Content deleted Content added
FCollins95 (talk | contribs) |
m Open access bot: doi updated in citation with #oabot. |
||
| (2 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) | |||
Line 39:
== In birds ==
In birds, sex reversal has been documented in natural and experimental conditions. Sex steroid manipulation (such as hormones including androgens, estrogens, and progestogens<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Coveney D, Shaw G, Renfree MB |date=August 2001 |title=Estrogen-induced gonadal sex reversal in the tammar wallaby |journal=Biology of Reproduction |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=613–621 |doi=10.1095/biolreprod65.2.613 |pmid=11466233|doi-access=free }}</ref>) can induce sex reversal in birds by interacting with vertebrae and hormone receptors. Aromatase inhibitors injected into chicken eggs before the gonadal differentiation stage induce testis development in ZW embryos.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Major AT, Smith CA | title = Sex Reversal in Birds | journal = Sexual Development | volume = 10 | issue = 5–6 | pages = 288–300 | date = 2016 | pmid = 27529790 | doi = 10.1159/000448365 | s2cid = 5525642 | url = https://research.monash.edu/en/publications/1e9a5f3f-4b49-43c7-a269-bba0db289078 }}</ref>
Sex reversal in chickens form almost identical phenotypes, which characteristics of an expression of the individual genotype with the environment and the genotype being the presentation or its makeup. The sex reversal of bird's ties into mammals as well. However, the sex chromosomes are different: males have ZZ while females have ZW sex chromosomes. The sex orientation in birds is a mix of direct genetic and hormonal mechanisms. Birds show the most amazing sexually dimorphism that are seen in vertebrates. These birds can come from the same species having two different forms. The male bird is bright colored while the female bird is drab or "dull" in color with no radiant or vibrant color to it at all.
Line 48:
In mammals, sex reversal occurs when the gonadal or sexual phenotype does not align with the genetic sex determined by the XX/XY or ZZ/ZW chromosomal system. The development of an ovary and female phenotype in an individual with XY chromosomes represents the instance of sex reversal in mammals. Research has identified various genes involved in mammalian sex determination and differentiation. SRY (Sex-determining Region Y) in humans and mice is one of the sex-determination genes that plays a significant function in initiating male development. Mutations or anomalies can affect these sex-determining genes resulting in sex reversal phenotypes. <ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Gilbert SF | chapter = Chromosomal Sex Determination in Mammals |date=2000 | title = Developmental Biology. | edition = 6th | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9967/ |access-date=2024-03-25 |publisher=Sinauer Associates |language=en}}</ref>
Additionally, hormonal factors play a significant role in sex reversal among mammals. Estrogen and ovarian hormones facilitate female development whereas testosterone and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) produced by the testes promote male development.<ref name = "Navara_2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Navara KJ | title = Hormone-mediated adjustment of sex ratio in vertebrates | journal = Integrative and Comparative Biology | volume = 53 | issue = 6 | pages = 877–887 | date = December 2013 | pmid = 23892413 | doi = 10.1093/icb/ict081 }}</ref> However, disruptions in hormone signaling pathways can lead to sex reversal. For instance, exposure to estrogen during critical periods of development can interfere with normal hormone levels and can cause sex reversal phenotypes.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Coveney D, Shaw G, Renfree MB | title = Estrogen-induced gonadal sex reversal in the tammar wallaby | journal = Biology of Reproduction | volume = 65 | issue = 2 | pages = 613–621 | date = August 2001 | pmid = 11466233 | doi = 10.1095/biolreprod65.2.613 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
Sex reversal in mammals can be impacted by ecological factors such as habitat destruction
Furthermore, sex reversal can lead to behavioral adaptations within mammalian populations as individuals navigate their altered reproductive roles and social dynamics. Research findings have demonstrated changes in mating behaviors, dominance hierarchies, and social interactions among individuals with sex reversal phenotypes. The evolutionary significance of sex reversal and its impact on population dynamics and social structure can be studied by understanding the mechanism of behavioral adaptations.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weber C, Capel B | title = Sex reversal | journal = Current Biology | volume = 28 | issue = 21 | pages = R1234–R1236 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30399341 | pmc = 8941919 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2018.09.043 | bibcode = 2018CBio...28R1234W }}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[Sex-determination system
* [[Sequential hermaphroditism]]
* [[Temperature-dependent sex determination
* [[
== References ==
| |||