Content deleted Content added
REDACTED403 (talk | contribs) Reverting edit(s) by 46.241.58.222 (talk) to rev. 1185376890 by Rodw: Vandalism (RW 16.1) |
disamb. Unitary state |
||
(34 intermediate revisions by 22 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
<!--{{Redirect|Muscovy}}-->▼
▲{{short description|Principality of the Late Middle Ages centered around Moscow}}
{{pp-move}}
▲<!--{{Redirect|Muscovy}}-->
{{Infobox Former Country
| native_name = {{Plainlist|
Line 14:
* Sovereign state
*{{small|(1471–1547)}}}}
| year_start = 1282<ref name="Daniil1282">{{Cite book |last=Kuchkin |first=Vladímir Andreevich |url=http://krotov.info/libr_min/11_k/uch/kin_10.htm |title=Первый московский князь Даниил Александрович |publisher=[[Nauka (publisher)|Nauka]] |year=1995 |series=[[Russian History (RAS journal)|Russian History]] |volume=1 |pages=94–107 |trans-title=The first Moscow prince, Danil Aleksandrovich |issn=0869-5687
| year_end = 1547
| date_start =
Line 43:
| demonym = Muscovite
| capital = [[Moscow]]
| government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Absolute
| legislature = [[Boyar Duma]] & [[Veche]]
| title_leader = [[Prince of Moscow]]
| leader1 = [[Daniel of Moscow|Daniel]] <small>(first)</small>
Line 59:
The '''Principality of Moscow'''{{sfn|Martin|2007|p=208, 222, 228, 231}}{{sfn|Halperin|1987|p=217}} or '''Grand Duchy of Moscow'''<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RgAKAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Grand+Duchy+of+Moscow%22 |title=A Short History of the USSR |date=1965 |publisher=Progress Publishers |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Florinsky |first=Michael T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2sDKlXJ6SkC&q=%22Grand+Duchy+of+Moscow%22 |title=Russia: a History and an Interpretation |date=1965 |language=en}}</ref> ({{lang-ru|Великое княжество Московское|Velikoye knyazhestvo Moskovskoye}}), also known simply as '''Muscovy''' (from the [[Latin language|Latin]] {{lang|la|Moscovia}}),<ref>[http://padaread.com/?book=48746&pg=218 Introduction into the Latin epigraphy (Введение в латинскую эпиграфику)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310142637/http://padaread.com/?book=48746&pg=218|date=2021-03-10}}.</ref>{{sfn|Halperin|1987|p=217}} was a [[principality]] of the [[Late Middle Ages]] centered on [[Moscow]]. It eventually evolved into the [[Tsardom of Russia]] in the [[early modern period]]. The princes of Moscow were descendants of the first prince [[Daniel of Moscow|Daniel]], referred to in modern historiography as the ''Daniilovichi'',{{sfn|Martin|2007|p=487}} a branch of the [[Rurikids]].
In 1263, Daniel inherited the territory as an [[appanage]] of his father [[Alexander Nevsky]], prince of [[Vladimir-Suzdal]], but it
[[Ivan III of Russia|Ivan III]] ("the Great") further consolidated the state during his 43-year reign, [[Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars|campaigning]] against his major remaining rival power, the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], and by 1503, he had tripled the territory of his realm. Ivan's successor [[Vasili III of Russia|Vasili III]] also enjoyed military success, gaining [[Principality of Smolensk|Smolensk]] from Lithuania in 1512 and pushing Muscovy's borders to the [[Dnieper]]. Vasili's son [[Ivan the Terrible|Ivan IV]] ("the Terrible") was [[Coronation of the Russian monarch|crowned]] [[tsar]] in 1547.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Madariaga |first1=Isabel de |title=Ivan the Terrible : first tsar of Russia |publisher= Yale University Press |date=2005 |location=New Haven, CT |isbn=9780300119732 |pages=50–51}}</ref>
== Name ==
{{see also|Moscow#Etymology}}
The '''Principality of Moscow'''{{sfn|Martin|2007|p=208, 222, 228, 231}}{{sfn|Halperin|1987|p=217}} is also known as '''Muscovy''',{{sfn|Halperin|1987|p=217}} the '''Grand Principality of Moscow''',<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GQcviLmjNm0C |title=The Cambridge History of Russia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-81227-6 |editor-last=Perrie |editor-first=Maureen |volume=1 |page=751}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The cited source is a book index with entries for "Moscow, Grand Principality of / see Vladimir-Moscow, Grand Principality of," and "Moscow, principality of." Unclear whether the text of the book uses the term at all.|date=February 2023}} '''Muscovite Rus'''',<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Isham |first1=Heyward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KL4YDQAAQBAJ&q=%22Muscovite%20Rus%22&pg=PT212 |title=Remaking Russia: Voices from within: Voices from within |last2=Pipes |first2=Richard |date=2016-09-16 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-48307-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Dewey">{{Cite journal |last=Dewey |first=Horace W. |date=1987 |title=Political Poruka in Muscovite Rus' |journal=The Russian Review |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=117–133 |doi=10.2307/130622 |issn=0036-0341 |jstor=130622}}</ref> or '''Muscovite [[Russia]]'''.<ref name="Dewey" /> The English names ''Moscow'' and ''Muscovy'', for the city, the principality, and the river, descend from post-classical Latin {{Lang-la|Moscovia|label=none}}, {{Lang-la|Muscovia|label=none}} (compare Russian {{
[[File:Печать-Симеона-Гордого.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|The seal of [[Simeon the Proud]] (1340s), reads: "The seal of the Grand Duke Simeon of all Rus{{'"}}.]]
[[File:Seal of Ivan 3.png|thumb|upright=0.8|left|The seal of Ivan III the Great (1490s), reads: "Ioan (John), by God's grace, the Sovereign of all Rus' and the Grand Duke".]]
As with many medieval states, the country had no "official" name, but rather official titles for their rulers. "The Prince ([[Knyaz]]) of Moscow" ({{Lang-ru|Московский князь|translit=Moskovskiy knyaz|label=none}}) or "the Sovereign of Moscow" ({{Lang-ru|Московский государь|translit=Moskovskiy gosudar|label=none}}) were common short titles.{{
Such claims raised much opposition and hostility from its main rival, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which controlled a large (western) portion of the land of ancient Rus' and hence denied any claims and even the self-name of the eastern
During his reign, [[Ivan III of Russia|Ivan III the Great]] claimed the title of "[[Tsar]] of all Russia".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pape |first=Carsten |date=2016 |title=Titul Ivana III po datskim istochnikam pozdnego Srednevekov'ya |script-title=ru:Титул Ивана III по датским источникам позднего Средневековья |trans-title=The title of Ivan III according to late-medieval Danish sources |url=https://www.academia.edu/37312321 |journal=Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana |language=ru |location=St. Petersburg |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=65–75 |doi=10.21638/11701/spbu19.2016.205 |access-date=2023-05-16|doi-access=free }}</ref>
== Origin ==
When the [[Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'|Mongols invaded]] the former lands of [[Kievan Rus']] in the 13th century, [[Moscow]] was still a small town within the [[principality]] of [[Vladimir-Suzdal]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Wickham |first=Chris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tp4qDQAAQBAJ |title=Medieval Europe |date=2016-10-15 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-22221-0 |location=Ceredigion, Wales |pages=265 |language=en}}</ref> Although the [[Mongols]] burnt down Moscow in the winter of 1238 and [[pillage]]d it in 1293, the outpost's remote, forested location offered some security from Mongol attacks and occupation, while a number of rivers provided access to the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]] and [[Black Sea|Black]] Seas and to the [[Caucasus]] region.<ref name=loc>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ru0016) Library of Congress Country Studies – Russia]</ref> Muscovites, Suzdalians and other inhabitants were able to maintain their Slavic, pagan, and Orthodox traditions for the most part under the Tatar yoke.{{
[[File:Moskovskiy Kreml pri Ivane Kalite.jpg|thumb|The Moscow Kremlin under Prince [[Ivan Kalita]] in the early 14th century, depicted by 19th century painter [[Apollinary Vasnetsov]].]]
More important to the development of the state of Moscow, however, was its rule by a series of [[prince]]s who expanded its borders and turned a small principality in the Moscow River Basin into the largest state in Europe of the 16th century.<ref>{{cite book|last1= Gorskij|first1= A. A.|title= Moskva i Orda|date= 2000|publisher= Nauka|location= Moskva|isbn= 978-5-02-010202-6|pages= 3–4|edition= Naučnoe izd.|url= http://medievalrus.csu.ru/bible/Gorsky_2000.shtml|access-date= 5 December 2016|language= ru}}</ref> The first ruler of the principality of Moscow, [[Daniel of Moscow|Daniel I]] (d. 1303), was the youngest son of [[Alexander Nevsky]] of Vladimir-Suzdal. He started to expand his principality by seizing [[Kolomna]] and securing the bequest of [[Pereslavl-Zalessky]] to his family. Daniel's son [[Yury of Moscow|Yury]] (also known as Georgiy; ruled 1303–1325) controlled the entire basin of the [[Moskva (river)|Moskva River]] and expanded westward by conquering [[Mozhaisk]]. He then allied with the overlord of the principalities, [[Uzbeg Khan]] of the [[Golden Horde]], and married the khan's sister. The khan allowed Yuriy to claim the title of Grand Duke of Vladimir-Suzdal, a position which allowed him to interfere in the affairs of the [[Novgorod Republic]] to the
By the early 14th century, Moscow had improved its standing against other towns within its parent principality of Vladimir-Suzdal, and by the 1320s, it emerged as the most influential, largely due to decisions made by the Mongol khan; aside from this, the [[Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'|Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus']] started to be based in Moscow too.<ref name=":0" /> In 1325, [[Peter of Moscow|Metropolitan Peter]] (died 1326) transferred his residence from Kiev to Vladimir and then to Moscow, further enhancing the prestige of the new principality.<ref>
Line 99:
| isbn = 9780739117897
| access-date = 2016-12-14
| quote = But the crucial year was 1326, when [Metropolitan] Peter became a resident of Moscow and began to build his
}}
</ref>
Yuriy's successor, [[Ivan I of Moscow|Ivan I]] (ruled 1325–1340), managed to retain the title of grand duke by cooperating closely with the Mongols and by collecting tribute and taxes from the other principalities on their behalf. This relationship enabled Ivan to gain regional ascendancy, particularly over Moscow's chief rival, the northern city of [[Tver]], which rebelled against the Horde in 1327. The uprising was subdued by the joint forces of the Grand Principality of [[Suzdal]], the Grand Principality of Moscow (which competed with Tver for the title of Grand Duke of Vladimir), and [[Tatars]].<ref>Martin J. ''Medieval Russia, 980–1584''. 2007. Cambridge University Press. p. 196</ref> Ivan's moniker "Kalita" (literally, the "moneybag") was an indication of his character as a businessman.<ref>Moss (2005)</ref> He used his treasures to purchase land in other principalities and to finance the construction of stone churches in the [[Moscow Kremlin]].{{
== Dmitry Donskoy ==
[[File:Yvon kremlin.jpg|thumb|[[Dmitry Donskoi]] in the 1380 [[Battle of Kulikovo]], painting by [[Adolphe Yvon]], 1849]]
Ivan's successors continued the "[[collector of Russian lands|gathering of the Russian lands]]" to increase the population and wealth under their rule. In the process, their interests clashed with the expanding [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], whose subjects were predominantly East Slavic and Orthodox. Grand Duke [[Algirdas]] of Lithuania allied himself by marriage with Tver and undertook three expeditions against Moscow (1368, 1370, 1372) but was unable to take it. The main bone of contention between Moscow and Vilnius was the large city of [[Smolensk]].{{
In the 1350s, the country and the royal family were hit by the [[Black Death]]. [[Dmitri Donskoi|Dmitry Ivanovich]] was aged nine when his parents died and the title of Grand Duke slipped into the hands of his distant relative, [[Dmitry of Suzdal]]. Surrounded by [[Lithuania]]ns and Muslim nomads, the ruler of Moscow cultivated an alliance with the [[Rus' Orthodox Church]], which experienced a resurgence in influence, due to the monastic reform of St. [[Sergius of Radonezh]].{{
Educated by [[Metropolitan Alexis]], Dmitri posed as a champion of Orthodoxy and managed to unite the warring principalities of Rus' in his struggle against the Horde. He challenged Khan's authority and defeated his commander [[Mamai]] in the epic [[Battle of Kulikovo]] (1380). However, the victory did not bring any short-term benefits; [[Tokhtamysh]] in 1382 sacked Moscow hoping to reassert his vested authority over his vassal, the Grand Prince, and his own Mongol hegemony, killing 24,000 people.{{
Nevertheless, Dmitri became a national hero. The memory of [[Battle of Kulikovo|Kulikovo Field]] made the Russian population start believing in their ability to end Tatar domination and become a free people. In 1389, he passed the throne to his son [[Vasily I]] without bothering to obtain the Khan's sanction.{{
== Vasily I and Vasily II ==
[[File:Angelsatmamre-trinity-rublev-1410.jpg|thumb|left|[[Andrei Rublev]]'s famous icon of the Trinity]]
[[Vasily I of Russia|Vasily I]] (1389–1425) continued the policies of his father. After the Horde was attacked by [[Tamerlane]], he desisted from paying tribute to the Khan but was forced to pursue a more conciliatory policy after [[Edigu]]'s incursion on Moscow in 1408. Married to the only daughter of the Grand Duke [[Vytautas]] of [[Lithuania]], he attempted to avoid open conflicts with his powerful father-in-law, even when the latter annexed Smolensk. The peaceful years of his long reign were marked by the continuing expansion to the east (annexation of [[Nizhny Novgorod]] and [[Vladimir-Suzdal|Suzdal]], 1392) and to the north (annexation of [[Vologda]], [[Veliky Ustyug]], and [[Great Perm|Perm of Vychegda]], 1398). Nizhny Novgorod was given by the Khan of the Golden Horde as a reward for Muscovite's help against a rival.<ref name="RichardPipes">Richard Pipes, ''Russia under the Old Regime'' (1995), p.80.</ref>
The reforms of St. Sergius triggered a cultural revival, exemplified by the icons and frescoes of the monk [[Andrei Rublev]]. Hundreds of monasteries were founded by disciples of St. Sergius in distant and inhospitable locations, including [[Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery|Beloozero]] and [[Solovetsky Monastery|Solovki]]. Apart from their cultural functions, these monasteries were major landowners
The situation changed with the ascension of Vasily I's successor, [[Vasily II of Russia|Vasily II]] (r. 1425–1462). Before long his uncle, [[Yuri of Zvenigorod]], started to advance his claims to the throne and [[Monomakh's Cap]]. A bitter family conflict erupted and rocked the country during the whole reign. After Yuri
== Ivan III ==
[[File:Facial Chronicle - b.16, p. 462 - Great standing on the Ugra.jpg|thumb|[[Great Stand on the Ugra River]], 1480. Illustration from a 16th
Moscow gained full sovereignty over a significant part of Rus' by 1480
Having consolidated the core of Russia under his rule, Ivan III became the first Moscow ruler to adopt the titles of [[tsar]]<ref>Trepanier, L. ''Political Symbols in Russian History: Church, State, and the Quest for Order and Justice''. Lexington Books. 2010. p. 39</ref> and "Ruler of all Rus{{'"}}.<ref name="loc" /> Ivan competed with his powerful northwestern rival, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, for control over some of the [[Upper Principalities|semi-independent former principalities]] of Kievan Rus' in the upper [[Dnieper]] and [[Donets]] river basins. Through the defections of some princes, border skirmishes, and the long inconclusive [[Russo-Lithuanian Wars]] that ended only in 1503, Ivan III was able to push westward, and the Moscow state tripled in size under his rule.{{
The reign of the Tsars started officially with [[Ivan the Terrible]], the first monarch to be crowned [[List of Russian rulers#Tsars of Russia|Tsar of Russia]], but in practice, it started with Ivan III, who completed the centralization of the state (traditionally known as "the gathering of the Russian lands").{{
== Court ==
[[File:Успенский собор Московского Кремля. (3).jpg|thumb|The [[Dormition Cathedral, Moscow|Dormition Cathedral]] in the [[Moscow Kremlin]]]]
The court of the Moscow princes combined ceremonies and customs inherited from [[Kievan Rus']] with those imported from the [[Byzantine Empire]] and [[Golden Horde]]. Some traditional Russian offices, like that of [[tysyatsky]] and [[veche]], were gradually abolished
*[[Dynasty of Rurik|Rurikid]] princes of [[Upper Oka towns]], [[Suzdal]], [[Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast|Rostov]], [[Yaroslavl]], etc. that lived in Moscow after their hereditary principalities had been incorporated into the Principality of Moscow (e.g., [[Shuisky]], [[Vorotynsky]], [[Repnin]], [[Romodanovsky (family)|Romodanovsky]]);{{
*Foreign princes from [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Lithuania]] and [[Golden Horde]], claiming descent either from Grand Duke [[Gediminas, Duke of Lithuania|Gediminas]] (e.g., [[Belsky family (Gediminid)|Belsky]], [[Mstislavsky]], [[Galitzine]], [[Trubetskoy]]) or from [[Genghis Khan]];{{
* Ancient families of Moscow nobility that have been recorded in the service of Grand Dukes from the 14th century (e.g., [[Romanov]], [[Gudonov family|Godunov]], [[Sheremetev]]).{{
Rurikid and Gediminid boyars, whose fathers and grandfathers were independent princelings, felt that they were kin to the grand prince and hence almost equal to him. During the times of dynastic troubles (such as the years of Ivan IV's minority), boyardom constituted an internal force that was a permanent threat to the throne. An early form of the monarch's conflict with the boyars was the ''[[oprichnina]]'' policy of [[Ivan the Terrible]].{{
During such conflicts, Ivan, [[Boris Godunov]], and some later monarchs felt the necessity to counterbalance the boyardom by creating a new kind of nobility, based on personal devotion to the tsar and merits earned by faithful service, rather than by heredity. Later these new nobles were called ''dvoryans'' (singular: [[dvoryanin]]). The name comes from the Russian word ''dvor'', meaning ''tsar's dvor'', i.e., The Court. Hence the expression ''pozhalovat ko dvoru'', i.e., to be called to (serve) The Court.{{
==Relations with the Horde==
{{
[[File:Europe in 1470.PNG|thumb|Medieval [[List of tribes and states in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine|Russian principalities]], including Muscovy (blue), [[Novgorod Republic|Novgorod]], [[Principality of Tver|Tver]], [[Pskov Republic|Pskov]], [[Principality of Ryazan|Ryazan]] and [[Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast|Rostov]], and Golden Horde (yellow) around 1470]]
Relations between the Moscow principality and the Horde were mixed.<ref name=Gorskiy187 /> In the first two decades of the 13th century Moscow gained the support of one of the
Although Moscow recognized khans as the legitimate authority in the early years of the [[Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'|Mongol-Tatar yoke]], despite certain acts of resistance and disobedience, it refused to acknowledge their suzerainty in the years 1374–1380, 1396–1411, 1414–1416 and 1417–1419, even
== Assessment ==
The development of the modern-day Russian state is traced from [[Kievan Rus']] through [[Vladimir-Suzdal]] and the Grand Principality of Moscow to the [[Tsardom of Russia]], and then the [[Russian Empire]].<ref name="ReferenceA">A Brief History of Russia by Michael Kort pg.xxiii</ref> The Moscow principality drew people and wealth to the northeastern part of Kievan Rus';<ref
== Society ==
Line 176:
== See also ==
{{Portal|Russia}}▼
* [[Prince of Moscow]]
* [[Collector of Russian lands]]
* [[List of wars involving the
* [[Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe]]
* [[15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism]]
Line 188 ⟶ 189:
== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |last=Halperin|first=Charles J.|year=1987| title=Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History |pages=222 |publisher=Indiana University |isbn=9781850430575}} (e-book).
* {{cite book |title=Medieval Russia: 980–1584. Second Edition. E-book |last=Martin |first=Janet |url=https://www.ebooks.com/en-us/book/802816/medieval-russia-980-1584/janet-martin/ |year=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-511-36800-4}}
* {{Cite book|last=Meyendorff|first=John|author-link=John Meyendorff|year=1981|title=Byzantium and the Rise of Russia: A Study of Byzantino-Russian Relations in the Fourteenth Century|edition=1st|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KKZdTvs1ySYC|isbn=9780521135337}}
* Moss, Walter G (2005). "History of Russia - Volume 1: To 1917", Anthem Press, p. 80
* Ostrowski, Donald. Muscovy and the Mongols: Cross-Cultural Influences on the Steppe Frontier, 1304–1589. Cambridge University Press. 2002.
== Further reading ==
*
* {{cite journal
| last = Romaniello
Line 220 ⟶ 222:
==External links==
▲{{Portal|Russia}}
* {{commons category-inline|Grand Duchy of Moscow}}
{{Russia topics}}
{{coord missing|Russia}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Moscow, Grand Duchy Of}}
[[Category:
[[Category:States and territories established in 1283]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1547]]
|