List of UK top-ten singles in 1952: Difference between revisions

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<noinclude>{{Use dmy dates|date=AugustMay 20132024}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2013}}
{{1950s in music (UK)}}
[[File:Dame Vera Lynn Allan Warren(1962).jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=|[[Vera Lynn]] (pictured in 1973) hadachieved the best-selling single of the year1952, "[[Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart]]", despitealthough it only peakingpeaked at number ten. She had a further two top 10 singles inthis 1952year: "[[The Homing Waltz]]", which reached number nine, and "[[Forget Me Not (Vera Lynn song)|Forget Me Not]]", which peaked at number five.]]
[[File:Al Martino 1952.JPG|thumb|right|200px|alt=|AmericanIn singerNovember of andthis actoryear, [[Al Martino]] made music history in November when his hit single "[[Here in My Heart]]" becamesecured the first ever number-one record in the [[UK Singles Chart]]. Thewith song"[[Here in My Heart]]", which spent nine consecutive weeks at the top spot and lasted 16 weeks inof the top 10 altogetherchart.]]
The [[UK Singles Chart]] is one of many music charts compiled by the [[Official Charts Company]] that calculates the best-selling singles of the week in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |workurl=http://www.theofficialcharts.com/ |title=The Official UK Charts Company |publisher=[[Official Charts Company]] |accessdate=1 January 2012}}</ref> Before 2004, the chart was only based on the sales of physical singles.<ref>{{cite book|title=[[Guinness Book of British Hit Singles & Albums|Guinness World Records: British Hit Singles and Albums]] (18th edition)|first=David|last=Roberts|year=2005|isbn=1-904994-00-8|pages=14|publisher=[[HiT Entertainment|Guinness World Records Limited]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/3196892.stm |title=New singles formats to save the charts|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=16 October 2003 |accessdate=21 February 2010}}</ref> ''[[New Musical Express]]'' (''NME'') magazine published the United Kingdom record charts for the first time in 1952.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1234212.stm |title=The Story of the Single |workpublisher=[[BBC News]] |publisher=[[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=23 March 2001 |accessdate=19 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nme.com/news/various-artists/47828 |title='The Godfather' singer Al Martino dies |work=[[NME|New Musical Express]] |date=14 October 2009 |accessdate=22 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theofficialcharts.com/company_history.php |title=Key dates in the history of the Official UK Charts (archived) |publisher=[[The Official Charts Company]] |accessdate=22 May 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080110032725/http://www.theofficialcharts.com/company_history.php |archivedate = 10 January 2008}}</ref> ''NME'' originally published only a top 12 (although the first chart had a couple of singles that were tied so a top 15 was announced) but this was gradually extended to encompass a top 20 by October 1954.<ref name = "Yorkshire Post">{{cite web |url=http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/features/Top-10-chart-starts-to.921080.jp |title=Top 10 chart starts to sound a little off-key |work=[[The Yorkshire Post]] |date=17 January 2005 |accessdate=19 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theofficialcharts.com/history_first-chart.php |title=First ever top 12: 14 November 1952|publisher=The Official Charts Company |accessdate=22 May 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110144452/http://www.theofficialcharts.com/history_first-chart.php |archivedate=10 January 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theofficialcharts.com/history_first-top20.php |title=First ever top 20: 01 October 1954 |publisher=The Official Charts Company |accessdate=22 May 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110144457/http://www.theofficialcharts.com/history_first-top20.php |archivedate=10 January 2008}}</ref> This list shows singles that peaked in the Top 10 of the [[UK Singles Chart]] during [[1952 in British music|1952]], as well as singles which peaked in [[List of UK top 10-ten singles in 1953|1953]] but were in the top 10 in 1952. The entry date is when the single appeared in the top 10 for the first time (week ending, as published by the Official Charts Company, which is six days after the chart is announced).<ref name = "First chart">{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/search/singles/takes-two-to-tango/|title=The first ever Official Singles Chart - revisited!|date=14 November 2012|work=Official Chart|publisher=Official Charts Company1|accessdate=8 August 2018}}</ref>
[[File:Guy Mitchell.JPG|thumb|right|200px|alt=|[[Guy Mitchell]]'s debut entry from November 1952, "[[Feet Up (Pat Him on the Po-Po)]]" was also the first single to peak at number two in the UK. It spent a total of 10 weeks inside the top ten.]]
The [[UK Singles Chart]] is one of many music charts compiled by the [[Official Charts Company]] that calculates the best-selling singles of the week in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theofficialcharts.com/ |title=The Official UK Charts Company |publisher=[[Official Charts Company]] |accessdate=1 January 2012}}</ref> Before 2004, the chart was only based on the sales of physical singles.<ref>{{cite book|title=[[Guinness Book of British Hit Singles & Albums|Guinness World Records: British Hit Singles and Albums]] (18th edition)|first=David|last=Roberts|year=2005|isbn=1-904994-00-8|pages=14|publisher=[[HiT Entertainment|Guinness World Records Limited]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/3196892.stm |title=New singles formats to save the charts
|work=[[BBC News]]|date=16 October 2003 |accessdate=21 February 2010}}</ref> ''[[New Musical Express]]'' (''NME'') magazine published the United Kingdom record charts for the first time in 1952.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1234212.stm |title=The Story of the Single |work=[[BBC News]] |publisher=[[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=23 March 2001 |accessdate=19 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nme.com/news/various-artists/47828 |title='The Godfather' singer Al Martino dies |work=[[NME|New Musical Express]] |date=14 October 2009 |accessdate=22 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theofficialcharts.com/company_history.php |title=Key dates in the history of the Official UK Charts (archived) |publisher=[[The Official Charts Company]] |accessdate=22 May 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080110032725/http://www.theofficialcharts.com/company_history.php |archivedate = 10 January 2008}}</ref> ''NME'' originally published only a top 12 (although the first chart had a couple of singles that were tied so a top 15 was announced) but this was gradually extended to encompass a top 20 by October 1954.<ref name = "Yorkshire Post">{{cite web |url=http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/features/Top-10-chart-starts-to.921080.jp |title=Top 10 chart starts to sound a little off-key |work=[[Yorkshire Post]] |date=17 January 2005 |accessdate=19 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theofficialcharts.com/history_first-chart.php |title=First ever top 12: 14 November 1952|publisher=The Official Charts Company |accessdate=22 May 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110144452/http://www.theofficialcharts.com/history_first-chart.php |archivedate=10 January 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theofficialcharts.com/history_first-top20.php |title=First ever top 20: 01 October 1954 |publisher=The Official Charts Company |accessdate=22 May 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110144457/http://www.theofficialcharts.com/history_first-top20.php |archivedate=10 January 2008}}</ref> This list shows singles that peaked in the Top 10 of the [[UK Singles Chart]] during [[1952 in British music|1952]], as well as singles which peaked in [[List of UK top 10 singles in 1953|1953]] but were in the top 10 in 1952. The entry date is when the single appeared in the top 10 for the first time (week ending, as published by the Official Charts Company, which is six days after the chart is announced).<ref name = "First chart">{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/search/singles/takes-two-to-tango/|title=The first ever Official Singles Chart - revisited!|date=14 November 2012|work=Official Chart|publisher=Official Charts Company1|accessdate=8 August 2018}}</ref>
 
Twenty-three singles were in the top ten in 1952. "[[Takes Two to Tango (song)|Takes Two to Tango]]" by [[Louis Armstrong]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/search/singles/takes-two-to-tango/|title=Takes Two to Tango - full Official Chart History|work=Official Chart|publisher=Official Charts Company|accessdate=8 August 2018}}</ref> "[[Comes A-Long A-Love]]" by [[Kay Starr]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/nov/06/kay-starr-obituary|title=Kay Starr obituary|last=Vacher|first=Peter|date=6 November 2016|work=The Guardian|location=London|accessdate=8 August 2018}}</ref> "[[Walkin' to Missouri]]" by [[Tony Brent]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/search/singles/takes-two-to-tango/|title=Walkin' to Missouri - full Official Chart history|work=Official Chart|publisher=Official Charts Company|accessdate=8 August 2018}}</ref> and "[[You Belong to Me (1952 song)|You Belong to Me]]" by [[Jo Stafford]] were all released in 1952 but did not reach their peak until 1953.<ref name = "Battle">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/11711994/The-ten-chart-battles-that-changed-music.html|title=The ten chart battles that changed music|last=Hall|first=James|date=5 July 2015|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=8 August 2018}}</ref> Eight artists scored multiple entries in the top 10 in 1952. [[Al Martino]], [[Nat King Cole]], [[Guy Mitchell]]<ref name = "First chart" /> and [[Frankie Laine]] were among the many artists who achieved their first UK charting top 10 single in 1952.
 
The first single to reach number-one in the United Kingdom was "[[Here in My Heart]]" by [[Al Martino]]; the song debuted at the top of the charts on 20 November 1952 and spent nine consecutive weeks in that position.<ref name = "Battle" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-songs-that-spent-the-longest-at-number-1__14522/|title=The songs that spent the longest at Number 1|last=Myers|first=Justin|date=23 March 2018|work=Official Chart|publisher=Official Charts Company|accessdate=8 August 2018}}</ref> It was the only single to top the chart that year.<ref name = "Yorkshire Post" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/UK/New-Musical-Express/1952/NME-1952-11-14-S-OCR.pdf |title=Announcing the first record Hit Parade |work=[[New Musical ExpressNME]] |date=14 November 14, 1952 |page=8 |accessdate=22 May 2010}}</ref>
 
==Background==
Line 16 ⟶ 15:
Twenty-three singles charted in the top 10 in 1952, with nineteen singles reaching their peak this year. "[[Because You're Mine (song)|Because You're Mine]]" was recorded by [[Nat King Cole]] and [[Mario Lanza]] and both versions reached the top 10.
 
Eight artists scored multiple entries in the top 10 in 1952. American singer [[Bing Crosby]] and Britain's [[Vera Lynn]] shared the record for most top 10 hits in 1952 with three hit singles each, the first artists to ever do so. In addition, all of these entries were in the chart at the same time.<ref name = "First chart" /> "Forget Me Not" was the highest ranking that week at number 7 (it would eventually peak at number 5 the week prior to Christmas). "The Homing Waltz" reached number 9, one place higher than "Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart" at number 10.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/music-news/6114772/Forces-sweetheart-Dame-Vera-Lynn-oldest-living-artist-to-make-it-into-the-top-20.html|title=Forces sweetheart Dame Vera Lynn 'oldest living artist to make it into the top 20'|date=30 August 2009|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=8 August 2018}}</ref>
 
Bing Crosby's three entries included a version of the Christmas classic "[[Silent Night]]", released as "Silent Night, Holy Night".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/festive-songs-that-never-made-christmas-number-1__17143/|title=66 SharesFacebook66TwitterEmailReddit 02 December 2017 Festive songs that never made Christmas Number 1|last=Myers|first=Justin|date=2 December 2017|work=Official Chart|publisher=Official Charts Company|accessdate=8 August 2018}}</ref>
 
[[Al Martino]] was one of a number of artists with two top-ten entries, including the number-one single "[[Here in My Heart]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/music-obituaries/6326236/Al-Martino.html|title=Al Martino: Obituary|date=14 October 2009|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=8 August 2018}}</ref> [[Doris Day]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2012/04/02/149392321/doris-day-a-hollywood-legend-reflects-on-life|title=Doris Day: A Hollywood Legend Reflects Onon Life|date=2 April 2012|workpublisher=NPR|accessdate=8 August 2018}}</ref> [[Frankie Laine]],<ref name = "Frankie Laine">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/07/arts/music/07laine.html|title=Frankie Laine, 93, the Hit-Making Crooner Who Used His Voice ‘Like'Like a Horn,’ Is Dead|last=Severo|first=Richard|date=7 February 2007|work=The New York Times|accessdate=8 August 2018}}</ref> [[British Armed Forces|Her Majesty's Forces]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/shortcuts/2016/jun/07/ones-favourite-songs-the-queen-reveals-her-pop-picks-elizabeth-radio-2|title=One’s favourite songs: the Queen reveals her pop picks |date=7 June 2016|work=Guardian|accessdate=8 August 2018}}</ref>and [[Nat King Cole]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2017/nov/22/crooner-inspiration-father-i-never-had-gregory-porter-on-his-hero-nat-king-cole|title=Crooner, inspiration, father I never had: Gregory Porter on his hero Nat King Cole|last=Porter|first=Gregory|date=22 November 2017|work=The Guardian|location=London|accessdate=8 August 2018}}</ref> and [[Percy Faith|Percy Faith & His Orchestra]] were the other artists who had multiple top 10 entries in 1952.
 
===Chart debuts===
TwentySeventeen artists achieved their first top 10 single in 1952, either as a lead or featured artist. Of these, sixfive went on to record another hit single that year: [[Al Martino]], [[Doris Day]], [[Frankie Laine]], [[British Armed Forces|Her Majesty’sMajesty's Forces]], and [[Nat King Cole]] and [[Percy Faith]]. [[Bing Crosby]] and [[Vera Lynn]] both had two other entries in their breakthrough year.
 
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" background: #f6e39c;
|-
! scope="col" style="width:55px;"| Artist
Line 43 ⟶ 42:
|"[[You Belong to Me (1952 song)|You Belong to Me]]" {{ref label|You Belong to Me|A|a}}
|1
|—
|—
|-
|[[Nat King Cole]]
Line 61 ⟶ 60:
|"[[Feet Up (Pat Him on the Po-Po)]]"
|2
|—
|—
|-
|[[Rosemary Clooney]]
|1
|rowspan="2"|"[[Half as Much]]"
|3
|rowspan="2"|3
|—
|—
|-
|[[Percy Faith]]
|2
|"[[My Love and Devotion]]" (10)
|-
|[[Vera Lynn]]
Line 95 ⟶ 90:
|"[[Blue Tango]]"
|8
|—
|—
|-
|[[British Armed Forces|Her Majesty's Forces]]
|2
|"[[The Homing Waltz]]"
|9
|"[[Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart]]" (10)
|-
|[[Mario Lanza]]
Line 107 ⟶ 96:
|"[[Because You're Mine (song)|Because You're Mine]]"
|3
|—
|—
|-
|[[Johnnie Ray]]
Line 113 ⟶ 102:
|"[[Faith Can Move Mountains]]"
|7
|—
|—
|-
|[[Kay Starr]]
Line 119 ⟶ 108:
|"[[Comes A-Long A-Love]]" {{ref label|Comes A-Long A-Love|B|b}}
|1
|—
|—
|-
|[[Jane Wyman]]
Line 125 ⟶ 114:
|"[[Zing a Little Zong]]"
|10
|—
|—
|-
|[[Mantovani]]
Line 131 ⟶ 120:
|"[[White Christmas (song)|White Christmas]]"
|6
|—
|—
|-
|{{sortname|The|Four Lads}}
Line 137 ⟶ 126:
|"[[Faith Can Move Mountains]]"
|7
|—
|—
|-
|[[Louis Armstrong]]
Line 143 ⟶ 132:
|"[[Takes Two to Tango (song)|Takes Two to Tango]]" {{ref label|Takes Two|C|c}}
|6
|—
|—
|-
|[[Tony Brent]]
Line 149 ⟶ 138:
|"[[Walkin' to Missouri]]" {{ref label|Missouri|D|d}}
|7
|—
|—
|}
 
===Songs from films===
Original songs from various films entered the top 10 throughout the year. These included "[[Because You're Mine (song)|Because You're Mine]]" (from ''[[Because You're Mine]]''),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://operawire.com/on-this-day-watch-all-of-mario-lanzas-vocal-performances-from-his-8-films/|title=On This Day: Watch All of Mario Lanza’s Vocal Performances From His 8 Films|last=Salazar|first=David|work=OperaWire|accessdate=8 August 2018}}</ref> "[[Isle of Innisfree]]" (''[[The Quiet Man]]'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irishcentral.com/culture/entertainment/the-quiet-man-soundtrack-songs|title=Songs in The Quiet Man: The amazing soundtrack to Irish America’s favorite movie|last=Mulraney|first=Frances|date=7 February 2018|work=IrishCentral|accessdate=8 August 2018}}</ref> and "[[Zing a Little Zong]]" (''[[Just for You (1952 film)|Just for You]]'').<ref>{{cite web|last1=Macfarlane|first1=Malcolm|title=Bing Crosby - By By Day|url=http://www.bingmagazine.co.uk/bingmagazine/Chapter_8.htm|website=BING magazine|publisher=International Club Crosby|accessdate=9 August 2018}}</ref>
 
Additionally, "[[The Ballad of High Noon|High Noon (Do Not Forsake Me)]]" was a version of the song from the film ''[[High Noon]]'', originally recorded over the opening credits by [[Tex Ritter]].<ref name = "Frankie Laine" />
Line 179 ⟶ 168:
|}
 
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Entered<br/>(week ending)
! Weeks<br>in<br>top<br>10
Line 226 ⟶ 215:
|9
|style="text-align:left;"|"[[Half as Much]]"
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Rosemary Clooney]] with [[Percy Faith|Percy Faith & His Orchestra]]
|3
|{{dts|format=dmy|1952|11|27}}
Line 254 ⟶ 243:
|2
|style="text-align:left;"|"[[Blue Tango]]" {{ref label|Blue Tango|K|k}}
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Ray Martin (orchestra leader)|Ray Martin and His Concert Orchestra]]
|8
|{{dts|format=dmy|1952|11|20}}
Line 261 ⟶ 250:
|2
|style="text-align:left;"|"[[The Homing Waltz]]" {{ref label|The Homing Waltz|L|l}}
|style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"|[[Vera Lynn]] with [[British Armed Forces|Sailors, Soldiers and Airmen of Her Majesty's Forces]]
|9
|{{dts|format=dmy|1952|11|20}}
Line 268 ⟶ 257:
|1
|style="text-align:left;"|"[[Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart]]" <small>(#1)</small>
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Vera Lynn]] with [[British Armed Forces|Soldiers and Airmen of Her Majesty's Forces]]
|10
|{{dts|format=dmy|1952|11|20}}
Line 290 ⟶ 278:
|2
|style="text-align:left;"|"[[My Love and Devotion]]"
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Doris Day]] with [[Percy Faith|Percy Faith & His Orchestra]]
|10
|{{dts|format=dmy|1952|11|27}}
Line 313 ⟶ 301:
|3
|style="text-align:left;"|"[[White Christmas (song)|White Christmas]]"
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Mantovani|Mantovani and His Orchestra]]
|6
|{{dts|format=dmy|1952|12|25}}
Line 327 ⟶ 315:
|3
|style="text-align:left;"|"[[Faith Can Move Mountains]]" {{ref label|Faith|O|o}}
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Johnnie Ray]] and& [[The Four Lads]]
|7
|{{dts|format=dmy|1952|12|25}}
Line 356 ⟶ 344:
 
==Entries by artist==
[[File:Nat King Cole 1952.JPG|thumb|right|150px|[[Nat King Cole]] had two UK top 10 entries this year. His debut hit, "[[Somewhere Along the Way]]", was at its peak position of number three in the very first edition of the [[UK Singles Chart]].]]
{{see also|List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 1950s#1952}}
The following table shows artists who achieved two or more top 10 entries in 1952, including singles that reached their peak in 1953. The figures include both main artists and featured artists. The total number of weeks an artist spent in the top ten in 1952 is also shown.
 
{| class="wikitable sortable" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" background: #f6e39c;
|-
! scope="col" style="width:55px;" data-sort-type="number"| Entries
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| Artist
! scope="col" style="width:55px;"| Country of origin
! scope="col" style="width:55px;" data-sort-type="number"| Weeks
! scope="col" style="width:300px;"| Singles
Line 370 ⟶ 356:
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 3
|[[Vera Lynn]]
|{{UK}}
|8
|"[[Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart]]", "[[Forget Me Not (Vera Lynn song)|Forget Me Not]]", "[[The Homing Waltz]]"
|-
|[[Bing Crosby]]
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center"|{{USA}}
|8
|"[[Isle of Innisfree]]", "[[Silent Night|Silent Night, Holy Night]]", "[[Zing a Little Zong]]"
|-
|rowspan="64" style="text-align:center" | 2
|[[Al Martino]]
|7
Line 391 ⟶ 375:
|7
|"[[High Noon (Do Not Forsake Me)]]", "[[Sugar Bush (song)|Sugar Bush]]"
|-
|[[British Armed Forces|Her Majesty's Forces]]
|{{UK}}
|3
|"[[Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart]]", "[[The Homing Waltz]]"
|-
|[[Nat King Cole]]
|{{USA}}
|6
|"[[Because You're Mine]]", "[[Somewhere Along the Way]]"
|-
|[[Percy Faith]]
|{{CAN}}
|8
|"[[Half as Much]]", "[[My Love and Devotion]]"
|}
 
Line 434 ⟶ 407:
==References==
'''General'''
*{{cite web |url=http://www.theofficialcharts.com/archive-chart-singles/ |title=Six decades of singles charts |publisher=The Official Charts Company |accessdate=18 January 2018 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303221018/http://www.theofficialcharts.com/archive-chart-singles/ |archivedate=3 March 2011 }}
*{{cite book |title=The Complete NME Singles Charts (2nd edition) |last=Osborne |first=Roger |url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Complete-Singles-Charts-Roger-Osborne/dp/0752208292/ref=tmm_pap_title_1 |publisher=Boxtree Limited |year=1995}}
*{{cite book |title=40 Years of NME Charts |last1=Osborne |first1=Roger |last2=Rees |first2=Daffyd |last3=Lazell |first3=Barry |url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Years-NME-Charts-Roger-Osborne/dp/1852837462 |publisher=Boxtree Limited |year=1992}}
 
'''Specific'''
{{Reflist|2}}
 
==External links==