Narciso Clavería y Zaldúa: Difference between revisions

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Narciso Clavería was a native of the [[Gerona, Spain|GeronaCatalonian]], city of [[SpainGirona]], butwhose mother was of [[BiscayBasque people|Basque]]an origin. He became a member of Spain's General Staff in 1838, colonel in 1839, and lieutenant general in 1844.<ref name="Historia"/> He became governor of the Philippines on July 16, 1844.

The [[Philippines]] from 1521- to 1844 was one day behind the [[calendars]] of [[Asia]], [[Europe]] and [[AmericaAmericas]]. When [[Ferdinand Magellan]] sailed west around the world, he lost a few minutes every day. He was going the same way the sun was going, so his day ended later than that of the people who remained in Europe. Therefore, he was later in beginning the next day. By the time he reached the Philippines, he was a day behind Europe on his date. This error had been known for centuries. That it was not corrected shows how the rulers of the Philippines in those days were slow to change a custom.{{Citation needed|date=August 2013}} Finally, Clavería and the [[Archbishop of Manila]] agreed to remove Tuesday, December 31, 1844, from the Philippine calendar. So the day after Monday, December 30, 1844, was called Wednesday, January 1, 1845.<ref name="Jernegan"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://faroutliers.com/2007/08/27/missing-date-in-philippines-history-31-december-1844/|title=Missing Date in Philippines History: 31 December 1844|publisher=Far Outliers|author=Joel|language=en-US|date=27 August 2007|access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref>

{{Main article|AlphabeticalCatálogo Catalogalfabético ofde Surnamesapellidos}}

From the days of the Spanish conquest, some Filipinos had received [[Spanish language|Spanish]] [[surname]]s. Most people, however, had no surnames, which caused confusion. On Wednesday, November 21, 1849, Clavería issued a decree sending a long lists of Spanish and local surnames to the chiefs of the provinces. These were sent out to the different towns, and given to the locals who had no surnames. In many towns, all the names for people in that town began with the same letter of the alphabet.<ref name="Jernegan"/> For instance, surnames starting with "mA" applies for those who lived in [[Alimodian]] while those starting "M" apply for those who lived in [[Miagao]].

{{Main article|Spanish expedition to Balanguingui}}

From the earliest days, the chief of a [[Philippine province|province]] had acted both as governor and judge. He also engaged in trade, of which he had a [[monopoly]]. With themultiple duties of three men to perform, it was not strange that the governors were often poor rulers. They knew little of the law and therefore they sent all the important cases to Manila. For this reason there were often long delays in processing cases. Sometimes it required years to get justice and this encouraged the strong to oppress the weak. Clavería therefore ordered that the governors be men of two years experience in the law.<ref name="Jernegan"/>

Clavería mandated that the governors should not engage in [[trade]]. This decree was not fully obeyed for many years after the time of Clavería. At that time there were thirty-one provinces. The governor received a salary of from three hundred to two thousand [[Philippine peso]]s a year. The most common salary was six hundred pesos. In return for the privilege of controlling the trade of the provinces the governors paid the government as high as three thousand pesos a year. Yet they usually became rich. Men of high position tried to get these places. Sometimes they returned to Spain with fortunes, after a few years as governor. Often these fortunes were made by dealing unjustly or because of the monopoly they exerted in certain areas.<ref name="Jernegan"/>

In 1849, Clavería requested that he be allowed to retire. After which he left the position of governor-general and returned to Spain.<ref name="Vol17"/> He was a man of culture, probity, and industry.<ref name="Jernegan"/> He was made a [[Senate of Spain|senator]] in 1850 but died the following year on June 20 in [[Madrid]].<ref name="Historia">Ruiz, Angel Salcedo (1914). [https://books.google.com/books?id=tgdXAAAAMAAJ "Historia de España"], p.715. Saturnino Calleja Fernandez, Madrid.</ref><ref name="El Senado">{{cite web | url=http://www.senado.es/historia/senadores/index.html | title=Ficha | accessdateaccess-date=July 26, 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618162120/http://www.senado.es/historia/senadores/index.html | archive-date=June 18, 2010 }}</ref>

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* [http://revistas.ucm.es/ghi/11328312/articulos/RCHA9797110209A.PDF Narciso de Clavería Zaldúa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222101011/http://revistas.ucm.es/ghi/11328312/articulos/RCHA9797110209A.PDF |date=February 22, 2012 }} from Universidad Complutense de Madrid

[[Category:Counts of SpainManila]]