Chaber: Difference between revisions

'''''Chaber''''', '''''chaver''''' or '''''ḥaber''''' ({{lang-he-n|{{Script/Hebr|חָבֵר}}}} ''ḥāḇēr'', {{IPA-he|χaˈveʁ}}) is a [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] term meaning "associate"; "colleague"; "fellow"; "companion"; or "friend". It appears twice in the [[Hebrew Bible]], and is used in various ways in [[rabbinic]] sources.

The word appears twice in the Hebrew Bible ([[Psalms]] {{bibleverseBibleverse-nb|Psalms|119:63|HE}}, [[Book of Proverbs|Proverbs]] {{bibleverseBibleverse-nb|Proverbs|28:24|HE}}), meaning "companion".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biblestudytools.com/lexicons/hebrew/nas/chaber.html|title=Chaber Meaning in Bible - Old Testament Hebrew Lexicon - New American Standard|website=biblestudytools.com}}</ref>

The term is ordinarily used in rabbinical texts in its Biblical sense of "companion".<ref>[[Pirkei Avot]] [https://www.sefaria.org.il/Pirkei_Avot.2.9?lang=bi 2:9,10]; [[s:he:ביאור:משנה אבות פרק ב|משנה אבות פרק ב]] (in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]])</ref> A [[Talmud]]ic proverb says, "Your ''chaber'' has a ''chaber'', and your ''chaber''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s ''chaber'' has a ''chaber''", meaning that words spoken in front of a few people can be presumed to circulate and become public.<ref>[[Baba Batra]] [https://www.sefaria.org.il/Bava_Batra.38b.6?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en Baba Batra 38b]; ''[[Arakhin]] [https://www.sefaria.org.il/Arakhin.16a.1?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en Arakhin 16a]</ref>

The [[rabbi]]s strongly recommended [[Torah study|study]] in [[Chavrusa|company]], asserting that only in this way can knowledge be acquired;<ref>''[[Berakhot (Talmud)|Berakot]]'' 63b (Hebrew [[s:he:ברכות סג ב|ברכות63b]] סג(in ב]]Hebrew/Aramaic); ''[[Nedarim (tractate)|Nedarim]]'' 81a (Hebrew [[s:he:נדרים פא א|נדרים81a]] פא(in א]]Hebrew/Aramaic)</ref> therefore, if necessary, one should even expend money for the purpose of acquiring a companion.<ref>''[[Avot of Rabbi Natan]]'' 8:3; [[s:he:אבות דרבי נתן ח#ג|אבות8:3]] דרבי(in נתן ח ג]]Hebrew)</ref> A prominent teacher of the second century declared that, while he had learned much from his masters, he had learned more from his "''chaberim''".<ref>''[[Ta'anit (tractate)|Ta'anit]]'' 7a; [[s:he:תענית ז א|תענית ז א7a]] (in Hebrew/Aramaic)</ref> Hence the term came to mean a "companion in study," a "colleague". In the form ''[[Talmid Haver|talmid-haver]]'' or ''haver-talmid'', it denotes one who is at once the student and colleague of a certain teacher, a [[Torah scholar|scholar]] who from being a student has risen to be a colleague or fellow.<ref>Compare ''Baba Batra'' 158b (Hebrew [[s:he:בבא בתרא קנח ב|בבאBaba בתראBatra קנח ב158b]] (in Hebrew/Aramaic); ''[[Jerusalem Talmud|Yerushalmi]] [[Shekalim (Talmud)|Shekalim]]'' Chapter 3 47b (Hebrew, [https://archivebeta.is/20130704022432/http://hebrewbooks.org/pdfpagerreader/reader.aspx?reqsfid=45298#p=222&stfitMode=fitwidth&pgnumhlts=222&hiliteocr= ירושלמי שקלים47b] פרק(in שלישי]Hebrew/Aramaic).</ref> Eventually "''chaber''" assumed the general meaning of "scholar",<ref>''Bava Batra'' 75a (Hebrew [[s:he:בבא בתרא עה א|בבא בתרא עה א75a]] (in Hebrew/Aramaic)</ref> and appears as a title lower than ''[[hakham]]''.<ref>Compare [[Kiddushin (Talmud)|Kiddushin]] [https://www.sefaria.org.il/Kiddushin.33b.13?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en Kiddushin 33b].</ref>

In the medieval period, the title "''chaber''" was known in the 11th century, when it probably referred to a member of a [[Beth din|court of justice]];<ref>seeSee [[Solomon Schechter]], "Saadyana," [https://archive.org/details/saadyanagenizafr00scheiala/page/81/mode/1up p. 81], note 2.</ref> but in [[Germany]] in later centuries it indicated that its possessor had devoted many years to the study of sacred literature.<ref name="Jewish"/> In some communities, particularly originating from Germany, this title is still used today. There is also a program organized by the [[Orthodox Union]] to bestow this title. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ou.org/news/ou-semichat-chaver-program-expands-to-20-locations-worldwise/|title=OU Semichat Chaver Program Expands to 20 Locations Worldwide|website=Orthodox Union}}</ref>

In congregational life it was conferred as a rule on [[Jewish views on marriage|married]] men, but often also on [[yeshiva]] graduates who were [[Single person|single]].<ref name="Jewish"/> Rabbi [[JonathanMoshe Eybeschütz]]Lifshitz conferred it on the Christian professor [[Oluf Gerhard Tychsen|Tychsen]].<ref>{{cite namebook|author="Jewish"Oluf Gerhard Tychsen|title=Dialecti rabbinicae Elementa|url={{Google books|ZYdFAAAAcAAJ|page=61|plainurl=yes}}|language=he|access-date=Apr 9, 2024}}</ref>

"''Chaber''" also denotes a member of a society or order ("''chaburah''," "''chaburta''," "''k'neset''" = "aggregation," "company," "union"), or of a union of [[Pharisees]], for the purpose of carrying out the observance of the laws of [[Tumah and taharah|food purity]] to their fullest possible development. In their eyes, any person whose observance of the food purity or [[Tithe#Mosaic law|tithing]] laws was doubtful was an ''[[am ha'aretz]]'', whose contact was defiling. The term "''chaber''" is not synonymous with "''Parush''" (Pharisee), since not all Pharisees were ''chaberim'', though sometimes the generic term "''parush''" is used instead.<ref>''[[Tosefta]]'', ''[[Shabbat (Talmud)|Shabbat]]'' [https://beta.hebrewbooks.org/reader/reader.aspx?sfid=20419#p=140&fitMode=fitwidth&hlts=&ocr= 1:15] (in Hebrew)</ref> Occasionally, the more specific term "''ne'eman''" (trustworthy) takes the place of "''chaber''".<ref>''[[Demai (Talmud)|Demai]]'' 4:5, [[s:he:משנה דמאי ד ה|משנה דמאי ד ה4:5]] (in Hebrew); Demai 4:6, [[s:he:משנה דמאי ד ו|משנה דמאי ד ו4:6]] (in Hebrew)</ref>

On the Scriptural verse, "He shall... purify and sanctify it"<ref>[[Leviticus]] {{Bibleverse-nb||lev|16:19|JPJPS}}</ref> the rabbis taught the maxim, "Purity leads to [[Sacred|sanctity]]".<ref>''Yerushalmi Shabbat'' 1:3 3c, [https://archivebeta.is/20140806000115/http://hebrewbooks.org/pdfpagerreader/reader.aspx?reqsfid=45298#p=135&stfitMode=fitwidth&pgnumhlts=135&hiliteocr= ירושלמי שבת פרק ראשון3c] (in Hebrew/Aramaic); compare ''[[Sotah]]'' 9:15, [[s:he:משנה סוטה ט טו|משנה סוטה ט טו9:15]] (in Hebrew)</ref> This purity was understood to be closely connected with [[Levitical purity]]; of this there were several degrees, there being sections in the community which observed its rules more strictly and extensively than did others. Some even extended all the precautions necessary for the [[Kohen|priest]] in eating holy things to the layman who lived on secular food.<ref>''[[Hagigah]]'' 2:6, [[s:he:משנה חגיגה ב ו|משנה חגיגה ב ו2:6]] (in Hebrew); Hagigah 2:7, [[s:he:משנה חגיגה ב ז|משנה חגיגה ב ז2:7]] (in Hebrew)</ref><ref name="Jewish"/>

The Bible requires the Israelite to give certain gifts from his farm and herd to the priest, [[Levite]], and poor.<ref>{{Bibleverse||Lev.|27:30-32|JPJPS}}; [[Num.]] {{Bibleverse-nb||num|18:21-28|JPJPS}}; [[Deut.]] {{Bibleverse-nb||deut|14:22-29|JPJPS}}; compare [[Book of Tobit|Tobit]] 1:6-8</ref> The rules governing these gifts, as well as the rules of "clean" and "unclean," were doubtless familiar to the people at large; but not all people found it convenient or possible to comply with them. Their observance must have been particularly difficult in the unsettled state of affairs during the [[Maccabean wars]]. Some suggest that in this period the so-called "''am ha'aretz''" (who included the great majority of the people), either driven by circumstances or seduced by temptation, neglected them; and that a certain more rigorous minority, not knowing whom to trust in such matters, formed among themselves associations ("''chaburot''"), the members ("''chaberim''") of which pledged themselves to keep faithfully the rules of tithes and Levitical purity. Accordingly, the ''chaber'' is one who strictly observes these laws.<ref>See ''[[Gittin'']] 5:9.</ref>

To be admitted as a chaber, one must declare his determination never to give ''terumah'' or ''ma'aser'' to a priest or a Levite who is classified as an ''am ha'aretz''; nor to allow his ordinary food to be prepared by an ''am ha'aretz''; nor to eat his ordinary food (''chullin'', grain and fruit from which ''terumah'' and ''ma'aser'' have been separated) except in a certain state of Levitical cleanness.<ref>''Tosefta'', ''Demai'' 2:2</ref> This declaration must be made before three members of the order. If they are satisfied that the candidate has lived up to the rules in his private life, he is accepted at once; otherwise he is admitted as a "''ben ha-k'neset''" (son of the union, neophyte)<ref>Compare ''[[Bekhorot'']] 5:5; ''[[Zavim'']] 3:2.</ref> for thirty days. According to [[Beit Shammai]], this period suffices only when membership is sought for the lesser degrees of purity, while for the higher degrees the probation period lasts for a year. After this period, if the candidate has proved his constancy, he becomes a ''chaber'' or ''ne'eman''. No distinction is made between the learned and the ignorant; all must make this declaration. The only exception is for a scholar attached to a college, on the presumption that he took the pledge when he first joined the college.<ref name="b30">''Bekhorot'' 30b</ref><ref name="Jewish"/>

There are several classes of ''chaberim'', corresponding to the several degrees of Levitical cleanness. The lowest class pledges itself to practise Levitical cleanness of "''k'nafayim''" (literally "wings"). This is a very obscure term, for which no satisfactory explanation has been found. It is generally assumed to mean "hands"; inasmuch as the Pharisaic maxim is, "Hands are always busy," unintentionally touching both clean and unclean things, they are regarded as being in a state of uncertain cleanness; hence one must cleanse them before eating anything Levitically clean.<ref>''[[Tohorot'' (tractate)|Tohorot]] 7:8</ref> This may be legally accomplished by pouring on them one-fourth of a ''[[Biblical and Talmudic units of measurement#Liquid measure|log]]'' of water. But that process suffices only where a person wishes to eat ''chullin'', ''ma'aser'', or ''terumah''. If he desires to eat the sacrificial portions, he must dip his hands into forty ''seah''s of water; and if about to handle the [[water of lustration]], he must first subject his whole body to immersion.<ref>''[[Chagigah'']] 2:5; ''Gemara'' 18b et seq.</ref>

Having been admitted as reliable in matters of ''ma'aser'', a ''chaber'' must tithe what he eats, what he sells of his own produce, and what he buys for the purpose of selling, and must not eat at the table of an ''[[am ha'aretz]]'', lest he be served untithed food. A full ''chaber'' must, in addition, not sell to an ''am ha'aretz'' anything that moisture would render subject to uncleanness,<ref>See Leviticus {{Bibleverse-nb||lev|11:38|JPS}}; ''[[Makshirin'']] 1.</ref> lest the ''am ha'aretz'' expose the goods to contamination; for rabbinical law forbids causing defilement even to secular things in the Land of Israel.<ref>''[[Avodah Zarah'']] 55b</ref> Nor may he buy from an ''am ha'aretz'' anything exposed to moisture in that way, nor accept invitations to the table of an ''am ha'aretz'', nor entertain one who is in his ordinary garments, which may have been exposed to defilement.<ref>''Demai'' 2:2,3</ref><ref name="Jewish"/>

A ''chaber's'' wife, and his child or servant, have the same status as the ''chaber'' himself.<ref>''Avodah Zarah'' 39a</ref> Even after the ''chaber's'' death, his family enjoy this status, unless there is reason to doubt their fidelity. Even if they join the family of an ''am ha'aretz'', they are presumed to continue their observant habits, unless there is reasonable suspicion to the contrary. Similarly, family members of an ''am ha'aretz'' joining the family of a ''chaber'' are not considered trustworthy unless they pledge themselves to live up to the rules of the ''chaburah''. (An exception to these rules is a child or servant of either group who enters a household of the other group for the purpose of study: he then receives the status of the house.) If a man is recognized as reliable while his wife is not (as when a ''chaber'' marries the widow or daughter of an ''am ha'aretz''), ''chaberim'' may buy food from him, but must not eat in his house if it is presided over by his wife. If, however, the wife is reliable (being the widow or daughter of a ''chaber'') and the husband is an ''am ha'aretz'', ''chaberim'' may eat at his table, but must not buy from him.<ref>''Tosefta'', ''Demai'' 2:14-18</ref><ref name="Jewish"/>

The status of ''chaber'' continues indefinitely, unless one is reasonably suspected of backsliding. In that case, he is suspended from the ''chaburah'' until he reestablishes his trustworthiness. Similarly, where a ''chaber'' accepts an office that is considered suspicious (such as that of tax-collector or publican) he is suspended from the ''chaburah'', but is reinstated upon leaving the office.<ref>''Bekhorot'' 31a</ref><ref name="Jewish"/>

The exact date when the ''chaberim'' first appeared can not be determined. It is unlikely that the ''chaburah'' concept existed in pre-Maccabean days, or that it is identical to the "great congregation of priests" ([[I Maccabees]] 14:28),<ref>[[Abraham Geiger|Geiger]], "''Urschrift und Uebersetzungen der Bibel in Ihrer Abhängigkeit von der Inneren Entwicklung des Judenthums''," [https://archive.org/details/urschriftundueb01geiggoog/page/124/mode/1up p.&nbsp;124]</ref> since in the later period of Persian rule over the Land of Israel, no great formative events are on record which could account for so great a separation from the body of the people. The precise period of the ''chaburah's'' organization should be sought, therefore, in the late second century BCE.<ref name="Jewish">{{Jewish Encyclopedia|inline=1|article=ḤABER|author=S. S. S. M.|url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6981-haber|accessdate=May 30, 2013}}<br />'''Jewish EncyclopediaIts bibliography:'''

*[[Heinrich Graetz|Grätz]], ''{{Abbr|Gesch.|Geschichte der Juden}}'' 3d ed., iii. 74 et seq., and notes 9, 10, 13;

*[[Leopold Löw]], ''Nachgelassene Schriften'', ii. 140;

*[[Maimonides]], ''[[Yad ha-Chazaka|Yad]]'', ''Ma'aserot'', ix.-xii.;

*''[[Semag]]'', precept 135;

*[[Emil Schürer|Schürer]], ''{{Abbr|Gesch.|Geschichte des Jüdischen Volkes}}'' 3d ed., ii. [https://archive.org/details/geschichtedesj02sch/page/387/mode/1up 387];

*[[Wilhelm Bacher|Bacher]], in ''[[Monatsschrift für die Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums|Monatsschrift]]'', xliii. 345-360;

*idem, ''Aus dem Wörterbuch Tanchum Jeruschalmis'', [https://archive.org/details/bacherw1903ausd/page/n22/mode/1up p. 20].</ref>