Principality of Moscow: Difference between revisions

| year_start = 1282<ref name="Daniil1282">{{Cite book |last=Kuchkin |first=Vladímir Andreevich |url=http://krotov.info/libr_min/11_k/uch/kin_10.htm |title=Первый московский князь Даниил Александрович |publisher=[[Nauka (publisher)|Nauka]] |year=1995 |series=[[Russian History (RAS journal)|Russian History]] |volume=1 |pages=94–107 |trans-title=The first Moscow prince, Danil Aleksandrovich |issn=0869-5687 |issue=}}</ref>

| government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Absolute monarchyMonarchy]]

| legislature = [[Boyar Duma]] & [[Veche]]

In 1263, Daniel inherited the territory as an [[appanage]] of his father [[Alexander Nevsky]], prince of [[Vladimir-Suzdal]], but it iswas not until 1282 whenthat Daniel is mentioned as an independent prince of Moscow.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kuchkin |first=Vladímir Andreevich |url=http://krotov.info/libr_min/11_k/uch/kin_10.htm |title=Первый московский князь Даниил Александрович |publisher=[[Nauka (publisher)|Nauka]] |year=1995 |series=[[Russian History (RAS journal)|Russian History]] |volume=1 |pages=94–107 |trans-title=The first Moscow prince, Danil Aleksandrovich |issn=0869-5687 }}</ref> Initially, Muscovy was a [[vassal state]] to the [[Golden Horde]], paying the khans homage and tribute.<ref name="spielvogel"/> Moscow eclipsed and eventually absorbed its parent principality and later the other independent Russian principalities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Duiker |first1=William J. |title=World history |date=2016 |location=Boston, MA |isbn=978-1305091726 |pages=446 |edition=Eighth, Advantage}}</ref> The [[Great Stand on the Ugra River]] in 1480 marked the end of nominal Tatar suzerainty over Russia,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=John M. |title=Russia and the Soviet Union: an historical introduction second edition. |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781000310566 |pages=73}}</ref><ref name="spielvogel">{{cite book |last1=Spielvogel |first1=Jackson J. |title=Western civilization |date=2015 |location=Stamford, CT |isbn=978-1285436401 |pages=361 |edition=Ninth}}</ref> though there were frequent uprisings and several successful military campaigns against the Mongols, such as an uprising led by [[Dmitry Donskoy]] against the ruler of the Golden Horde, [[Mamai]], in the [[Battle of Kulikovo]] in 1380.<ref>Davies, B. ''Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, 1500–1700''. Routledge, 2014, p. 5</ref>

[[Ivan III of Russia|Ivan III]] ("the Great") further consolidated the state during his 43-year reign, [[Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars|campaigning]] against his major remaining rival power, the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], and by 1503, he had tripled the territory of his realm. Ivan's successor [[Vasili III of Russia|Vasili III]] also enjoyed military success, gaining [[Principality of Smolensk|Smolensk]] from Lithuania in 1512 and pushing Muscovy's borders to the [[Dnieper]]. Vasili's son [[Ivan the Terrible|Ivan IV]] ("the Terrible") was [[Coronation of the Russian monarch|crowned]] [[tsar]] in 1547.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Madariaga |first1=Isabel de |title=Ivan the Terrible : first tsar of Russia |publisher= Yale University Press |date=2005 |location=New Haven, CT |isbn=9780300119732 |pages=50–51}}</ref>

The '''Principality of Moscow'''{{sfn|Martin|2007|p=208, 222, 228, 231}}{{sfn|Halperin|1987|p=217}} is also known as '''Muscovy''',{{sfn|Halperin|1987|p=217}} the '''Grand Principality of Moscow''',<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GQcviLmjNm0C |title=The Cambridge History of Russia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-81227-6 |editor-last=Perrie |editor-first=Maureen |volume=1 |page=751}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The cited source is a book index with entries for "Moscow, Grand Principality of / see Vladimir-Moscow, Grand Principality of," and "Moscow, principality of." Unclear whether the text of the book uses the term at all.|date=February 2023}} '''Muscovite Rus'''',<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Isham |first1=Heyward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KL4YDQAAQBAJ&q=%22Muscovite%20Rus%22&pg=PT212 |title=Remaking Russia: Voices from within: Voices from within |last2=Pipes |first2=Richard |date=2016-09-16 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-48307-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Dewey">{{Cite journal |last=Dewey |first=Horace W. |date=1987 |title=Political Poruka in Muscovite Rus' |journal=The Russian Review |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=117–133 |doi=10.2307/130622 |issn=0036-0341 |jstor=130622}}</ref> or '''Muscovite [[Russia]]'''.<ref name="Dewey" /> The English names ''Moscow'' and ''Muscovy'', for the city, the principality, and the river, descend from post-classical Latin {{Lang-la|Moscovia|label=none}}, {{Lang-la|Muscovia|label=none}} (compare Russian {{TranslTransliteration|ru|Moskoviya}}, "principality of Moscow"), and ultimately from the [[Old East Slavic]] fully vocalized [[Accusative case|accusative]] form {{Lang-orv|Московь|translit=Moskovĭ|label=none}}.<ref>{{Cite OED|term=Moscow, n.|id=122545|access-date=10 January 2021|date=December 2002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite OED|term=Muscovy, n.|id=124039|access-date=10 January 2021|date=March 2003}}</ref> In Latin, the Moscow principality was also historically referred to as ''[[Names_of_RusʹNames of Rusʹ, Russia and Ruthenia#White, Black, Red|Ruthenia Alba]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Andrew Miksys: White Russia in Color - Laimonas Briedis|url=https://www.lituanus.org/2012/12_1_03Briedis.html|access-date=2021-03-29|website=www.lituanus.org}}</ref>

As with many medieval states, the country had no "official" name, but rather official titles for their rulers. "The Prince ([[Knyaz]]) of Moscow" ({{Lang-ru|Московский князь|translit=Moskovskiy knyaz|label=none}}) or "the Sovereign of Moscow" ({{Lang-ru|Московский государь|translit=Moskovskiy gosudar|label=none}}) were common short titles.{{cncitation needed|date=May 2023}} After the unification with the Principality of Vladimir in the mid-14th century, the prince of Moscow might call themselves also "the Prince of Vladimir and Moscow", as Vladimir was much older than Moscow and much more "prestigious" in the hierarchy of possessions, although the principal residence of the princes had always been in Moscow.{{cncitation needed|date=May 2023}} In rivalry with other principalities (especially the [[Principality of Tver]]), Muscovite princes also designated themselves as the "''Grand'' Princes", claiming a higher position in the hierarchy of Rus' princes.{{cncitation needed|date=May 2023}} During the territorial growth and later acquisitions, the full title became rather lengthy.<ref>The full title of Vasily III (the father of the first Russian tsar Ivan IV) in a 1517 document: "By God's will and our own desire, We, the Great Sovereign Vasily, by God's grace, the Tsar (sic!) and the Sovereign of all Rus' and the Grand Prince of Vladimir, Moscow, [[Novgorod]], [[Pskov]], [[Smolensk]], [[Tver]], [[Yugra]], [[Perm, Russia|Perm]], [[Kirov, Kirov Oblast|Vyatka]], [[Bolghar|Bolgar]], and others, and the Grand Prince of Novgorod of the lower lands [i.e. [[Nizhny Novgorod]]], [[Chernigov]], [[Ryazan]], [[Volokolamsk|Volok]], [[Rzhev]], [[Bely, Tver Oblast|Bely]], [[Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast|Rostov]], [[Yaroslavl]], [[Belozersk]], [[Vashka River|Udora]], [[Salekhard|Obdora]], [[Konda River|Konda]], and others..." {{cite book|title=Сборник Русского исторического общества|volume=53|date=1887|location=СПб.|page=[http://www.runivers.ru/bookreader/books/483616/0035.gif 19]|url=http://www.runivers.ru/philosophy/lib/book9408/483616/}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2023|reason=A Russian-language source from 1887, really?}} In routine documents and on seals, though, various short names were applied: "the (Grand) Prince of Moscow", "the Sovereign of Moscow", "the Grand Prince of all Rus{{'"}} ({{Lang-ru|Великий князь всея Руси|translit=Velikiy knyaz vseya Rusi|label=none}}), "the Sovereign of all Rus{{'"}} ({{Lang-ru|Государь всея Руси|translit=Gosudar vseya Rusi|label=none}}), or simply "the Grand Prince" ({{Lang-ru|Великий князь|translit=Velikiy knyaz|label=none}}) or "the Great (or Grand) Sovereign" ({{Lang-ru|Великий государь|translit=Velikiy gosudar|label=none}}).{{cncitation needed|date=May 2023}} The Golden Horde appointed [[Ivan Kalita]] to the throne of "All Russia" while [[Simeon the Proud]] took the title of Grand Duke of All Russia.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marat Shaikhutdinov |title=Between East and West: The Formation of the Moscow State |date=2021 |publisher=Academic Studies Press |isbn=9781644697139 |pages=64, 69, 146}}</ref>

In spite ofDespite [[feudalism]], the collective name of the Eastern Slavic land, Rus', was not forgotten,<ref name=Khoroshkevich1976>{{cite journal|last1=Хорошкевич|first1=А. Л.|title=Россия и Московия: Из истории политико-географической терминологии|journal=Acta Baltico-Slavica|date=1976|volume=X|pages=47–57|trans-title=Khoroshkevich A. L. Russia and Muscovy: from the history of politico-geographic terminology}}</ref> though it then became a cultural and geographical rather than the political term, as there was no single political entity on the territory. Since the 14th century various Muscovite princes added "of all Rus{{'"}} ({{Lang-ru|всея Руси|translit=vseya Rusi|label=none}}) to their titles, after the title of Russian metropolitans, "the Metropolitan of all Rus{{'"}}.<ref name=Filyushkin2006>{{cite book|last1=Филюшкин|first1=А. И.|title=Титулы русских государей|date=2006|pages=152–193|publisher=Альянс-Архео |isbn=978-5-98874-011-7|trans-title=Filyushkin A. I. The titles of the Russian rulers}}</ref> [[Dmitry Shemyaka]] (died 1453) was the first Muscovite prince who minted coins with the title "the ''Sovereign'' of all Rus{{'"}}.{{cncitation needed|date=May 2023}} Although initially both "Sovereign" and "all Rus{{'"}} was supposed to be rather honorific epithets,<ref name=Filyushkin2006/> since Ivan III is transformed into the political claim over the territory of all the former Kievan Rus', a goal that the Muscovite prince came closer to by the end of that century, uniting eastern Rus'.<ref name=Khoroshkevich1976/>

Such claims raised much opposition and hostility from its main rival, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which controlled a large (western) portion of the land of ancient Rus' and hence denied any claims and even the self-name of the eastern neighborneighbour.<ref name=Khoroshkevich1976/><ref name=Filyushkin2006/> Under the Polish-Lithuanian influence the country began to be called ''Muscovy'' ({{lang-la|Moscovia}}, Muscovy, {{lang-fr|Moscovie}}) in Western Europe.<ref name=Khoroshkevich1976/> The first appearances of the term were in an Italian document of 1500.<ref name=Khoroshkevich1976/> Initially ''Moscovia'' was the Latinized name of the city of Moscow itself, not of the state;<ref name=Khoroshkevich1976/> later it acquired its wider meaning ([[synecdoche]]) and has been used alongside the older name, Russia. The term ''Muscovy'' persisted in the West until the beginning of the 18th century and is still used in historical contexts. The term remains current in [[Arabic]] as an alternative name for Russia. Derived from it is ''al-Muskubīya'' (المسكوبية), the Arabic name of the [[Russian Compound]] district of [[Jerusalem]], where Czarist Russia established various institutions in the 19th century, and hence also the name of the [[Al-Moskobiya Detention Centre]] located there.{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}

When the [[Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'|Mongols invaded]] the former lands of [[Kievan Rus']] in the 13th century, [[Moscow]] was still a small town within the [[principality]] of [[Vladimir-Suzdal]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Wickham |first=Chris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tp4qDQAAQBAJ |title=Medieval Europe |date=2016-10-15 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-22221-0 |location=Ceredigion, Wales |pages=265 |language=en}}</ref> Although the [[Mongols]] burnt down Moscow in the winter of 1238 and [[pillage]]d it in 1293, the outpost's remote, forested location offered some security from Mongol attacks and occupation, while a number of rivers provided access to the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]] and [[Black Sea|Black]] Seas and to the [[Caucasus]] region.<ref name=loc>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ru0016) Library of Congress Country Studies – Russia]</ref> Muscovites, Suzdalians and other inhabitants were able to maintain their Slavic, pagan, and Orthodox traditions for the most part under the Tatar yoke.{{cncitation needed|date=February 2023}}

More important to the development of the state of Moscow, however, was its rule by a series of [[prince]]s who expanded its borders and turned a small principality in the Moscow River Basin into the largest state in Europe of the 16th century.<ref>{{cite book|last1= Gorskij|first1= A. A.|title= Moskva i Orda|date= 2000|publisher= Nauka|location= Moskva|isbn= 978-5-02-010202-6|pages= 3–4|edition= Naučnoe izd.|url= http://medievalrus.csu.ru/bible/Gorsky_2000.shtml|access-date= 5 December 2016|language= ru}}</ref> The first ruler of the principality of Moscow, [[Daniel of Moscow|Daniel I]] (d. 1303), was the youngest son of [[Alexander Nevsky]] of Vladimir-Suzdal. He started to expand his principality by seizing [[Kolomna]] and securing the bequest of [[Pereslavl-Zalessky]] to his family. Daniel's son [[Yury of Moscow|Yury]] (also known as Georgiy; ruled 1303–1325) controlled the entire basin of the [[Moskva (river)|Moskva River]] and expanded westward by conquering [[Mozhaisk]]. He then allied with the overlord of the principalities, [[Uzbeg Khan]] of the [[Golden Horde]], and married the khan's sister. The khan allowed Yuriy to claim the title of Grand Duke of Vladimir-Suzdal, a position which allowed him to interfere in the affairs of the [[Novgorod Republic]] to the north-westnorthwest.{{cncitation needed|date=May 2023}}

| quote = But the crucial year was 1326, when [Metropolitan] Peter became a resident of Moscow and began to build his own burial vault. On December 20, 1326. Metropolitan Peter died and was buried by one of the bishops in the presence of Ivan I. Due to his residency and burial place, Metropolitan Peter had confirmed on Moscow the future haven of the Russian Orthodox Church, although this official transfer would not take place until the reign of Alexis.

Yuriy's successor, [[Ivan I of Moscow|Ivan I]] (ruled 1325–1340), managed to retain the title of grand duke by cooperating closely with the Mongols and by collecting tribute and taxes from the other principalities on their behalf. This relationship enabled Ivan to gain regional ascendancy, particularly over Moscow's chief rival, the northern city of [[Tver]], which rebelled against the Horde in 1327. The uprising was subdued by the joint forces of the Grand Principality of [[Suzdal]], the Grand Principality of Moscow (which competed with Tver for the title of Grand Duke of Vladimir), and [[Tatars]].<ref>Martin J. ''Medieval Russia, 980–1584''. 2007. Cambridge University Press. p. 196</ref> Ivan's moniker "Kalita" (literally, the "moneybag") was an indication of his character as a businessman.<ref>Moss (2005)</ref> He used his treasures to purchase land in other principalities and to finance the construction of stone churches in the [[Moscow Kremlin]].{{cncitation needed|date=May 2023}}

Ivan's successors continued the "[[collector of Russian lands|gathering of the Russian lands]]" to increase the population and wealth under their rule. In the process, their interests clashed with the expanding [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], whose subjects were predominantly East Slavic and Orthodox. Grand Duke [[Algirdas]] of Lithuania allied himself by marriage with Tver and undertook three expeditions against Moscow (1368, 1370, 1372) but was unable to take it. The main bone of contention between Moscow and Vilnius was the large city of [[Smolensk]].{{cncitation needed|date=May 2023}}

In the 1350s, the country and the royal family were hit by the [[Black Death]]. [[Dmitri Donskoi|Dmitry Ivanovich]] was aged nine when his parents died and the title of Grand Duke slipped into the hands of his distant relative, [[Dmitry of Suzdal]]. Surrounded by [[Lithuania]]ns and Muslim nomads, the ruler of Moscow cultivated an alliance with the [[Rus' Orthodox Church]], which experienced a resurgence in influence, due to the monastic reform of St. [[Sergius of Radonezh]].{{cncitation needed|date=May 2023}}

Educated by [[Metropolitan Alexis]], Dmitri posed as a champion of Orthodoxy and managed to unite the warring principalities of Rus' in his struggle against the Horde. He challenged Khan's authority and defeated his commander [[Mamai]] in the epic [[Battle of Kulikovo]] (1380). However, the victory did not bring any short-term benefits; [[Tokhtamysh]] in 1382 sacked Moscow hoping to reassert his vested authority over his vassal, the Grand Prince, and his own Mongol hegemony, killing 24,000 people.{{cncitation needed|date=May 2023}}

Nevertheless, Dmitri became a national hero. The memory of [[Battle of Kulikovo|Kulikovo Field]] made the Russian population start believing in their ability to end Tatar domination and become a free people. In 1389, he passed the throne to his son [[Vasily I]] without bothering to obtain the Khan's sanction.{{cncitation needed|date=May 2023}}

[[Vasily I of Russia|Vasily I]] (1389–1425) continued the policies of his father. After the Horde was attacked by [[Tamerlane]], he desisted from paying tribute to the Khan but was forced to pursue a more conciliatory policy after [[Edigu]]'s incursion on Moscow in 1408. Married to the only daughter of the Grand Duke [[Vytautas]] of [[Lithuania]], he attempted to avoid open conflicts with his powerful father-in-law, even when the latter annexed Smolensk. The peaceful years of his long reign were marked by the continuing expansion to the east (annexation of [[Nizhny Novgorod]] and [[Vladimir-Suzdal|Suzdal]], 1392) and to the north (annexation of [[Vologda]], [[Veliky Ustyug]], and [[Great Perm|Perm of Vychegda]], 1398). Nizhny Novgorod was given by the Khan of the Golden Horde as a reward for Muscovite's help against a rival.<ref name="RichardPipes">Richard Pipes, ''Russia under the Old Regime'' (1995), p.80.</ref>

The reforms of St. Sergius triggered a cultural revival, exemplified by the icons and frescoes of the monk [[Andrei Rublev]]. Hundreds of monasteries were founded by disciples of St. Sergius in distant and inhospitable locations, including [[Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery|Beloozero]] and [[Solovetsky Monastery|Solovki]]. Apart from their cultural functions, these monasteries were major landowners thatwho could control the economy of an adjacent region. In fact, theyThey served as outposts of Moscow's influence in the neighboringneighbouring principalities and republics. Another factor responsible for the expansion of the Grand Principality of Moscow was its favorablefavourable dynastic situation, in which each sovereign was succeeded by his son, while rival principalities were plagued by dynastic strife and splintered into ever-smaller polities. The only lateral branch of the House of Moscow, represented by [[Vladimir of Serpukhov]] and his descendants, was firmly anchored to the Moscow principality. {{cncitation needed|date=May 2023}}

The situation changed with the ascension of Vasily I's successor, [[Vasily II of Russia|Vasily II]] (r. 1425–1462). Before long his uncle, [[Yuri of Zvenigorod]], started to advance his claims to the throne and [[Monomakh's Cap]]. A bitter family conflict erupted and rocked the country during the whole reign. After Yuri's deathdied in 1432, the claims were taken up by his sons, [[Vasily Kosoy]] and [[Dmitry Shemyaka]], who pursued the [[Muscovite Civil War|Great Feudal War]] well into the 1450s. Although he was ousted from Moscow on several occasions, taken prisoner by [[Olug Moxammat]] of [[Kazan]], and blinded in 1446, Vasily II eventually managed to triumph over his enemies and pass the throne to his son. At his urging, [[Jonah of Moscow|a native bishop]] was elected as Metropolitan of Moscow, which was tantamount to a declaration of independence of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] from the [[Patriarch]] of [[Constantinople]] (1448).{{cncitation needed|date=May 2023}}

[[File:Facial Chronicle - b.16, p. 462 - Great standing on the Ugra.jpg|thumb|[[Great Stand on the Ugra River]], 1480. Illustration from a 16th -century Russian miniature.]]

OutwardThe outward expansion of the grand principality in the 14th and 15th centuries was accompanied by internal consolidation. By the 15th century, the rulers of Moscow considered the entire territory of the former [[Kievan Rus']] to be their collective property. Various semi-independent princes of [[Rurik dynasty|Rurikid]] stock still claimed specific territories, but [[Ivan III of Russia|Ivan III]] (the Great; r. 1462–1505) forced the lesser princes to acknowledge the grand prince of Moscow and his descendants as unquestioned rulers with control over military, judicial, and foreign affairs.{{cncitation needed|date=May 2023}}

Moscow gained full sovereignty over a significant part of Rus' by 1480, when the overlordship of the [[Tatars|Tatar]] [[Golden Horde]] officially ended after its defeat in the [[Great Stand on the Ugra River]]. By the beginning of the 16th century, virtually all those lands were united, including the [[Novgorod Republic]] (annexed in 1478) and the [[Principality of Tver]] (annexed in 1485). Through inheritance, Ivan was able to control the important [[Principality of Ryazan]], and the princes of [[Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast|Rostov]] and [[Yaroslavl]] subordinated themselves to him. The northwestern [[Pskov Republic|city of Pskov]], consisting of the city and a few surrounding lands, remained independent in this period, but Ivan's son, [[Vasili III]] (r. 1505–33), later conquered it.{{cncitation needed|date=May 2023}}

Having consolidated the core of Russia under his rule, Ivan III became the first Moscow ruler to adopt the titles of [[tsar]]<ref>Trepanier, L. ''Political Symbols in Russian History: Church, State, and the Quest for Order and Justice''. Lexington Books. 2010. p. 39</ref> and "Ruler of all Rus{{'"}}.<ref name="loc" /> Ivan competed with his powerful northwestern rival, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, for control over some of the [[Upper Principalities|semi-independent former principalities]] of Kievan Rus' in the upper [[Dnieper]] and [[Donets]] river basins. Through the defections of some princes, border skirmishes, and the long inconclusive [[Russo-Lithuanian Wars]] that ended only in 1503, Ivan III was able to push westward, and the Moscow state tripled in size under his rule.{{cncitation needed|date=May 2023}}

The reign of the Tsars started officially with [[Ivan the Terrible]], the first monarch to be crowned [[List of Russian rulers#Tsars of Russia|Tsar of Russia]], but in practice, it started with Ivan III, who completed the centralization of the state (traditionally known as "the gathering of the Russian lands").{{cncitation needed|date=May 2023}}

The court of the Moscow princes combined ceremonies and customs inherited from [[Kievan Rus']] with those imported from the [[Byzantine Empire]] and [[Golden Horde]]. Some traditional Russian offices, like that of [[tysyatsky]] and [[veche]], were gradually abolished in order to consolidate power in the hands of the ruling prince. A new elaborate system of court precedence, or ''[[mestnichestvo]]'', predicated the nobleman's rank and function on the rank and function of his ancestors and other members of his family. The highest echelon of hereditary [[Nobility|nobles]] was composed of [[boyar]]s.{{cncitation needed|date=May 2023}} They fell into three categories:

*[[Dynasty of Rurik|Rurikid]] princes of [[Upper Oka towns]], [[Suzdal]], [[Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast|Rostov]], [[Yaroslavl]], etc. that lived in Moscow after their hereditary principalities had been incorporated into the Principality of Moscow (e.g., [[Shuisky]], [[Vorotynsky]], [[Repnin]], [[Romodanovsky (family)|Romodanovsky]]);{{cncitation needed|date=May 2023}}

*Foreign princes from [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Lithuania]] and [[Golden Horde]], claiming descent either from Grand Duke [[Gediminas, Duke of Lithuania|Gediminas]] (e.g., [[Belsky family (Gediminid)|Belsky]], [[Mstislavsky]], [[Galitzine]], [[Trubetskoy]]) or from [[Genghis Khan]];{{cncitation needed|date=May 2023}}

* Ancient families of Moscow nobility that have been recorded in the service of Grand Dukes from the 14th century (e.g., [[Romanov]], [[Gudonov family|Godunov]], [[Sheremetev]]).{{cncitation needed|date=May 2023}}

Rurikid and Gediminid boyars, whose fathers and grandfathers were independent princelings, felt that they were kin to the grand prince and hence almost equal to him. During the times of dynastic troubles (such as the years of Ivan IV's minority), boyardom constituted an internal force that was a permanent threat to the throne. An early form of the monarch's conflict with the boyars was the ''[[oprichnina]]'' policy of [[Ivan the Terrible]].{{cncitation needed|date=May 2023}}

During such conflicts, Ivan, [[Boris Godunov]], and some later monarchs felt the necessity to counterbalance the boyardom by creating a new kind of nobility, based on personal devotion to the tsar and merits earned by faithful service, rather than by heredity. Later these new nobles were called ''dvoryans'' (singular: [[dvoryanin]]). The name comes from the Russian word ''dvor'', meaning ''tsar's dvor'', i.e., The Court. Hence the expression ''pozhalovat ko dvoru'', i.e., to be called to (serve) The Court.{{cncitation needed|date=May 2023}}

{{SeealsoSee also|Timeline of the Golden Horde}}

[[File:Europe in 1470.PNG|thumb|Medieval [[List of tribes and states in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine|Russian principalities]], including Muscovy (blue), [[Novgorod Republic|Novgorod]], [[Principality of Tver|Tver]], [[Pskov Republic|Pskov]], [[Principality of Ryazan|Ryazan]] and [[Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast|Rostov]], and Golden Horde (yellow) around 1470]]

Relations between the Moscow principality and the Horde were mixed.<ref name=Gorskiy187 /> In the first two decades of the 13th century Moscow gained the support of one of the rivalingrivalling Mongol statesmen, [[Nogai Khan|Nogai]], against the principalities that were oriented towards [[Sarai (city)|Sarai]] khans. After the restoration of unity in the Golden Horde in the early 14th century, it generally enjoyed the favorfavour of khansthe Khans until 1317, but lost it in 1322–1327.<ref name=Gorskiy187 /> The following thirty years, when the relations between the two states improved, allowed Moscow to achieve sufficient economic and political potential. Further attempts to deprive its rulers of the status of grand dukes of Vladimir were unsuccessful after the Khanate sank into internecine war and proved to be fruitless during the reign of a relatively powerful khan such as [[Mamai]], whereas [[Tokhtamysh]] had no other choice but to recognize the supremacy of Moscow over northern and eastern Russian lands.<ref name=Gorskiy187>{{cite book|last1=Gorskij|first1=A.A.|title=Moskva i Orda|date=2000|publisher=Nauka |location=Moskva|isbn=978-5-02-010202-6|page=187|edition=Naučnoe izd.|url=http://medievalrus.csu.ru/bible/Gorsky_2000.shtml|access-date=5 December 2016|language=ru}}</ref> The traditional Mongol principle of breaking up larger concentrations of power into smaller ones failed, and the following period is characterized by the lack of support from the Horde.<ref name=Gorskiy187 />

Although Moscow recognized khans as the legitimate authority in the early years of the [[Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'|Mongol-Tatar yoke]], despite certain acts of resistance and disobedience, it refused to acknowledge their suzerainty in the years 1374–1380, 1396–1411, 1414–1416 and 1417–1419, even in spite ofdespite the growing might of the Golden Horde.<ref name=Gorskiy189>{{cite book |last1=Gorskij|first1=A.A.|title=Moskva i Orda|date=2000|publisher=Nauka|location=Moskva|isbn=978-5-02-010202-6|pages=188–189|edition=Naučnoe izd. |url=http://medievalrus.csu.ru/bible/Gorsky_2000.shtml|access-date=5 December 2016|language=ru}}</ref> The power of the Horde over Moscow was greatly limited in the reign of Dmitri Donskoi, who gained recognition of the Grand Principality of Vladimir as a hereditary possession of Moscow princes: while the Horde collected tribute from his land, it could no longer have a serious impact on the internal structure of northern Russian lands.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gorskij|first1=A.A.|title=Moskva i Orda|date=2000|publisher=Nauka|location=Moskva|isbn=978-5-02-010202-6|page=189|edition=Naučnoe izd.|url=http://medievalrus.csu.ru/bible/Gorsky_2000.shtml|access-date=5 December 2016|language=ru}}</ref> In the years of Vasily II and Ivan III, the Grand Principality of Moscow acquired the idea of tsardom from the fallen Byzantine Empire, which was incompatible with the recognition of the suzerainty of the khan, and started to declare its independence in diplomatic relations with other countries.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gorskij|first1=A.A.|title=Moskva i Orda|date=2000|publisher=Nauka|location=Moskva|isbn=978-5-02-010202-6|page=188 |edition=Naučnoe izd.|url=http://medievalrus.csu.ru/bible/Gorsky_2000.shtml|access-date=5 December 2016|language=ru}}</ref> This process was complete by the reign of Ivan III.<ref name=Gorskiy189 />

The development of the modern-day Russian state is traced from [[Kievan Rus']] through [[Vladimir-Suzdal]] and the Grand Principality of Moscow to the [[Tsardom of Russia]], and then the [[Russian Empire]].<ref name="ReferenceA">A Brief History of Russia by Michael Kort pg.xxiii</ref> The Moscow principality drew people and wealth to the northeastern part of Kievan Rus';<ref>A Brief History of Russia by Michael Kort pg.xxiii<name="ReferenceA"/ref> established trade links to the [[Baltic Sea]], [[White Sea]], [[Caspian Sea]], and to [[Siberia]]; and created a highly centralized and [[autocracy|autocratic]] political system. The political traditions established in Muscovy, therefore, exerted a powerful influence on the future development of [[Russia]]n society.{{cncitation needed|date=May 2023}}

* [[List of wars involving the Grand DuchyPrincipality of Moscow]]

* {{cite book |last=Halperin|first=Charles J.|year=1987| title=Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History |pages=222 |publisher=Indiana University |isbn=9781850430575}} (e-book).

* [[Chester Dunning]], ''The Russian Empire and the Grand Duchy of Muscovy: A Seventeenth Century French Account''

[[Category:Grand DuchyPrincipality of Moscow| ]]