Germain's langur: Difference between revisions

| image = SAIGONTrachypithecus ZOOgermaini VIETNAM JAN 2012 (7009538995)99590349.jpg

| authority = ([[HenriAlphonse Milne-Edwards|A. Milne-Edwards]], 1876)

'''Germain's langur''' ('''''Trachypithecus germaini''''')<ref name=asian>{{cite journal |authorsauthor=Roos, C., |author2=Boonratana, R., |author3=Supriatna, J., |author4=Fellowes, J.R., |author5=Groves, C.P., |author6=Nash, S.D., |author7=Rylands, A.B. and |author8=Mittermeier, R.A. |year=2014 |title=An updated taxonomy and conservation status review of Asian primates |journal=Asian Primates Journal |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=2–38|access-date=2018-08-30|url=http://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/1200343/25106535/1403670682630/2014June24_APJ_Vol4_1.pdf?token=EY6Cm%2BAdyf9lSBug8Jv%2BeF%2B%2BPDM%3D}}</ref> is aan [[lutungOld World monkey]] native to [[Thailand]], [[BurmaMyanmar]], [[Cambodia]], [[Laos]] and [[Vietnam]].<ref name=msw3/><ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> The [[Old World monkey]] was previously included in ''[[Trachypithecus cristatus]]''<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Groves|pagespage=176|id=12100719}}</ref> and ''[[Trachypithecus villosus]]''.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" />

Germain's langur is part of the leaf monkey subfamily [[Colobinae]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Supanuam|first1=Praween|last2=Tanomtong|first2=Alongklod|last3=Khunsook|first3=Sumpars|last4=Khrueanet|first4=Wilailuk|last5=Pinthong|first5=Krit|last6=Wonkaonoi|first6=Weeranuch|date=2015|title=The First Report on Standardized Karyotype and Idiogram of Indochinese Silvered Langur, Trachypithecus germaini germaini (Primates, Colobinae) in Thailand|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/cytologia/80/2/80_183/_article|journal=Cytologia|language=en|volume=80|issue=2|pages=183–192|doi=10.1508/cytologia.80.183|issn=0011-4545|doi-access=free}}</ref> Two subspecies of the Germain's langur are recognized: ''Trachypithecus germaini germaini'' and ''Trachypithecus germaini caudalis.''<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Parr|first=John W. K.|title=A Guide to the Large Mammals of Thailand|publisher=Sarakadee Press|year=2003|isbn=9744840404974-484-040-4|location=Bangkok}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Francis, Charles M.|title=A photographic guide to mammals of Thailand & South-East Asia|date=2001|publisher=Asia Books|oclc=45914721}}</ref> However, the classification of the Germain's langur has been contested, with ''T. germaini'' being grouped with other species in its subfamily.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Timmins|first1=R. J.|last2=Steinmetz|first2=R.|last3=Poulsen|first3=M. K.|last4=Evans|first4=T. D.|last5=Duckworth|first5=J. W.|last6=Boonratana|first6=R.|date=2013|title=The Indochinese Silvered Leaf Monkey Trachypithecus germaini ( Sensu lato ) in Lao PDR|journal=Primate Conservation|language=en|volume=26|issue=1|pages=75–87|doi=10.1896/052.026.0112|s2cid=86278590|issn=0898-6207|doi-access=free}}</ref> ''T. germaini'' and ''[[Trachypithecus margarita|T. margarita]]'' were considered to be a single species, ''T. villosus,'' but morphological and genetic evidence has shown that they are distinct.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=Roos2008>{{cite journal | author = Roos, C.| year = 2008 | title = Mitochondrial phylogeny, taxonomy and biogeography of the silvered langur species group (''Trachypithecus cristatus'') | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 47 | issue = 2 | pages = 629–636 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.03.006 | pmid=18406631| bibcode = 2008MolPE..47..629R |display-authors=etal}}{{dead link|date=March 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name=all>{{cite book|title=All the World's Primates|author=Nadler, Tilo |editor=Rowe, Noel |editor2=Myers, Marc|pages=601–602|year=2016|publisher=Pogonias Press|isbn=9781940496061978-1-940496-06-1}}</ref> ''T. germaini'' has also been grouped with ''[[SilveryTrachypithecus lutungcristatus|T. cristatus]]'' until recent reclassifications.<ref name=":0" />

''T.Trachypithecus germaini'' goes by several common names such as the Indochinese lutung, Germain’sGermain's langur, Germain’sGermain's silver langur, Indochinese leaf monkey, and Indochinese silvered langur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://checklist.cites.org/#/en/search/output_layout=alphabetical&level_of_listing=0&show_synonyms=1&show_author=1&show_english=1&show_spanish=1&show_french=1&scientific_name=Trachypithecus%20germaini&page=1&per_page=20|title=Checklist of CITES species|website=checklist.cites.org|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref>

The limits of the distribution of Germain's langur are not well known, but they are currently found in [[Asia]], specifically [[Cambodia]], [[Vietnam]], [[Laos|Lao PDR]], [[Myanmar]], and [[Thailand]].<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> Populations in Vietnam are severely reduced, with few sightings in the last 50 years.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /><ref name=":5" /> In [[Laos|Lao PDR]], the species has no continuous range, rather multiple patches of higher relative abundance.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |lasteditor=Duckworth, William (1964-). Compilation. |editor2=Salter, Richard Edward. Compilation. |editor3=Khamkhoun Khounboline. Compilation.|title=Wildlife in Lao PDR : 1999 status report|date=1999|publisher=World Conservation Union|isbn=2-8317-0483-9|oclc=799695132}}</ref> Its distribution in [[Cambodia]] is widespread, but its abundance will vary from common to rare.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> One of the few sites with a population estimate is [[Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary]] where a stable population of 1487 is reported.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nuttall|first1=Matthew N.|last2=Griffin|first2=Olly|last3=Fewster|first3=Rachel M.|last4=McGowan|first4=Philip J. K.|last5=Abernethy|first5=Katharine|last6=O'Kelly|first6=Hannah|last7=Nut|first7=Menghor|last8=Sot|first8=Vandoeun|last9=Bunnefeld|first9=Nils|title=Long-term monitoring of wildlife populations for protected area management in Southeast Asia|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/csp2.614|journal=Conservation Science and Practice|year=2022|volume=4|issue=2|language=en|pages=e614|doi=10.1111/csp2.614|s2cid=245405123|issn=2578-4854|doi-access=free|bibcode=2022ConSP...4E.614N |hdl=1893/33780|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journalreport |last1=Griffin|first1=O.|last2=Nuttall|first2=M.|date=2020-12-04|title=Status of Key Species in Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary 2010-2020 |website=Wildlife Conservation Society |url=https://library.wcs.org/Scientific-Research/Research-Publications/Publications-Library/ctl/view/mid/40093/pubid/DMX3851100000.aspx|language=en-US|doi=10.19121/2020.Report.38511|s2cid=229677607|doi-access=free}}</ref> In [[Thailand]], the species is common, with many protected areas supporting large populations.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> Germain's langur is a terrestrial [[Arboreal locomotion|arboreal]] species, often found in lowlands.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> They prefer [[evergreen]] and [[semi-evergreen]], [[riverine]], [[Mixed deciduous forest|mixed deciduous]], and [[gallery forest]]s.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> They are not commonly found at high elevations or hilly areas.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" />

The diet of Germain's langur is [[folivorous]] consisting of leaves, shoots, and fruits.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=de Groot|first1=Brenda|last2=Nekaris|first2=Anna|date=2016|title=Ecology of the Germain's Langur Trachypithecus germaini in a Pre-release Environment and the Implications for its conservation|url=http://www.primate-sg.org/storage/asian-primates-journal/volume-61/2016Sep23_Article_1.pdf|journal=Asian Primates Journal|volume=6|issue=1|viaaccess-date=Research30 GateDecember 2023}}</ref> ThisThey are also observed to consume mushrooms (mycophagy) and soil (geophagy).<ref name=":3" /> Their folivorous diet dictates a resting period, in which they can undergo the process of [[Ruminant|rumination]].<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Korstjens|first1=Amanda H.|last2=Lehmann|first2=Julia|last3=Dunbar|first3=R.I.M.|date=2010|title=Resting time as an ecological constraint on primate biogeography|journal=Animal Behaviour|volume=79|issue=2|pages=361–374|doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.11.012|s2cid=53199386|issn=0003-3472}}</ref> ''&nbsp;&nbsp;''

''T.Trachypithecus germaini,'' and other Asian colobines, are generally less frequently engaged in social interaction than frugivorous [[primate]]s such as macaques.<ref name=":3" /><ref>Kirkpatrick, R.C. 2011. The Asian colobines: diversity among leaf-eating monkeys. In: Primates in Perspective, C.J. Campbell, A. Fuentes, K.C. MacKinnon and M. Panger (eds.), pp. 189–202. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.<br /></ref> They have a lower affinity to social behaviour in comparison to feeding and resting which makes up the majority of their day.<ref name=":3" /> However, ''T. germaini'' is often found in troops of 10 to 50 individuals in close social proximity.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />

Predators of lutungs''Trachypithecus'', including the Germain's langur, include [[leopard]]s, [[tiger]]s, [[dhole]]s, and large [[snake]]s.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Harding|first=Lee E.|date=2010-01-25|title=Trachypithecus cristatus (Primates: Cercopithecidae)|journal=Mammalian Species|language=en|volume=42|pages=149–165|doi=10.1644/862.1|issn=0076-3519|doi-access=free}}</ref> A variety of small [[carnivore]]s will feed on lutungthe young.<ref name=":4" />

[[Category:Taxa named by HenriAlphonse Milne-Edwards]]