Uman: Difference between revisions

'''Uman''' ({{lang-uk|Умань}}, {{IPA-uk|ˈumɐnʲ|IPA|audio=Uk-Умань.ogg}}) is a city in [[Cherkasy Oblast]], central [[Ukraine]]. It is located to the east of [[Vinnytsia]]. Located in the east of the historical region of [[Podolia]], the city rests on the banks of the [[Umanka (river)|Umanka River]]. Uman serves as the administrative center of [[Uman Raion]] ([[raion|district]]). It hosts the administration of [[Uman urban hromada]], one of the [[hromada]]s of Ukraine.<ref name="admreform_2020_uman">{{cite web |title=Уманська територіальна громада |url=https://decentralization.gov.ua/newgromada/4860/composition |publisher=decentralization.gov.ua |language=uk}}</ref> Population: {{Ua-pop-est2022|81,525|punct=.}}

 

 

Uman (Humań) was a [[private town|privately owned city]] of [[Poland]] and the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]].

Into the 20th century, Uman was linked by rail to [[Kyiv]] and [[Odesa]], leading to rapid development of its industrial sector.<ref name=eou/> Its population grew from 10,100 in 1860 to 29,900 in 1900 and over 50,000 in 1914.<ref name=eou/> According to the [[Russian Empire Census|Russian census of 1897]], Uman with a population of 31,016 was the second largest city of Podolia after [[Kamianets-Podilskyi]].

 

 

In January 1989 the population was 90,596 people.<ref>[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng89_reg2.php Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность городского населения союзных республик, их территориальных единиц, городских поселений и городских районов по полу]</ref><ref>Умань // Большой энциклопедический словарь (в 2-х тт.). / редколл., гл. ред. А. М. Прохоров. том 2. М., "Советская энциклопедия", 1991. стр.525</ref>

As of 2011, the city has optical and farm-machinery plants, a cannery, a brewery, a vitamin factory, a sewing factory, a footwear factory, and other industrial enterprises. The main architectural monuments are the catacombs of the old fortress, the Basilian monastery (1764), the city hall (1780–1782), the Dormition Roman Catholic church in the Classicist style (1826), and 19th-century trading stalls.<ref name=eou/>

 

Uman's landmark is a famous park complex, [[Sofiyivka Park|Sofiyivka]] ({{lang-uk|Софiївка}}; {{lang-pl|Zofiówka}}), founded in 1796 by [[Count]] [[Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki]], a [[szlachcic|Polish noble]], who named it for his wife Sofia. The park features a number of waterfalls and narrow, arching stone bridges crossing the streams and scenic ravines.{{cn|date=April 2023}}

 

== Population ==

=== Language ===

{| class="standard"

|-

! Language

! Percentage

|-

| [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]

|-

| [[Russian language in Ukraine|Russian]]

|-

|}

 

==Jewish community==

 

Since the 1990s there has been a small, but growing, Jewish population in Uman, concentrated around Rebbe Nachman of Breslov tomb on Pushkina street. The local Jews are mostly involved in pilgrimage of Jewish tourists that arrive to the town. In 2018, the community saw large growth with about 10–20 families coming from Israel, accompanied by a small movement of young American couples.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} Newcomers to the city are concentrating around Skhidna St, with some toward Nova Uman area. In conjunction with this growth in the community, a new school of Yiddish was established.{{Citation needed|date = June 2013}}

The pilgrimage ceased during [[World War II]] and resumed on a drastically smaller scale in 1948. From the 1960s until end of the [[Cold War]] in 1989, several hundred American and Israeli Hasidic Jews made their way to Uman, both legally and illegally, to pray at the grave of Rebbe Nachman. In 1988, the Soviets allowed 250 men to visit the Rebbe's grave for Rosh Hashana. In 1989, over 1,000 Hasidic Jews gathered in Uman for Rosh Hashana 1989. In 1990, 2,000 attended.<ref name="Rosh Hashana"/><ref>See the article "A New Phase in Jewish-Ukrainian Relations" by Mitsuharo Akao</ref> In 2008, attendance reached 25,000 men and boys.<ref>[http://jta.org/news/article/2008/10/02/110639/umanroshhashana "Hasidic Jews celebrate holiday in Uman"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514065924/http://jta.org/news/article/2008/10/02/110639/umanroshhashana |date=2010-05-14 }} [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]], 2008-10-02. Retrieved 2009-08-01.</ref> In 2018, over 30,000 Jews made the Rosh Hashanah pilgrimage to Uman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theyeshivaworld.com/news/israel-news/1586099/30000-israelis-heading-to-uman-for-rosh-hashanah.html|title = 30,000 Israelis Heading to Uman for Rosh Hashanah|date = 5 September 2018}}</ref>

 

 

The annual pilgrimage is regarded as Uman's main economic industry.<ref name="slate.com">[http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/dispatches/2010/09/how_do_you_say_shofar_in_ukrainian.html] ''How Do You Say Shofar in Ukrainian? The strange and wonderful Hasidic pilgrimage to Uman, Ukraine.'', By [[Menachem Kaiser]]</ref>

Personnel of [[Ben Gurion airport]], other Israeli tourists and [[El Al]] pilots have complained about pilgrims abusing drugs and hard liquor and harassing fellow passengers to Ukraine.<ref name="ynetnews.com">[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4863660,00.html Watch: Fighting on Uman-bound flight, shenanigans at Kiev airport] Itay Blumental|Published: 06.10.16, ynetnews</ref><ref name="14065924umanroshhashanah"/> Common complaints from Uman residents relate to the loud noise, singing, rowdiness, widespread drinking, drug use, and fighting the pilgrims cause.<ref name=jpcomplaints /> Locals have also complained about the cordoning off of neighborhoods by police and the internal trade that has developed among pilgrims.<ref name="14065924umanroshhashanah">[https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-first-israel-sets-up-temporary-consulate-in-uman-for-rosh-hashanah/#gs.flpehl In first, Israel sets up temporary consulate in Uman for Rosh Hashanah], [[The Times of Israel]] (29 August 2018)</ref>

 

 

The pilgrimage has led to several clashes over the years. In September 2010, several cases of violence and riots broke out among pilgrims after members of the Evangelical Church arrived from [[Odesa]] to preach their faith, leading to 10 pilgrims being deported.<ref name="kp2">{{cite web|last= Interfax-Ukraine|title=Ten Hasidic pilgrims deported from Ukraine|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine-politics/ten-hasidic-pilgrims-deported-from-ukraine-82122.html|publisher=[[Kyiv Post]]|date=Sep 10, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818004630/https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine-politics/ten-hasidic-pilgrims-deported-from-ukraine-82122.html|archive-date=2019-08-18}}</ref> A few days later, ten pilgrims were deported back to Israel and banned from Ukraine for five years for disrupting public order and causing bodily harm to citizens.<ref name=kp2/> At the end of September 2010, an Israeli was stabbed and killed in an altercation that broke out following the vandalism of a car owned by Jews. Allegedly, his stabbing was a retaliation for the stabbing and wounding of a local (Ukrainian) by an Israeli.<ref>Breslov Hasid murdered in Uman [http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3959826,00.html ynetnews.com]</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Yanukovych orders to control investigation into murder of Israeli citizen in Uman|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/yanukovych-orders-to-control-investigation-into-mu-84010.html|newspaper=[[Kyiv Post]]|date=Sep 27, 2010}}</ref>

In September 2013, three Israeli police officers were deported after getting involved in a bar brawl during the Rosh Hashanah gathering in Uman.<ref>{{cite web|last=Reback |first=Gedalyah |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/israeli-cops-sent-home-after-uman-bar-fight/ |title=Israeli cops sent home after Uman bar fight |publisher=Timesofisrael.com |date=2013-09-08 |access-date=2015-05-30}}</ref> In the 2014 pilgrimage, organizers were fined $15,000 by the city of Uman for illegally operating a "tent city" to house 2,500 pilgrims.<ref>{{cite web|last=Reback |first=Gedalyah |url= http://www.timesofisrael.com/uman-fines-jewish-community-for-pilgrims-unlicensed-tent-city/ |title=Uman fines Jewish community for pilgrims' unlicensed tent city |publisher=Timesofisrael.com |date=2014-09-25 |access-date=2015-05-30}}</ref> The controversy is the subject of the 2015 documentary film, ''[[The Dybbuk. A Tale of Wandering Souls]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.polishdocs.pl/en/news/2458/a_tale_of_wandering_souls_-_interview_with_krzysztof_kopczynski |title= "A tale of wandering souls" - interview with Krzysztof Kopczyński|date=29 May 2015|work= Polish Docs|access-date=15 June 2015}}</ref> In 2015, pilgrims staying in a residential tower began tossing rocks and bottles from above onto a car, and when at one point a local policeman's hat was knocked off, police with [[German Shepherd]]s were called to scatter the crowd.<ref name=jpcomplaints>{{cite news|last=Hartman |first=Ben |url=http://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-News/Uman-Riot-erupts-between-pilgrims-and-Ukranian-police |title=Uman: Riot erupts between pilgrims and Ukrainian police - Jewish World - Jerusalem Post |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post &#124; Jpost.com |publisher=Jpost.com |access-date=2015-05-30}}</ref>

 

 

==Geography==

File:Умань, Церква Св. Миколая (мур.), вулиця Небесної Сотні 39.jpg|Church (19th century)

File:Uman-2007-08-12-02.jpg|The Ohel of Rebbe Nachman of Breslov

File:Умань-ДЮСШ.JPG|School building (mid-19th century)

File:Умань. Головний корпус УНУС (вул. Інститутська, 4).jpg|Uman University

File:Lenina street, 35 (Uman).jpg|Soviet apartment blocks