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== Gender as a social transaction ==
In 1987, Deaux and Major proposed a model of social transaction to explain doing gender. In this model, there are three components or determinants for the social behavior of doing gender - the perceiver, the target, and the situation
A perceiver interprets their observations of others through a social filter consisting of their expectations and attitudes. This leads to two types of confirmations. [[Confirmation bias|Cognitive confirmation]] occurs when a perceiver sees things in a way that confirms their preexisting beliefs. [[Behavioral confirmation]] occurs when the target changes their behavior based on perceivers’ expectations. Together, these can lead to a [[self-fulfilling prophecy]], where other people’s beliefs about a person affect their actions toward that person, which in turn reinforce that person’s beliefs about themselves and thus change their behavior in a way that confirms the people’s beliefs. For example, a parent might treat their daughter as fragile and vulnerable because that’s what they were raised to believe about girls. Even if the daughter did not possess either of those qualities at first, she might learn to believe those things about herself and adjust her behavior accordingly, only to confirm the parents’ original belief.
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A target is the person performing gender. When a target is focused on acting in a way that is consistent with their [[self-concept]], it is referred to as [[Self-verification theory|self-verification]]. Self-presentation is the opposite, where the target is more focused on adjusting their behavior based on the opinions and attitudes of others. Self-enhancement is a type of self-presentation that especially focuses on presenting oneself favorably.
Finally, the situation refers to the effect of context on how one does gender. For example, the perception of an “appropriate” outfit can depend on the event, location, and setting. Dressing up for work will likely yield different results than dressing up for a beach party. A perceiver’s [[Gender schema theory|gender schema]] may be activated by the situation, such as when a person is told that a particular toddler is a boy, the perceiver often reaches for cars and robots to play with the toddler, because a common gender schema dictates that boys like to play with those types of toys.<ref>{{Citation |title=Girl toys vs boy toys: The experiment - BBC Stories |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWu44AqF0iI |access-date=2024-03-16 |language=en}}</ref>
== Responses and critiques ==
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<ref name="West and Zimmerman 2009">{{cite journal | last1 = West | first1 = Candace | last2 = Zimmerman | first2 = Don H. | title = Accounting for doing gender | journal = [[Gender & Society]] | volume = 23 | issue = 1 | pages = 112–122 | doi = 10.1177/0891243208326529 | date = February 2009 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.455.3546 | s2cid = 146342542 }}</ref>
<ref name="Jurik">{{cite journal | last1 = Jurik | first1 = Nancy C. | last2 = Siemsen | first2 = Cynthia | title = "Doing gender" as canon or agenda: a symposium on West and Zimmerman | journal = [[Gender & Society]] | volume = 23 | issue = 1 | pages = 72–75 | doi = 10.1177/0891243208326677 | date = February 2009 | s2cid = 144468830 }}</ref>
<ref name="Doing Gender">{{cite journal | last1 = West | first1 = Candace | last2 = Zimmerman | first2 = Don H. | title = Doing gender | journal = [[Gender & Society]] | volume = 1 | issue = 2 | pages = 125–151 | doi = 10.1177/0891243287001002002 | jstor = 189945 | date = June 1987 | s2cid = 220519301 }}
<ref name="Vidal-Ortiz">{{cite journal | last = Vidal-Ortiz | first = Salvador | title = The figure of the transwoman of color through the lens of "doing gender" | journal = [[Gender & Society]] | volume = 23 | issue = 1 | pages = 99–103 | doi = 10.1177/0891243208326461 | date = February 2009 | s2cid = 143693702 }}</ref>
<ref name="Undoing">{{cite journal | last = Deutsch | first = Francine M. | title = Undoing gender | journal = [[Gender & Society]] | volume = 21 | issue = 1 | pages = 106–127 | doi = 10.1177/0891243206293577 | date = February 2007 | s2cid = 220442752 }} [https://www.smu.ca/webfiles/Deutsch-UndoingGender.pdf Pdf.]</ref>
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