Palmer.{{sfn|Bassett|2008|p=509}} Palmer did give Moore the coveted position of [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (New Zealand)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] in early 1990. However, Palmer was unable to regain public popularity and resigned just over a year laterafter becoming leader. Moore stood again for the leadership and this time won, defeating backbench MP [[Richard Northey]] 41 votes to 1519, and consequently became New Zealand's 34th Prime Minister.{{sfn|Bassett|2008|p=536}}
 
===Prime Minister (1990)===
{{Infobox administration
Moore became Prime Minister for 59 days, having convinced the Labour caucus that, while he could not win the election for Labour, he would help save more seats than had they remained led by Palmer. Moore energetically hit the campaign trail and made an impact immediately by handling hecklers and interjectors visibly better than Palmer had done. His performance closed the gap in the polls between Labour and National to ten percent, better than it had been for over a year.{{sfn|Bassett|2008|p=538}}
| image = Mike Moore, 1992 (crop).jpg
| image_size =
| name = Premiership of Mike Moore
| term_start = 4 September 1990
| term_end = 2 November 1990
| monarch = [[Elizabeth II]]
| cabinet = [[Fourth Labour Government of New Zealand]]
| party = [[New Zealand Labour Party]]
|governor-general appointer = [[Paul Reeves]]
| seat = [[Premier House]]
| predecessor = [[Geoffrey Palmer (politician)#Prime Minister (1989–1990)|Geoffrey Palmer]]
| successor = [[Jim Bolger#Prime Minister (1990–1997)|Jim Bolger]]
| seal =
| seal_size =
| seal_caption =
| official_url =
}}
Moore became Prime Minister for 5960 days, having convinced the Labour caucus that, while he could not win the election for Labour, he would help save more seats than had they remained led by Palmer. Moore energetically hit the campaign trail and made an impact immediately by handling hecklers and interjectors visibly better than Palmer had done. His performance closed the gap in the polls between Labour and National to ten percent, better than it had been for over a year.{{sfn|Bassett|2008|p=538}}
 
The Labour government did not return to power in the next election however. The circumstances of Moore's installment as Prime Minister would later be compared to the return of [[Kevin Rudd]] as Prime Minister of Australia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/comment/editorials/8851794/Editorial-Ousting-about-saving-the-furniture |title=Editorial: Ousting about 'saving the furniture |work=[[The Dominion Post (Wellington)|Dominion Post]] |via=[[Stuff.co.nz]] |date=28 June 2013}}</ref> However, in the [[1990 New Zealand general election]], National won a landslide, and Labour lost almost 13%, suffering its worst-ever electoral defeat since it first won power in the 1935{{NZ election link|1935}}. Following the loss he labelled Labour's last cabinet meeting before the changeover of government 'the last supper'.{{sfn|Bassett|2008|p=539}} He left office on 2 November 1990.
 
===Leader of the Opposition===
{{see also|Shadow Cabinet of Mike Moore}}
He led the Official Opposition until 1993 and was spokesman on Foreign Affairs and Trade untilas 1999well.<ref name="WTO bio"/> He attempted a rejuvenation of Labour's ranks with several important portfolio shifts, including giving the finance portfolio to [[Michael Cullen (politician)|Michael Cullen]], designed to blunt the growth of the newly formed [[Alliance (New Zealand political party)|Alliance]] party (which was made up largely of Labour dissidents).<ref>{{cite news |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |title=Labour line-up |date=6 December 1991 |page=5 }}</ref> He then led Labour in the {{NZ election link|1993}} where he managed to gain 16 seats, coming within two seats of clinching an unlikely victory just three years after the landslide 1990 defeat.<ref name="Labour coup">{{cite news|last1=Quin|first1=Phil|title=Phil Quin: The anatomy of a failed Labour coup|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10716608|access-date=15 May 2015|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|date=2 April 2011}}</ref> On the night of the 1993 election he delivered a televised speech (dubbed the "long, cold night" speech) later described by political scientist Jack Vowles as "damaging" and "more appropriate for a decisive Labour win than a narrow defeat."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vowles |first1=Jack |title=Voters' Victory?: New Zealand's First Election under Proportional Representation |date=2013 |publisher=Auckland University Press |isbn=9781869407131 |chapter=Countdown to MMP |page=29 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PEFeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT29}}</ref>
 
Moore said he was pleased with the result, thinking Labour was back in striking distance of forming a government in the future, and believed the result might give him a chance to retain the leadership. However he was deposed as leader at the first post-election caucus meeting by his deputy [[Helen Clark]]. His replacement did not surprise him, but he felt begrudged that he was given little appreciation, thinking he would "... have got thanks – then axed [but] the axe went before even 'thank yous'."{{sfn|Espiner|Watkin|2017|p=56}} The irony was not lost on Moore that Clark's allies had installed candidates in the seats Labour had picked up from his campaign who then voted to replace him, making his success the architect of his own downfall.<ref name="Labour coup"/>
 
===Backbencher===
Moore declined any portfolios offered to him by Clark when she assembled her shadow cabinet, opting to sit on the backbench instead, frequently sniping at Clark in the house.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[The Dominion (Wellington)|The Dominion]] |title=The Labour Shadow Cabinet |date=14 December 1993 |page=2 }}</ref> After the 1993 referendum to adopt [[mixed-member proportional representation]] (MMP) Moore considered forming a break-away party, the [[New Zealand Democratic Coalition]], for the [[1996 New Zealand general election|1996 MMP election]], but then decided against it. He received countless letters in support of a new party, but despite his ousting as leader, he felt too much affinity to the Labour Party to ever leave it.{{sfn|Espiner|Watkin|2017|p=84}} He won his seat in the 1996 election, obtaining more than twice as many votes as the next-highest candidate, National's [[Jim Gerard]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.electionresults.govt.nz/electionresults_1996/pdf/6.1%20Waimakariri%2052.pdf |title=Electorate Candidate and Party Votes Recorded at Each Polling Place – Waimakariri |access-date=6 July 2013 }}</ref>
 
Also after losing the leadership, Moore defended the record Fourth Labour Government and was critical of subsequent leaders of the party denigrating its record. He thought that Clark and Cullen's semi-repudiation of Rogernomics was conducted purely to make themselves look better and labelled their remembrances as 'manufactured history'.{{sfn|Espiner|Watkin|2017|pp=68–69, 73}} Clark performed poorly in opinion polls after becoming leader and by early 1996 there was an active movement within Labour to replace her either with Moore ofor frontbencher [[Phil Goff]].<ref name="Labour coup"/> Clark stared down the challengers and remained leader when Cullen shifted his allegiance to Clark after becoming deputy leader. Moore, who still held leadership ambitions, refused to comment on the positional change, saying only that he did not contest the deputy leadership because he was "a leader, not a deputy" but was eventually promoted to the frontbench by Clark in a surprise move.<ref>{{cite news |author=Kirk, Jeremy |work=[[The Press]] |title=Clark secure as rebels pledge fealty; Cullen picked as Caygill quits |date=12 June 1996 }}</ref> In September 1996 Moore accepted Clark's long-standing offer of the position of Shadow Minister of Foreign Affairs and Overseas Trade, saying he could no longer stay "on the sidelines".<ref name="Top Ranks">{{cite news |author=Speden, Graeme |work=[[The Dominion (Wellington)|The Dominion]] |title=Moore Returns to Labour's Top Ranks |date=19 September 1996 |page=1 }}</ref>
 
In 1998, he ran for the post of Director-General of the World Trade Organization and was elected to this position on 22 July 1999, taking up the post on 1 September 1999 which was close enough to the {{NZ election link|1999}} to not trigger a [[List of New Zealand by-elections|by-election]].<ref name="pmsite" /><ref name="latrobe1">{{cite web |url=http://www.gfc2007.org/Content/Pub/ContentDetail.asp?lngContentID=83 |title=La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia: 4th Annual Global Finance Conference |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110035516/http://www.gfc2007.org/Content/Pub/ContentDetail.asp?lngContentID=83 |archive-date=10 January 2007 |website=GFC2007.org |access-date=6 July 2011}}</ref>
 
===Political positions held===
[[File:Mike Moore, 1992.jpg|thumb|Moore in 1992 while Leader of the Opposition.]]
* Member of Parliament for Eden, 1972–75.<ref name="ZB obituary"/>
* Member of Parliament for Waimakariri (formerly Papanui and Christchurch North), 1978–99.<ref name="ZB obituary"/>
* [[Minister of Tourism (New Zealand)|Minister of Tourism]], Sport and Recreation, 1984–87.<ref name="WTO bio"/>
* Chairman of the Cabinet Economic Development and Employment Committee, 1984–90.<ref name="WTO bio"/>
* Minister of External Relations and Trade, 1988–90.<ref name="WTO bio"/>
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* Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party, 1990–93.<ref name="WTO bio"/>
* Leader of the Opposition, 1990–93.<ref name="WTO bio"/>
* Opposition Spokesperson on Foreign Affairs and Overseas Trade, 1993–991996–99.<ref name="WTOTop bioRanks"/>
 
==World Trade Organization==
[[File:Vladimir Putin 30 March 2001-1.jpg|thumb|250px|Moore withas Director-General of the WTO meets Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] in, 2001.]]
Moore was [[Director-General of the World Trade Organization]] from 1999 to 2002. This was the highest ever ranking job in international bureaucracy held by a New Zealander.{{sfn|Bassett|2008|p=540}} The deal with his rival and successor [[Supachai Panitchpakdi]] meant that he served only half of the usual six-year term in the post.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=12305280 |title=Mike Moore remembered as a passionate defender of trade |date=2 February 2020 |work= [[The New Zealand Herald]] |first=Chris |last=Keall |access-date=3 February 2020}}</ref> Moore's term coincided with momentous changes in the global economy and multilateral trading system. He attempted to restore confidence in the system following the setback of the [[World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999|1999 WTO ministerial conference]] held in Seattle. Ministers at the [[World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2001|2001 ministerial conference]] in [[Doha]], Qatar, regarded him as the driving force behind the decision to launch a new round of multilateral trade negotiations—the ill-fated [[Doha Development Round]]. That 2001 meeting also saw the successful accession to the WTO of China and Taiwan, which along with Estonia, Jordan, Georgia, Albania, Oman, Croatia, Lithuania and Moldova joined during Moore's term, bringing the majority of the world's population within the rules-based trading system. He gave particular attention to helping poor countries participate effectively in the multilateral trading system.<ref name="latrobe1"/>
 
==Later life and death==
[[File:New Zealand Ambassador Mike Moore Visits Governor 2.jpg|thumb|Moore visits [[Maryland Governor]] [[Martin O'Malley]] in [[Annapolis, Maryland]], 2012]]
Moore became New Zealand Ambassador to the United States in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/mccully-names-new-ambassador-united-states |title=McCully names new Ambassador to the United States |website=Beehive.govt.nz |publisher=New Zealand Government |date=21 January 2010 |access-date=6 July 2011}}</ref> He had a heart valve operation in 2014 and was admitted to hospital in Washington DC in April 2015 after a mild stroke.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/politics/news/article.cfm?c_id=280&objectid=11437002 |title=Former PM Moore in US hospital after stroke |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|date=23 April 2015|access-date = 2 February 2020}}</ref> In November 2015, he announced that he would leave his post on 16 December and return to New Zealand due to his deteriorating health.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mike Moore heading back to NZ|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/74272980/mike-moore-leaving-post-as-new-zealand-ambassador-to-us|website=Stuff|access-date=21 November 2015}}</ref>
 
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* Member, Economic Development Board, South Australia<ref name="USNZ"/>
* New Zealand Government Trade Envoy<ref>{{cite news |title=Mike Moore appointed Government trade envoy |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=2447000 |access-date=2 February 2020 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=5 September 2002 |language=en-NZ}}</ref>
* Special Advisor to the [[United Nations Global Compact]] for Business and Development<ref>{{cite web |title=World Strategy Forum 2012 |url=http://www.wsf.or.kr/2012/eng/speakers.asp |website=World Strategy Forum |access-date=2 February 2020 |date=12 June 2012}}</ref>
* Former Board Member to the Gottlieb Duttweiler Institute<ref>{{cite news |title=The secret diary of . . . Mike Moore |url=https://www.pressreader.com/new-zealand/sunday-star-times/20100124/283042640644044 |via=PressReader.com |work=Sunday Star-Times |date=24 January 2010 |access-date=2 February 2020}}</ref>
* Member, Board of Governors for the Institute for International Business, Economics and Law, University of Adelaide{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}
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==Publications==
[[File:Vladimir Putin 30 March 2001-1.jpg|thumb|250px|Moore with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] in 2001.]]
Moore is an author of a number of books, on subjects ranging from politics to the Pacific. His book ''A World Without Walls'' has been published in Chinese and Turkish. He had a regular newspaper column that appeared in five countries.<ref name="pmsite" /><ref name="latrobe2">[http://www.latrobe.edu.au/news/2006/mediarelease_2006-28.php La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia: Media Release] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225010229/http://www.latrobe.edu.au/news/2006/mediarelease_2006-28.php |date=25 February 2008 }}</ref>
 
* ''On Balance: a Labour Look at Regional, Community and Town Development''<ref name="DPMC">{{cite web |title=The Right Honourable Michael Moore, ONZ, AO |url=https://dpmc.govt.nz/honours/recipients/moore-right-honourable-michael-kenneth-onz-ao-australia |website=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet |date=31 December 1999 |access-date=2 February 2020}}</ref>
* ''Beyond Today''<ref name="WTO bio"/>
* ''A Pacific Parliament: A Pacific Idea—an Economic and Political Community for the South Pacific'' (Asia Pacific Books, 1982)<ref>{{cite book |last=Moore |first=Mike |date=1982 |title=A Pacific Parliament: A Pacific Idea : an Economic and Political Community for the South Pacific |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JjAkAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Asia Pacific Books |isbn=9780908583270}}</ref>
* ''Hard Labour'' (Penguin Books, 1987)<ref>{{cite book |last=Moore |first=Mike |date=1987 |title=Hard Labour |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xbhBAAAAYAAJ |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=9780140102352}}</ref>
*''Children of the Poor: How poverty could destroy New Zealand's future'' (Canterbury University Press, 1996)<ref name="WTO bio" /><ref name="DPMC" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/engage/cup/catalogue/books/children-of-the-poor-how-poverty-could-destroy-new-zealands-future.html|title=Children of the Poor: How poverty could destroy New Zealand's future|website=The University of Canterbury|language=en-nz|access-date=2 February 2020}}</ref>
*''A Brief History of the Future: Citizenship of the Millennium'' (Shoal Bay Press, 1998)<ref>{{cite book |last=Moore |first=Mike |date=September 1998 |title=A brief history of the future: citizenship of the millennium |url=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryoffu0000moor |url-access=registration |publisher=Shoal Bay Press |isbn=978-0-908704-77-4 }}</ref><ref name="WTO bio" />
* ''A World Without Walls: Freedom, Development, Free Trade, and Global Governance'' (Cambridge University Press, 2003)<ref>{{cite book |last=Moore |first=Mike |date=21 January 2003 |title=A World Without Walls: Freedom, Development, Free Trade and Global Governance |url=https://archive.org/details/worldwithoutwall00moor |url-access=registration |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-82701-0 }}</ref>
* ''Saving Globalization'' (Wiley, 2009)<ref>{{cite book |last=Moore |first=Mike |date=2 December 2009 |title=Saving Globalization: Why Globalization and Democracy Offer the Best Hope for Progress, Peace and Development |url=https://archive.org/details/savingglobalizat0000moor |url-access=registration |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-82503-7 }}</ref>
* ''The Added Value Economy''<ref name="WTO bio"/><ref name="DPMC"/>
* ''Beyond Tomorrow''<ref name="DPMC"/>
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===Honorary degrees===
* Honorary Doctorate in Commerce – [[Lincoln University (New Zealand)|Lincoln University]], New Zealand<ref name="USNZ"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://livingheritage.lincoln.ac.nz/nodes/view/5987|title=15 August 2000 Lincoln Honorary Doctorate for Mike Moore|website=Lincoln University Living Heritage: Tikaka TōkuTuku Iho|access-date=2 February 2020}}</ref>
* Honorary Doctorate in Economics – [[People's University of China]], Beijing<ref name="USNZ"/><ref name="DPMC"/>
* Honorary Doctorate in Commerce – [[Auckland University of Technology]], Auckland, New Zealand<ref name="USNZ"/><ref name="DPMC"/>
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*{{cite book |author-link1=Guyon Espiner |last1=Espiner |first1=Guyon |last2=Watkin |first2=Tim |title=The 9th Floor - Conversations with five New Zealand Prime Ministers |year=2017 |publisher=Bridget Williams Books |location=Wellington |isbn=9781988533223 }}
*{{cite book | last = Lange | first = David |author-link=David Lange | title = My Life | publisher=Viking | year = 2005 | location = Auckland, NZ | isbn = 0-670-04556-X }}
*{{cite book |last1=Parussini |first1=Peter |title=Believer: Conversations with Mike Moore |year=2020 |publisher=Upstart Press |location=Auckland |isbn=978-1-990003-04-2 }}
*{{cite book |title=Who's Who in New Zealand, 1978 |last=Traue |first=James Edward |author-link= Jim Traue |year=1978 |edition=11th |publisher=[[Reed Publishing]] |location=Wellington}}
*{{cite book |last= Wilson |first= James Oakley |title= New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 |edition= 4th |orig-year= First ed. published 1913 |year= 1985 |publisher=V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer |location= Wellington |oclc=154283103}}
 
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{{s-ttl | title = [[Minister of Tourism (New Zealand)|Minister of Tourism]] |years=1984–1987}}
{{s-aft | after = [[Phil Goff]]}}
|-
{{s-bef | before = [[Allan Highet]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Minister for Sport and Recreation]] |years=1984–1987}}
{{s-aft | after = [[Peter Tapsell (New Zealand politician)|Peter Tapsell]]}}
{{s-par | nz}}
{{s-bef|before=[[John Rae (politician)|John Rae]]}}
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[[Category:New Zealand Labour Party leaders]]
[[Category:People from Whakatāne]]
[[Category:Prime Ministersministers of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Directors-General of the World Trade Organization Directors-General]]
[[Category:New Zealand MPs for Auckland electorates]]
[[Category:Honorary Officers of the Order of Australia]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Golden Heart of Kenya]]
[[Category:Recipients of the National Order of the Ivory Coast]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Duke Branimir]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Honor (Georgia)]]
[[Category:People from Kawakawa, New Zealand]]
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[[Category:New Zealand members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:People educated at Dilworth School]]
[[Category:20th-century New Zealand non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Cancer20th-century survivorsNew Zealand male writers]]
[[Category:New Zealand male non-fiction writers]]