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{{Short description|French anthropologist, member of the French Resistance in World War II (1907–2008)}}
{{expand French|date=May 2024|topic=bio}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Germaine Tillion.jpg
| image_size = 150px
| name = Germaine Tillion
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1907|5|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Allègre]],
| death_date = {{death date and age|2008|4|18|1907|5|30|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Saint-Mandé]], France
| nationality = French
| education = [[École du Louvre]]<br>[[École Pratique des Hautes Études]]<br>[[École des langues orientales]]
| occupation = Anthropologist
| mother = [[Émilie Tillion]]
| resting_place = [[Panthéon]], Paris
}}
'''Germaine Tillion''' (30 May 1907 – 18 April 2008) was a
== Biography ==
Tillion was born on May 30, 1907, in Allegre ([[Haute-Loire]]) in south-central France.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cook|first=Bernard|title=Women and War, Volume 1|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2006|isbn=1-85109-770-8|location=Santa Barbara, CA|pages=587|language=en}}</ref> She was the daughter of Lucien Tillion, a magistrate, and [[Émilie Tillion|Émilie Cussac Tillion.]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Tillion, Germaine (1907—) {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/tillion-germaine-1907|access-date=2021-03-05|website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> Her mother was also noted as an art historian and a French resistance fighter.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Martin|first=Douglas|date=2008-04-25|title=Germaine Tillion, French Anthropologist and Resistance Figure, Dies at 100 (Published 2008)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/25/world/europe/25tillion.html|access-date=2021-03-05|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> She had a sister called Francoise and they were raised Catholic.<ref name="Curtis2019">{{cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=Lara R. |title=Writing Resistance and the Question of Gender: Charlotte Delbo, Noor Inayat Khan, and Germaine Tillion |date=2019 |publisher=Springer Nature |location=Switzerland |isbn=978-3-030-31241-1 |pages=12 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Ne5DwAAQBAJ&dq=Delbo&pg=PR12 |language=en |chapter=1. Introduction: Writing resistance and the question of gender - Charlotte Delbo, Noor Inayat Khan, and Germaine Tillion}}</ref>
=== Youth and studies ===
=== French Resistance ===
[[File:Members of the Maquis in La Tresorerie.jpg|thumb|
As
Betrayed by the priest [[Robert Alesch]] who had joined her resistance network and gained her confidence, she was arrested on August 13, 1942.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} She was transported in the ''[[Convoi des 31000]]'' in 1943.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Moorehead|first=Caroline|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ieCRl3ZJUJAC|title=A Train in Winter: An Extraordinary Story of Women, Friendship and Survival in World War Two|date=2011-11-01|publisher=Random House of Canada|isbn=978-0-307-36667-2|language=en}}</ref>
===Ravensbrück===
On 21 October 1943,
Her mother was killed in the camp in March 1945. Tillion escaped Ravensbrück in the spring of that year
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1985-0417-15, Ravensbrück, Konzentrationslager.jpg|thumb|right|Female prisoners in [[Ravensbrück]]]]
In 1973, she published ''Ravensbruck: An eyewitness account of a women's concentration camp'',<ref name="Tillion-1973">{{cite book |last=Tillion |first=Germaine |
She
Finally, she gives chilling vignettes of prisoners, prison staff, and the "professionals" who were central to the operation and execution of increasingly bizarre Nazi mandates in an attempt to explore the twisted psychology and outright evil behavior of often average participants who were instrumental in allowing, and then nurturing the death machines.
===After the war===
After the war,
=== Algerian war ===
On 4 July 1957, during the [[Battle of Algiers (1957)|battle of Algiers]], she secretly met with [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|National Liberation Front]] leader [[Yacef Saadi]], at the instigation of the latter, to try to end the spiral of executions and indiscriminate attacks. Tillion was among the first to denounce the use of torture by French forces in the war. At the same time, she attended the ''International Meetings'' of the [[monastery of Toumliline]] in Morocco, conferences on contemporary challenges and [[interreligious dialogue]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pont |first1=Daniel |title=Pont Toumliline English - DIMMID |url=https://dimmid.org/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&SEC=%7B647E5337-0D2E-42C0-B307-75D22155DE77%7D |website=dimmid.org |access-date=25 January 2024 |date=June 2022}}</ref>
===Later life===
* against the pauperization of the Algerian population
* against the French use of torture in Algeria
* for the emancipation of women in the Mediterranean
In 2004, along with several other French intellectuals, she launched a statement against torture in Iraq.
To celebrate her 100th birthday, her operetta "Le Verfügbar aux Enfers" premiered in 2007 at the [[Théâtre du Châtelet]] in Paris. She was Honorary Professor at France's School of Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences ([[EHESS]]) at the time of her death in 2008.
==Honours==
* [[Légion d'honneur|Grand-croix de la Légion d'honneur]] (Only five women ever received this award.)
* [[Ordre national du Mérite|Grand-Croix de l'Ordre national du Mérite]]
* [[Prix mondial Cino Del Duca]] (1977)
* [[Croix de
* [[Médaille de la Résistance]]
* Médaille de la déportation et de l'internement pour faits de Résistance
* [[Bundesverdienstkreuz|Grand Cross of the German Merit]] (2004)
* On 21 February 2014, French President [[Francois Hollande]] announced that she will be interred in the [[Panthéon]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Eveleth|first1=Rose|author-link=Rose Eveleth |title=Paris is Adding Two More Women to the Pantheon (New Total: Three)|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/paris-adding-two-more-women-pantheon-new-total-three-180949864/?no-ist|website=Smithsonian.com|
* On 11 May 2015, the Maison des Sciences Humaines (MSH) at the [[University of Angers]], a social science research center, was renamed after her and became Maison de la Recherche Germaine Tillion.
== Publications ==
* {{cite book
* {{cite book
* {{cite book
* {{cite book
* {{cite book
* {{cite book
* {{cite book
* {{cite book |last=Tillion |first=Germaine |
==References==
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==External links==
* [http://www.germaine-tillion.org/ Germaine Tillion's website]
* [http://marranci.wordpress.com/2008/04/21/in-memory-of-the-anthropologist-germaine-tillion/ In memory of the anthropologist Germaine Tillion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718102219/http://marranci.wordpress.com/2008/04/21/in-memory-of-the-anthropologist-germaine-tillion/ |date=2011-07-18 }}
* [http://www.boston.com/news/world/europe/articles/2008/04/19/french_resistance_hero_germaine_tillion_dies_at_100/ French resistance hero Germaine Tillion dies at 100]
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[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:Burials at the Panthéon, Paris]]
[[Category:People from Haute-Loire]]
[[Category:French anthropologists]]
[[Category:
[[Category:Ravensbrück concentration camp survivors]]
[[Category:French centenarians]]
[[Category:Grand
[[Category:Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:Grand Cross of the
[[Category:Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Resistance Medal]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences
[[Category:Female recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France)]]
[[Category:People who rescued Jews during the Holocaust]]
[[Category:Female resistance members of World War II]]
▲[[Category:Women in war in France]]
[[Category:Women centenarians]]
[[Category:French women in World War II]]
[[Category:20th-century anthropologists]]
[[Category:20th-century French women]]
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