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{{short description|French mechanical engineer}}
{{Infobox engineer
|image = Henri 69-Tresca.JPGjpg
|image_size =
|caption =
|name = Henri Tresca
|nationality = [[France|French]]
|birth_date = October 12, October 1814
|birth_place = [[Dunkirk]]
|death_date = June{{death 21,date and age|df=y|1885|6|21|1814|10|12}}
|death_place = [[Paris]]
|education =
|spouse =
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|awards =
}}
'''Henri Édouard Tresca''' (12 October 12,1814 1814–June– 21, June 1885) was a [[France|French]] [[mechanical engineer]], and a professor at the [[Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers]] in [[Paris]].
 
== Work on plasticity ==
He is the father of the field of plasticity, or non-recoverable deformations, which he explored in an extensive series of experiments begun in 1864. He is the discoverer of the Tresca (or maximal [[shear stress]]) criterion of [[material]] [[failure]]. The criterion specifies that a material would flow plastically if
He stated one of the first criterion of material [[failure]], that now bears his name. The criterion specifies that a material would [[plastic flow|flow plastically]] if
 
<math>\ \sigma_{tresca}=\sigma_1-\sigma_3 > \sigma_{max} </math>
 
[[Image:Tresca stress 2D.png|left|thumb|200px|Comparison of Tresca and Vonvon Mises Criteriacriteria]]
Tresca's criterion is one of two main failure criteria used today for [[ductile]] materials. The second important criterion is due to [[Richard von Mises|von Mises]]. See comparison on the image left:
 
== Design of the International Prototype Metre ==
Tresca's stature as an engineer was such that [[Gustave Eiffel]] put his name on number 3 in [[The 72 names on the Eiffel Tower|his list of 72 people]] making the Eiffel tower in Paris possible. ▼
[[Image:US National Length Meter.JPG|right|thumb|150px|National standard meter #27, primary US standard until 1960, with Tresca section.]]▼
Tresca was also among the designers of the [[standardizationinternational prototype metre|standardprototype metre bar]] metrethat etalonserved as the first standard of length for the [[metric system]]. After the Treaty[[Convention of the MeterMetre]] had been signed in 1875, the [[International Bureau of Weights and Measures]] (BIPM) in [[Sèvres]], France made 28 prototype line standards of [[platinum-iridium alloy|platinum-iridium]]. The bars had a modified X cross section namedshaped forlike thea Frenchmodified scientistletter X, designed by Tresca, called whothe designed"Tresca themsection". The Tresca section was designed to provide maximum stiffness. Small ellipticalIn areas on theaddition, upperone surface of the central rib atthat eachjoined endthe ofarms thewas barsdesigned wereto highlycoincide polished,with andthe threebar's lines''[[neutral plane]]'', nominallythe mathematical plane inside the bar that didn't change length when the bar 0bent.5&nbsp;mm apart, The two marks near each end of the bar which defined the meter were ruled on thesethis surface. Thus, to first surfacesorder, the distance between the middlemarks lineswouldn't ofchange eachdue groupto definingthe slight sagging of the standardbar lengthunder its own weight between support points. One of the bars was selected as the International MeterMetre. The United States received National Prototype MetersMetres No. 27 and No. 21 in 1890. When the [[Mendenhall Order]] in 1893 declared the meter to be the fundamental length standard, No. 27 became the US primary national standard for all length measurements. It remained so until 1960.<ref>[{{cite web|url=http://museum.nist.gov/object.asp?ObjID=37 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916030206/http://museum.nist.gov/object.asp?ObjID=37|archive-date=2008-09-16|title=National Prototype Meter No. 27<!-- Bot generated title -->]}}</ref>▼
 
== Recognition ==
▲[[Image:US National Length Meter.JPG|right|thumb|150px|National standard meter #27, primary US standard until 1960]]
Tresca was made an honorary member of the [[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]] in 1882.<ref>[http{{Cite web|url=https://www.asme.org/Governanceabout-asme/Honorshonors-awards/SocietyAwardsachievement-awards/Honorary_Member.cfm honorary-member|title=Honorary Member |website=www.asme.org|language=en|access- Society Awards<!-- Bot generated title date=2019-11->]21}}</ref>▼
 
▲Tresca's stature as an engineer was such that [[Gustave Eiffel]] put his name on number 3 in [[The 72 names on the Eiffel Tower|his list of 72 people]] making the [[Eiffel Tower|Eiffel tower in Paris]] possible.
▲Tresca was also among the designers of the [[standardization|standard]] metre etalon. After the Treaty of the Meter had been signed in 1875, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) in Sèvres, France made 28 prototype line standards of platinum-iridium. The bars had a modified X cross section named for the French scientist, Tresca who designed them. The Tresca section was designed to provide maximum stiffness. Small elliptical areas on the upper surface of the central rib at each end of the bars were highly polished, and three lines, nominally 0.5&nbsp;mm apart, were ruled on these surfaces, the distance between the middle lines of each group defining the standard length. One of the bars was selected as the International Meter. The United States received National Prototype Meters No. 27 and No. 21 in 1890. When the [[Mendenhall Order]] in 1893 declared the meter to be the fundamental length standard, No. 27 became the US primary national standard for all length measurements. It remained so until 1960.<ref>[http://museum.nist.gov/object.asp?ObjID=37 National Prototype Meter No. 27<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
 
▲Tresca was made an honorary member of the [[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]] in 1882.<ref>[http://www.asme.org/Governance/Honors/SocietyAwards/Honorary_Member.cfm Honorary Member - Society Awards<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
 
==See also==
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* [[Strain (materials science)|Strain]]
* [[3-D elasticity]]
* [[Viscoplasticity]]
 
==References==
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==External links ==
* [https://archive.today/20121210201037/http://mechanima.upb.de/Geschichte/1814%20-%20Tresca/ Henri Tresca in Technische Mechanik für Ingenieure]
* [Henri] Tresca, Appendix C: [https://books.google.com/books?id=b2Q_AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA83 Note on the form which it is advisable to adopt for the metres to be constructed by the International Commission], pp 77-93, in ''Second Report of the Commissioner of Inland Revenue of the Inspection of Weights, Measures and Gas'', in ''Sessional Papers, Volume 2, Second Session of the Third Parliament of the Dominion of Canada, Session 1875, Volume VIII'' (English translation of Tresca's French paper on Tresca section)
{{Authority control|VIAF=1641}}▼
 
▲{{Authority control|VIAF=1641}}
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME = Tresca, Henri
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = French engineer
| DATE OF BIRTH = October 12, 1814
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Dunkirk]]
| DATE OF DEATH = June 21, 1885
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Paris]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tresca, Henri}}
[[Category:1814 births]]
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[[Category:People from Dunkirk]]
[[Category:French engineers]]
[[Category:MaterialsFrench science|Trescamaterials stressscientists]]
[[Category:Members of the French Academy of Sciences]]
 
[[de:Henri Tresca]]
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[[it:Henri Tresca]]
[[he:הנרי אדוארד טרסקה]]
[[la:Henricus Tresca]]
[[nl:Henri Tresca]]
[[ja:アンリ・トレスカ]]
[[pl:Henri Tresca]]
[[pt:Henri Tresca]]
[[ru:Треска, Анри Эдуард]]
[[sv:Henri Tresca]]
[[uk:Анрі Треска]]
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