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* Sovereign state
*{{small|(1471–1547)}}}}
| year_start = 1282<ref name="Daniil1282">{{Cite book |last=Kuchkin |first=Vladímir Andreevich |url=http://krotov.info/libr_min/11_k/uch/kin_10.htm |title=Первый московский князь Даниил Александрович |publisher=[[Nauka (publisher)|Nauka]] |year=1995 |series=[[Russian History (RAS journal)|Russian History]] |volume=1 |pages=94–107 |trans-title=The first Moscow prince, Danil Aleksandrovich |issn=0869-5687
| year_end = 1547
| date_start =
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| demonym = Muscovite
| capital = [[Moscow]]
| government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Absolute
| legislature = [[Boyar Duma]] & [[Veche]]
| title_leader = [[Prince of Moscow]]
| leader1 = [[Daniel of Moscow|Daniel]] <small>(first)</small>
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The '''Principality of Moscow'''{{sfn|Martin|2007|p=208, 222, 228, 231}}{{sfn|Halperin|1987|p=217}} or '''Grand Duchy of Moscow'''<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RgAKAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Grand+Duchy+of+Moscow%22 |title=A Short History of the USSR |date=1965 |publisher=Progress Publishers |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Florinsky |first=Michael T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2sDKlXJ6SkC&q=%22Grand+Duchy+of+Moscow%22 |title=Russia: a History and an Interpretation |date=1965 |language=en}}</ref> ({{lang-ru|Великое княжество Московское|Velikoye knyazhestvo Moskovskoye}}), also known simply as '''Muscovy''' (from the [[Latin language|Latin]] {{lang|la|Moscovia}}),<ref>[http://padaread.com/?book=48746&pg=218 Introduction into the Latin epigraphy (Введение в латинскую эпиграфику)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310142637/http://padaread.com/?book=48746&pg=218|date=2021-03-10}}.</ref>{{sfn|Halperin|1987|p=217}} was a [[principality]] of the [[Late Middle Ages]] centered on [[Moscow]]. It eventually evolved into the [[Tsardom of Russia]] in the [[early modern period]]. The princes of Moscow were descendants of the first prince [[Daniel of Moscow|Daniel]], referred to in modern historiography as the ''Daniilovichi'',{{sfn|Martin|2007|p=487}} a branch of the [[Rurikids]].
In 1263, Daniel inherited the territory as an [[appanage]] of his father [[Alexander Nevsky]], prince of [[Vladimir-Suzdal]], but it
[[Ivan III of Russia|Ivan III]] ("the Great") further consolidated the state during his 43-year reign, [[Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars|campaigning]] against his major remaining rival power, the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], and by 1503, he had tripled the territory of his realm. Ivan's successor [[Vasili III of Russia|Vasili III]] also enjoyed military success, gaining [[Principality of Smolensk|Smolensk]] from Lithuania in 1512 and pushing Muscovy's borders to the [[Dnieper]]. Vasili's son [[Ivan the Terrible|Ivan IV]] ("the Terrible") was [[Coronation of the Russian monarch|crowned]] [[tsar]] in 1547.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Madariaga |first1=Isabel de |title=Ivan the Terrible : first tsar of Russia |publisher= Yale University Press |date=2005 |location=New Haven, CT |isbn=9780300119732 |pages=50–51}}</ref>
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== Name ==
{{see also|Moscow#Etymology}}
The '''Principality of Moscow'''{{sfn|Martin|2007|p=208, 222, 228, 231}}{{sfn|Halperin|1987|p=217}} is also known as '''Muscovy''',{{sfn|Halperin|1987|p=217}} the '''Grand Principality of Moscow''',<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GQcviLmjNm0C |title=The Cambridge History of Russia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-81227-6 |editor-last=Perrie |editor-first=Maureen |volume=1 |page=751}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The cited source is a book index with entries for "Moscow, Grand Principality of / see Vladimir-Moscow, Grand Principality of," and "Moscow, principality of." Unclear whether the text of the book uses the term at all.|date=February 2023}} '''Muscovite Rus'''',<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Isham |first1=Heyward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KL4YDQAAQBAJ&q=%22Muscovite%20Rus%22&pg=PT212 |title=Remaking Russia: Voices from within: Voices from within |last2=Pipes |first2=Richard |date=2016-09-16 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-48307-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Dewey">{{Cite journal |last=Dewey |first=Horace W. |date=1987 |title=Political Poruka in Muscovite Rus' |journal=The Russian Review |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=117–133 |doi=10.2307/130622 |issn=0036-0341 |jstor=130622}}</ref> or '''Muscovite [[Russia]]'''.<ref name="Dewey" /> The English names ''Moscow'' and ''Muscovy'', for the city, the principality, and the river, descend from post-classical Latin {{Lang-la|Moscovia|label=none}}, {{Lang-la|Muscovia|label=none}} (compare Russian {{Transliteration|ru|Moskoviya}}, "principality of Moscow"), and ultimately from the [[Old East Slavic]] fully vocalized [[Accusative case|accusative]] form {{Lang-orv|Московь|translit=Moskovĭ|label=none}}.<ref>{{Cite OED|term=Moscow, n.|id=122545|access-date=10 January 2021|date=December 2002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite OED|term=Muscovy, n.|id=124039|access-date=10 January 2021|date=March 2003}}</ref> In Latin, the Moscow principality was also historically referred to as ''[[Names of Rusʹ, Russia and Ruthenia#White, Black, Red|Ruthenia Alba]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Andrew Miksys: White Russia in Color - Laimonas Briedis|url=https://www.lituanus.org/2012/12_1_03Briedis.html|access-date=2021-03-29|website=www.lituanus.org}}</ref>
[[File:Печать-Симеона-Гордого.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|The seal of [[Simeon the Proud]] (1340s), reads: "The seal of the Grand Duke Simeon of all Rus{{'"}}.]]
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As with many medieval states, the country had no "official" name, but rather official titles for their rulers. "The Prince ([[Knyaz]]) of Moscow" ({{Lang-ru|Московский князь|translit=Moskovskiy knyaz|label=none}}) or "the Sovereign of Moscow" ({{Lang-ru|Московский государь|translit=Moskovskiy gosudar|label=none}}) were common short titles.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} After the unification with the Principality of Vladimir in the mid-14th century, the prince of Moscow might call themselves also "the Prince of Vladimir and Moscow", as Vladimir was much older than Moscow and much more "prestigious" in the hierarchy of possessions, although the principal residence of the princes had always been in Moscow.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} In rivalry with other principalities (especially the [[Principality of Tver]]), Muscovite princes also designated themselves as the "''Grand'' Princes", claiming a higher position in the hierarchy of Rus' princes.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} During the territorial growth and later acquisitions, the full title became rather lengthy.<ref>The full title of Vasily III (the father of the first Russian tsar Ivan IV) in a 1517 document: "By God's will and our own desire, We, the Great Sovereign Vasily, by God's grace, the Tsar (sic!) and the Sovereign of all Rus' and the Grand Prince of Vladimir, Moscow, [[Novgorod]], [[Pskov]], [[Smolensk]], [[Tver]], [[Yugra]], [[Perm, Russia|Perm]], [[Kirov, Kirov Oblast|Vyatka]], [[Bolghar|Bolgar]], and others, and the Grand Prince of Novgorod of the lower lands [i.e. [[Nizhny Novgorod]]], [[Chernigov]], [[Ryazan]], [[Volokolamsk|Volok]], [[Rzhev]], [[Bely, Tver Oblast|Bely]], [[Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast|Rostov]], [[Yaroslavl]], [[Belozersk]], [[Vashka River|Udora]], [[Salekhard|Obdora]], [[Konda River|Konda]], and others..." {{cite book|title=Сборник Русского исторического общества|volume=53|date=1887|location=СПб.|page=[http://www.runivers.ru/bookreader/books/483616/0035.gif 19]|url=http://www.runivers.ru/philosophy/lib/book9408/483616/}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2023|reason=A Russian-language source from 1887, really?}} In routine documents and on seals, though, various short names were applied: "the (Grand) Prince of Moscow", "the Sovereign of Moscow", "the Grand Prince of all Rus{{'"}} ({{Lang-ru|Великий князь всея Руси|translit=Velikiy knyaz vseya Rusi|label=none}}), "the Sovereign of all Rus{{'"}} ({{Lang-ru|Государь всея Руси|translit=Gosudar vseya Rusi|label=none}}), or simply "the Grand Prince" ({{Lang-ru|Великий князь|translit=Velikiy knyaz|label=none}}) or "the Great (or Grand) Sovereign" ({{Lang-ru|Великий государь|translit=Velikiy gosudar|label=none}}).{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} The Golden Horde appointed [[Ivan Kalita]] to the throne of "All Russia" while [[Simeon the Proud]] took the title of Grand Duke of All Russia.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marat Shaikhutdinov |title=Between East and West: The Formation of the Moscow State |date=2021 |publisher=Academic Studies Press |isbn=9781644697139 |pages=64, 69, 146}}</ref>
Such claims raised much opposition and hostility from its main rival, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which controlled a large (western) portion of the land of ancient Rus' and hence denied any claims and even the self-name of the eastern
During his reign, [[Ivan III of Russia|Ivan III the Great]] claimed the title of "[[Tsar]] of all Russia".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pape |first=Carsten |date=2016 |title=Titul Ivana III po datskim istochnikam pozdnego Srednevekov'ya |script-title=ru:Титул Ивана III по датским источникам позднего Средневековья |trans-title=The title of Ivan III according to late-medieval Danish sources |url=https://www.academia.edu/37312321 |journal=Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana |language=ru |location=St. Petersburg |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=65–75 |doi=10.21638/11701/spbu19.2016.205 |access-date=2023-05-16|doi-access=free }}</ref>
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[[File:Moskovskiy Kreml pri Ivane Kalite.jpg|thumb|The Moscow Kremlin under Prince [[Ivan Kalita]] in the early 14th century, depicted by 19th century painter [[Apollinary Vasnetsov]].]]
More important to the development of the state of Moscow, however, was its rule by a series of [[prince]]s who expanded its borders and turned a small principality in the Moscow River Basin into the largest state in Europe of the 16th century.<ref>{{cite book|last1= Gorskij|first1= A. A.|title= Moskva i Orda|date= 2000|publisher= Nauka|location= Moskva|isbn= 978-5-02-010202-6|pages= 3–4|edition= Naučnoe izd.|url= http://medievalrus.csu.ru/bible/Gorsky_2000.shtml|access-date= 5 December 2016|language= ru}}</ref> The first ruler of the principality of Moscow, [[Daniel of Moscow|Daniel I]] (d. 1303), was the youngest son of [[Alexander Nevsky]] of Vladimir-Suzdal. He started to expand his principality by seizing [[Kolomna]] and securing the bequest of [[Pereslavl-Zalessky]] to his family. Daniel's son [[Yury of Moscow|Yury]] (also known as Georgiy; ruled 1303–1325) controlled the entire basin of the [[Moskva (river)|Moskva River]] and expanded westward by conquering [[Mozhaisk]]. He then allied with the overlord of the principalities, [[Uzbeg Khan]] of the [[Golden Horde]], and married the khan's sister. The khan allowed Yuriy to claim the title of Grand Duke of Vladimir-Suzdal, a position which allowed him to interfere in the affairs of the [[Novgorod Republic]] to the
By the early 14th century, Moscow had improved its standing against other towns within its parent principality of Vladimir-Suzdal, and by the 1320s, it emerged as the most influential, largely due to decisions made by the Mongol khan; aside from this, the [[Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'|Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus']] started to be based in Moscow too.<ref name=":0" /> In 1325, [[Peter of Moscow|Metropolitan Peter]] (died 1326) transferred his residence from Kiev to Vladimir and then to Moscow, further enhancing the prestige of the new principality.<ref>
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| isbn = 9780739117897
| access-date = 2016-12-14
| quote = But the crucial year was 1326, when [Metropolitan] Peter became a resident of Moscow and began to build his
}}
</ref>
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[[File:Angelsatmamre-trinity-rublev-1410.jpg|thumb|left|[[Andrei Rublev]]'s famous icon of the Trinity]]
[[Vasily I of Russia|Vasily I]] (1389–1425) continued the policies of his father. After the Horde was attacked by [[Tamerlane]], he desisted from paying tribute to the Khan but was forced to pursue a more conciliatory policy after [[Edigu]]'s incursion on Moscow in 1408. Married to the only daughter of the Grand Duke [[Vytautas]] of [[Lithuania]], he attempted to avoid open conflicts with his powerful father-in-law, even when the latter annexed Smolensk. The peaceful years of his long reign were marked by the continuing expansion to the east (annexation of [[Nizhny Novgorod]] and [[Vladimir-Suzdal|Suzdal]], 1392) and to the north (annexation of [[Vologda]], [[Veliky Ustyug]], and [[Great Perm|Perm of Vychegda]], 1398). Nizhny Novgorod was given by the Khan of the Golden Horde as a reward for Muscovite's help against a rival.<ref name="RichardPipes">Richard Pipes, ''Russia under the Old Regime'' (1995), p.80.</ref>
The reforms of St. Sergius triggered a cultural revival, exemplified by the icons and frescoes of the monk [[Andrei Rublev]]. Hundreds of monasteries were founded by disciples of St. Sergius in distant and inhospitable locations, including [[Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery|Beloozero]] and [[Solovetsky Monastery|Solovki]]. Apart from their cultural functions, these monasteries were major landowners
The situation changed with the ascension of Vasily I's successor, [[Vasily II of Russia|Vasily II]] (r. 1425–1462). Before long his uncle, [[Yuri of Zvenigorod]], started to advance his claims to the throne and [[Monomakh's Cap]]. A bitter family conflict erupted and rocked the country during the whole reign. After Yuri
== Ivan III ==
[[File:Facial Chronicle - b.16, p. 462 - Great standing on the Ugra.jpg|thumb|[[Great Stand on the Ugra River]], 1480. Illustration from a 16th-century Russian miniature.]]
Moscow gained full sovereignty over a significant part of Rus' by 1480
Having consolidated the core of Russia under his rule, Ivan III became the first Moscow ruler to adopt the titles of [[tsar]]<ref>Trepanier, L. ''Political Symbols in Russian History: Church, State, and the Quest for Order and Justice''. Lexington Books. 2010. p. 39</ref> and "Ruler of all Rus{{'"}}.<ref name="loc" /> Ivan competed with his powerful northwestern rival, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, for control over some of the [[Upper Principalities|semi-independent former principalities]] of Kievan Rus' in the upper [[Dnieper]] and [[Donets]] river basins. Through the defections of some princes, border skirmishes, and the long inconclusive [[Russo-Lithuanian Wars]] that ended only in 1503, Ivan III was able to push westward, and the Moscow state tripled in size under his rule.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}
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== Court ==
[[File:Успенский собор Московского Кремля. (3).jpg|thumb|The [[Dormition Cathedral, Moscow|Dormition Cathedral]] in the [[Moscow Kremlin]]]]
The court of the Moscow princes combined ceremonies and customs inherited from [[Kievan Rus']] with those imported from the [[Byzantine Empire]] and [[Golden Horde]]. Some traditional Russian offices, like that of [[tysyatsky]] and [[veche]], were gradually abolished
*[[Dynasty of Rurik|Rurikid]] princes of [[Upper Oka towns]], [[Suzdal]], [[Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast|Rostov]], [[Yaroslavl]], etc. that lived in Moscow after their hereditary principalities had been incorporated into the Principality of Moscow (e.g., [[Shuisky]], [[Vorotynsky]], [[Repnin]], [[Romodanovsky (family)|Romodanovsky]]);{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}
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[[File:Europe in 1470.PNG|thumb|Medieval [[List of tribes and states in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine|Russian principalities]], including Muscovy (blue), [[Novgorod Republic|Novgorod]], [[Principality of Tver|Tver]], [[Pskov Republic|Pskov]], [[Principality of Ryazan|Ryazan]] and [[Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast|Rostov]], and Golden Horde (yellow) around 1470]]
Relations between the Moscow principality and the Horde were mixed.<ref name=Gorskiy187 /> In the first two decades of the 13th century Moscow gained the support of one of the
Although Moscow recognized khans as the legitimate authority in the early years of the [[Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'|Mongol-Tatar yoke]], despite certain acts of resistance and disobedience, it refused to acknowledge their suzerainty in the years 1374–1380, 1396–1411, 1414–1416 and 1417–1419, even
== Assessment ==
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* [[Prince of Moscow]]
* [[Collector of Russian lands]]
* [[List of wars involving the
* [[Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe]]
* [[15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism]]
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== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |last=Halperin|first=Charles J.|year=1987| title=Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History |pages=222 |publisher=Indiana University |isbn=9781850430575}} (e-book).
* {{cite book |title=Medieval Russia: 980–1584. Second Edition. E-book |last=Martin |first=Janet |url=https://www.ebooks.com/en-us/book/802816/medieval-russia-980-1584/janet-martin/ |year=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-511-36800-4}}
* {{Cite book|last=Meyendorff|first=John|author-link=John Meyendorff|year=1981|title=Byzantium and the Rise of Russia: A Study of Byzantino-Russian Relations in the Fourteenth Century|edition=1st|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KKZdTvs1ySYC|isbn=9780521135337}}
* Moss, Walter G (2005). "History of Russia - Volume 1: To 1917", Anthem Press, p. 80
* Ostrowski, Donald. Muscovy and the Mongols: Cross-Cultural Influences on the Steppe Frontier, 1304–1589. Cambridge University Press. 2002.
== Further reading ==
*
* {{cite journal
| last = Romaniello
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Moscow, Grand Duchy Of}}
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[[Category:States and territories established in 1283]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1547]]
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