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{{See also|Nationalism}}
{{For multi|the 2018 Israeli legislation|Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People{{!}}Nation-State Bill|the government simulation browser game|NationStates}}
{{redirect|Sovereign nation|the use of this term by Native Americans|Tribal sovereignty in the United States}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
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The [[Balance of power in international relations|balance of power]], which characterized that system, depended for its effectiveness upon clearly defined, centrally controlled, independent entities, whether [[empire]]s or nation states, which recognize each other's sovereignty and territory.
The Westphalian system did not create the nation-state, but the nation-state meets the criteria for its component states (by assuming that there is no disputed territory).{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}
Before the Westphalian system, the closest geopolitical system was the "Chanyuan system" established in East Asia in 1005 through the [[Chanyuan Treaty|Treaty of Chanyuan]], which, like the Westphalian peace treaties, designated national borders between the independent regimes of China's [[Song dynasty]] and the semi-nomadic [[Liao dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=Yuan Julian |date=July 2018 |title=Frontier, Fortification, and Forestation: Defensive Woodland on the Song–Liao Border in the Long Eleventh Century |url=https://www.academia.edu/37471839 |journal=[[Journal of Chinese History]] |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=313–334 |doi=10.1017/jch.2018.7 |s2cid=133980555 |issn=2059-1632|doi-access=free }}</ref>
This system was copied and developed in East Asia in the following centuries until the establishment of the pan-Eurasian [[Mongol Empire]] in the 13th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pakhomov |first=Oleg |title=Political Culture of East Asia – a civilization of total power |date=2022 |publisher=Springer-Verlag, Singapore |isbn=978-981-19-0778-4 |location=[S.l.] |oclc=1304248303}}</ref>
The nation-state received a philosophical underpinning in the era of [[Romanticism]], at first as the "natural" expression of the individual peoples ([[romantic nationalism]]: see [[Johann Gottlieb Fichte]]'s conception of the ''[[People|Volk]]'', later opposed by [[Ernest Renan]]). The increasing emphasis during the 19th century on the ethnic and racial origins of the nation led to a redefinition of the nation-state in these terms.<ref name="ref1"/> [[Racism]], which in [[Henri de Boulainvilliers|Boulainvilliers]]'s theories was inherently anti[[Patriotism|patriotic]] and antinationalist, joined itself with [[Colonialism|colonialist]]
The relationship between racism and ethnic nationalism reached its height in the 20th century through [[fascism]] and [[Nazism]]. The specific combination of "nation" ("people") and "state" expressed in such terms as the ''Völkische Staat'' and implemented in laws such as the 1935 [[Nuremberg laws]] made fascist states such as early [[Nazi Germany]] qualitatively different from non-fascist nation states. [[Minorities]] were not considered part of the people (''Volk'') and were consequently denied to have an authentic or legitimate role in such a state. In Germany, neither [[Jews]] nor the [[Romani people|Roma]] were considered part of the people, and both were specifically targeted for persecution. German [[nationality law]] defined "German" based on German ancestry, excluding ''all'' non-Germans from the people.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tourlamain |first=Guy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJsWzgEACAAJ |title=Völkisch Writers and National Socialism: A Study of Right-Wing Political Culture in Germany, 1890–1960 |date=2014 |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-3-03911-958-5 |language=en |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>
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{{more citations needed section|date=October 2015}}
[[File:Cold War border changes.png|thumb|260px|Changes in national boundaries after the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], [[Dissolution of Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakia]], [[breakup of Yugoslavia]] and [[reunification of Germany]]]]
"Legitimate states that govern effectively and dynamic industrial economies are widely regarded today [2004] as the defining characteristics of a modern nation-state."<ref>{{cite book |last=Kohli |first=Atul |author-link=Atul Kohli |year=2004 |title=State-Directed Development: Political Power and Industrialization in the Global Periphery |location=Cambridge |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w_r7wLD--VoC&pg=PA1 |page=1 |isbn=978-0-521-54525-9 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>
Nation-states have their characteristics differing from pre-national states. For a start, they have a different attitude to their territory compared to dynastic monarchies: it is semisacred and nontransferable. No nation would swap territory with other states simply, for example, because the king's daughter married. They have a different type of [[border]], in principle, defined only by the national group's settlement area. However, many nation-states also sought natural borders (rivers, mountain ranges). They are constantly changing in population size and power because of the limited restrictions of their borders.
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[[Belgium]] is a classic example of a state that is not a nation-state.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} The state was formed by [[secession]] from the [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands]] in 1830, whose neutrality and integrity was protected by the [[Treaty of London 1839]]; thus, it served as a [[buffer state]] after the Napoleonic Wars between the European powers [[France]], [[Prussia]] (after 1871 the [[German Empire]]) and the [[United Kingdom]] until [[World War I]], when the Germans breached its neutrality. Currently, Belgium is divided between the [[Flemings]] in the north, the [[French-speaking]] population in the south, and the German-speaking population in the east. The [[Flanders|Flemish]] population in the north speaks Dutch, the [[Wallonia|Walloon]] population in the south speaks either [[French language|French]] or, in the east of [[Liège Province]], German. The Brussels population speaks French or Dutch.
The Flemish identity is also cultural, and there is a strong separatist movement espoused by the political parties, the right-wing [[Vlaams Belang]] and the [[
[[File:Ethnolinguistic map of China 1983.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Ethnolinguistic map of mainland China and Taiwan<ref>Source: United States Central Intelligence Agency, 1983. The map shows the distribution of ethnolinguistic groups according to the historical majority of ethnic groups by region. Note this is different from the current distribution due to age-long internal migration and assimilation.</ref>]]
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According to Philip G. Roeder, [[Moldova]] is an example of a Soviet-era "segment-state" ([[Moldavian SSR]]), where the "nation-state project of the segment-state trumped the nation-state project of prior statehood. In Moldova, despite strong agitation from university faculty and students for reunification with [[Romania]], the nation-state project forged within the Moldavian SSR trumped the project for a return to the interwar nation-state project of [[Greater Romania]]."<ref name="Roeder2007">{{cite book |first=Philip G. |last=Roeder |title=Where Nation-States Come From: Institutional Change in the Age of Nationalism |year=2007 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-0-691-13467-3 |page=126}}</ref> See [[Controversy over linguistic and ethnic identity in Moldova]] for further details.
==
{{off topic|reason=It's really not clear what this section is contributing to the article, and its inclusion under a title "exceptional cases" reads a bit like [[WP:OR]]. The UK case seems to be the only one worth mentioning, if at all, for its being at once a nation-state and multi-national state|date=March 2024}}
=== Israel ===
[[Israel]] was founded as a [[Jewish state]] in 1948. Its "[[Basic Laws of Israel|Basic Laws]]" describe it as both a Jewish and a democratic state. The [[Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People]] (2018) explicitly specifies the nature of the [[State of Israel]] as the [[nation-state]] of the [[Jews|Jewish people]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/final-text-of-jewish-nation-state-bill-set-to-become-law// |title=Final text of Jewish nation-state law, approved by the Knesset early on July 19 |first=Raoul |last=Wootliff |date=18 July 2018 |work=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/7/19/israel-passes-controversial-jewish-nation-state-law |title=Israel passes controversial 'Jewish nation-state' law |date=19 July 2018 |work=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> According to the [[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]], 75.7% of Israel's population are Jews.<ref>{{cite
=== Kingdom of the Netherlands ===
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While historical monarchies often brought together different kingdoms/territories/ethnic groups under the same crown, in modern nation states political elites seek a uniformity of the population, leading to state nationalism.<ref>{{cite book |date=2014 |first=Michel |last=Pastoureau |chapter=Des armoiries aux drapeaux |language=fr |trans-chapter=From coats of arms to flags |edition=du Seuil |isbn=978-2-7578-4106-8 |title=Une histoire symbolique du Moyen Âge |publisher=Ed. du Seuil |trans-title=A symbolic history of the Middle Ages}}</ref><ref>[{{cite journal |date=1978 |last=Connor |doi=10.1080/01419870.1978.9993240 |issue=4 |first=Walker |journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies |pages=377–400 |title=A Nation is a Nation, is a State, is an Ethnic Group, is a... |volume=1}}</ref> In the case of the Christian territories of the future [[Spain]], neighboring [[Al-Andalus]], there was an early perception of ethnicity, faith and shared territory in the Middle Ages (13th-14th centuries), as documented by the [[Chronicle of Muntaner]] in the proposal of the [[Kingdom of Toledo (Crown of Castile)|Castilian king]] to the other Christian kings of the peninsula: "...''if these four Kings of Spain whom he named, who are of one flesh and blood, held together, little need they fear all the other powers of the world.''..".<ref>[http://www.yorku.ca/inpar/muntaner_goodenough.pdf#page=206 Muntaner's Chronicle-p.206, L.Goodenough-Hakluyt-London-1921]</ref><ref>Margarit i Pau, Joan: ''Paralipomenon Hispaniae libri decem''.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cervantes Virtual; f. LXXXIIIv. |url=http://www.lluisvives.com/servlet/SirveObras/jlv/91348064098793506388868/ima0197.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121190623/http://www.lluisvives.com/servlet/SirveObras/jlv/91348064098793506388868/ima0197.htm |archive-date=21 November 2014 |access-date=4 September 2017}}</ref> After the dynastic union of the [[Catholic Monarchs of Spain|Catholic Monarchs]] in the 15th century, the Spanish Monarchy ruled over different kingdoms, each with its own cultural, linguistic and political particularities, and the kings had to swear by the [[Laws]] of each territory before the respective [[Parliament]]s. Forming the [[Spanish Empire]], at this time the [[Habsburg Spain|Hispanic Monarchy]] had its maximum territorial expansion.
After the [[War of the Spanish Succession]], rooted in the political position of the [[Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares|Count-Duke of Olivares]] and the absolutism of [[Philip V of Spain|Philip V]], the assimilation of the [[Crown of Aragon]] by the [[Crown of Castile|Castilian Crown]] through the [[Nueva Planta decrees|Decrees of
[[File:Mapa político de España, 1850.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.35|School map of Spain from 1850. On it, the State is divided into four parts:- "Fully constitutional Spain", which includes Castile and the Galician-speaking territories. - "Annexed or assimilated Spain": the territories of the Crown of Aragon, the more significant part of which, except Aragon proper, are Catalan-speaking-, "Foral Spain", which includes Basque-speaking territories-, and "Colonial Spain", with the last overseas colonial territories.]]
The process of assimilation began with secret instructions to the corregidores of the Catalan territory: they "will take the utmost care to introduce the Castilian language, for which purpose he will give the most temperate and disguised measures so that the effect is achieved, without the care being noticed."<ref name="Historia general de España: Llegada">{{cite book |last=de la Cierva |date=1981 |publisher=Planeta |isbn=8485753003 |language=ca |first=Ricardo |pages=78 |title=Historia general de España: Llegada y apogeo de los Borbones |trans-title=General history of Spain: Arrival and heyday of the Bourbons}}</ref> From there, actions in the service of assimilation, discreet or aggressive, were continued, and reached to the last detail, such as, in 1799, the Royal Certificate forbidding anyone to "represent, sing and dance pieces that were not in Spanish."<ref name="Historia general de España: Llegada"/> These nationalist policies, sometimes very aggressive,<ref>{{cite book |last=Sobrequés Callicó |date=29 January 2021 |publisher=[[Department of Justice of the Generalitat de Catalunya]] |isbn=978-84-18601-20-0 |language=ca |first=Jaume |page=410 |title=Repressió borbònica i resistència identitària a la Catalunya del segle XVIII |trans-title=Bourbon repression and identity resistance to Catalonia in the 18th century}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ferrer Gironès |edition=62 |isbn=978-8429723632 |language=ca |first=Francesc |page=320 |title=La persecució política de la llengua catalana |trans-title=The political persecution of the Catalan language |year=1985|publisher=Edicions 62 }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite book |last=Benet |date=1995 |publisher=Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat |isbn=84-7826-620-8 |language=ca |first=Josep |title=L'intent franquista de genocidi cultural contra Catalunya |trans-title=The Francoist attempt of cultural genocide against Catalonia}}</ref><ref name=":0222">{{cite book |last=Llaudó Avila |date=2021 |edition=7th |publisher=Parcir |isbn=9788418849107 |location=Manresa |first=Eduard |title=Racisme i supremacisme polítics a l'Espanya contemporània |trans-title=Political racism and supremacism in contemporary Spain}}</ref> and still in force,<ref name=":3">{{cite web |publisher=Plataforma per la llengua |title=Novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2018 que afecten els territoris de parla catalana |language=ca |trans-title=Legislative novelties in linguistic matters approved in 2018 that affect the Catalan-speaking territories |url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/novetats_legislatives_en_materia_linguistic02_1571310685.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite web |publisher=Plataforma per la llengua |title=Novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2019 que afecten els territoris de parla catalana |language=ca |trans-title=Legislative novelties in linguistic matters approved in 2019 that affect the Catalan-speaking territories |url=https://plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/arxius/ambits-treball/Drets%20Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstics/Novetats_legislatives_en_mat%C3%A8ria_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstic-2019-ok.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite web |date=2019 |publisher=Plataforma per la llengua |title=Comportament lingüístic davant dels cossos policials espanyols |language=ca |trans-title=Linguistic behavior before the Spanish police stations |url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/linguisticcossospolicials_1576579756.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |title=L'espanyolisme lingüístic i la llengua comuna |trans-title=Linguistic Spanishism and the common language |last=Moreno Cabrera |first=Juan Carlos |publisher=Ponència del Consell de l'advocacia de Catalunya |book-title=VIII Jornada sobre l'Ús del Català a la Justícia |url=https://www.cicac.cat/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Espanyolisme_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstic_Juan-Carlos-Moreno.pdf |language=ca}}</ref> have been, and still are, the seed of repeated territorial conflicts within the State.
Although official Spanish history describes a "natural" decline of the Catalan language and increasing replacement by Spanish between the 16th and 19th centuries, especially among the upper classes, a survey of language usage in 1807, commissioned by [[Napoleon]], indicates that except in the royal courts, Spanish is absent from everyday life. It is indicated that Catalan "is taught in schools, printed and spoken, not only among the lower class, but also among people of first quality, also in social gatherings, as in visits and congresses", indicating that it is spoken everywhere "except in the royal courts". He also indicates that Catalan is also spoken "in the Kingdom of Valencia, in the islands of Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza, Sardinia, Corsica and much of Sicily, in the Vall of Aran and Cerdaña".<ref>{{cite book |last=Merle |first=René |title=Visions de "l'idiome natal" à travers l'enquête impériale sur les patois 1807-1812 |trans-title=Visions of the "native idiom" through the imperial survey of patois 1807-1812 |date=5 January 2010 |publisher=Editorial Trabucaire |isbn=978-2849741078 |location=Perpinyà |pages=223 |language=French}}</ref>
The nationalization process accelerated in the 19th century, in parallel to the origin of [[Spanish nationalism]], the social, political and ideological movement that tried to shape a Spanish national identity based on the Castilian model, in conflict with the other historical nations of the State. Politicians of the time were aware that despite the aggressive policies pursued up to that time, the uniform and monocultural "Spanish nation" did not exist, as indicated in 1835 by [[Antonio Alcalá Galiano|Antonio Alcalà Galiano]], when in the [[Cortes del Estatuto Real]] he defended the effort <blockquote>"To make the Spanish nation a nation that neither is nor has been until now."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fontana |first=Josep |title=La fi de l'antic règim i la industrialització. Vol. V Història de Catalunya |trans-title=The end of the old regime and industrialization. Flight. V History of Catalonia |publisher=Edicions 62 |year=1998 |isbn=9788429744408 |location=Barcelona |pages=453 |language=ca}}</ref></blockquote> In 1906, the Catalanist party [[Catalan Solidarity (1906)|Solidaritat Catalana]] was founded to try to mitigate the economically and culturally oppressive treatment of Spain towards the Catalans. One of the responses of [[Spanish nationalism]] came from the military state with statements such as that of the publication [[La Correspondencia Militar|La Correspondencia militar]]: "The Catalan problem is not solved, well, by freedom, but by restriction; not by palliatives and pacts, but by iron and fire". Another came from important Spanish intellectuals, such [[Pío Baroja|Pio Baroja]] and [[Vicente Blasco Ibáñez|Blasco Ibañez]], calling the Catalans "[[Jews]]", considered a serious insult at that time when [[Racism in Europe|racism]] was gaining strength.<ref name=":0222" />
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Another example of [[Fascism|fascist]] aggression towards the Catalan language is pointed out by [[Paul Preston]] in "The Spanish Holocaust",<ref name="Holo2">{{cite book |date=2012 |last=Preston |first=Paul |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |isbn=978-0-393-06476-6 |title=The Spanish Holocaust}}</ref> given that during the civil war it practically led to an ethnic conflict:<blockquote>"In the days following the occupation of Lleida (…), the republican prisoners identified as Catalans were executed without trial. Anyone who heard them speak Catalan was very likely to be arrested. The arbitrary brutality of the anti-Catalan repression reached such a point that Franco himself had to issue an order ordering that mistakes that could later be regretted be avoided ".
"There are examples of the murder of peasants for no other apparent reason than that of speaking Catalan"</blockquote>After a possible attempt at [[ethnic cleansing]],<ref name="Recopilació d'accions genocides con" /><ref name=":0222" /> the [[Biopolitics|biopolitical]] imposition of Spanish during the [[Francoist Spain|Franco dictatorship]], to the point of being considered an attempt at [[cultural genocide]], democracy consolidated an apparent asymmetric regime of [[bilingualism]] of sorts, wherein the Spanish government has employed a system of laws that favored Spanish over Catalan,<ref>{{cite web |date=2015 |title=Novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2014 que afecten Catalunya |language=ca |trans-title=Legislative innovations in linguistic matters approved in 2014 that affect Catalonia |url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/infornovetatslegislosc28022015_def_1434621426.pdf |publisher=Plataforma per la llengua}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2015 |title=Novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2015 que afecten els territoris de parla catalana |language=ca |trans-title=Legislative innovations in linguistic matters approved in 2015 that affect Catalan-speaking territories |url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/novetats-legislatives-2015_182_11_2160.pdf |publisher=Plataforma per la llengua}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2016 |title=Report sobre les novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2016 |language=ca |trans-title=Report on legislative developments in linguistic matters approved in 2016 |url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/report-de-novetats-legislatives-2016_1493294622.pdf |publisher=Plataforma per la llengua}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Report sobre les novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2017 |url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/report-sobre-les-novetats-legislatives-en-materia-linguistica-aprovades-el-2017_1528193285.pdf |publisher=Plataforma per la llengua}}</ref><ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Informe discriminacions lingüístiques 2016 |language=ca |trans-title=Linguistic discrimination report 2016 |url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/informediscriminacioadministracions_1496058084.pdf |publisher=Plataforma per la llengua}}</ref><ref name=":5"/> which becomes the weaker of the two languages, and therefore, in the absence of other states where it is spoken, is doomed to extinction in the medium or short term. In the same vein, its use in the Spanish Congress is prevented,<ref>{{cite web |date=2013 |title=El Congrés a Bosch i Jordà: el català hi "està prohibit" |language=ca |trans-title=The Congress in Bosch and Jordà: Catalan is "forbidden" The Congress in Bosch and Jordà: Catalan is "forbidden" |url=https://www.naciodigital.cat/noticia/53649/congres-bosch-jorda-catala-esta-prohibit |publisher=Naciódigital |access-date=9 November 2022 |archive-date=23 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223190423/https://www.naciodigital.cat/noticia/53649/congres-bosch-jorda-catala-esta-prohibit |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2020 |title=La presidenta del Congrés de Diputats, Meritxell Batet, prohibeix parlar en català a Albert Botran (CUP) i li talla el micròfon |url=https://www.dbalears.cat/ara/estat/2020/11/18/345765/video-presidenta-del-congres-diputats-meritxell-batet-prohibeix-parlar-catala-albert-botran-cup-talla-microfon.html |publisher=Diari de les Balears}}</ref> and it is prevented from achieving official status Europe, unlike less spoken languages such as [[Goidelic languages|Gaelic]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2022 |title=L'oficialització del gaèlic a la UE torna a evidenciar la discriminació del català |url=https://www.ccma.cat/324/loficialitzacio-del-gaelic-a-la-ue-torna-a-evidenciar-la-discriminacio-del-catala/noticia/3138529/ |publisher=CCMA}}</ref> In other institutional areas, such as justice, [[Plataforma per la Llengua]] has denounced [[Anti-Catalanism|Catalanophobia]]. The association [[Soberania i Justícia]] have also denounced it in an act in the [[European Parliament]]. It also takes the form of [[linguistic secessionism]], originally advocated by the Spanish extreme right and which has finally been adopted by the Spanish government itself and state bodies.<ref name="dbalears.cat">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-18 |title=El Govern espanyol ofereix el 'baléà' com a llengua oficial en una campanya |url=https://www.dbalears.cat/ara/estat/2022/05/18/366617/govern-espanyol-ofereix-balea-com-llengua-oficial-campanya-seguretat.html |website=Diari de Balears}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-01 |title=Les webs de l'Estat: sense presència del català, o amb errors ortogràfics |newspaper=El Nacional |url=https://www.elnacional.cat/ca/cultura/llengua-catalana-webs-estat-plataforma_456246_102.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sallés |first=Quico |date=2022-10-22 |title=El CNP, a un advocat: "No estem obligats a conèixer el dialecte català" |url=https://elmon.cat/societat/llengua/cnp-advocat-no-obligats-dialecte-catala-501969/ |url-status= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=El Mon |publisher=}}</ref>
In November 2005, [[Òmnium Cultural|Omnium Cultural]] organized a meeting of Catalan and Madrid intellectuals in the [[Círculo de Bellas Artes|Círculo de bellas artes]] in Madrid to show support for ongoing reform of Catalan Statute of Autonomy, which sought to resolve territorial tensions, and among other things better protect the Catalan language. On the Catalan side, a flight was made with one hundred representatives of the cultural, civic, intellectual, artistic and sporting world of Catalonia, but on the Spanish side, except [[Santiago Carrillo]], a politician from the [[Second Spanish Republic|Second Republic]], did not attend any more.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=May 1, 2022|date=2013-07-26|publisher=Vilaweb|language=ca|title=El suport explícit de la societat civil de Madrid a l'Estatut es limita a Santiago Carrillo|url=https://www.vilaweb.cat/noticia/4136130/20130726/suport-explicit-societat-civil-madrid-lestatut-limita-santiago-carrillo.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date= 2 November 2005|title=En busca de la "España educada" |url=https://elpais.com/diario/2005/11/03/espana/1130972416_850215.html |newspaper=El País}}</ref> The subsequent failure of the statutory reform with respect to its objectives opened the door to the growth of Catalan sovereignty.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=May 1, 2022|date=2017-07-10|publisher=Nació digital|language=ca|title=Fotos – Set anys de la manifestació del 10-J, punt de partida del procés sobiranista|url=https://www.naciodigital.cat/noticia/134582/fotos-set-anys-manifestacio-10-j-punt-partida-proces-sobiranista}}</ref>
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Apart from language discrimination by public officials,<ref>{{cite web |access-date=24 May 2021 |date=23 December 2021 |publisher=Plataforma per la llengua |language=ca |title=Informe de discriminacions lingüístiques 2020: "Habla en castellano, cojones, que estamos en España" |trans-title=Linguistic discrimination report 2020: "Speak in Spanish, cojones, que estamos en España" |url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/que-fem/estudis-i-publicacions/293/informe-de-discriminacions-linguistiques-2020-habla-en-castellano-cojones-que-estamos-en-espana}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Palmer |first=Jordi |date=13 March 2020 |title=Garrotada de l'ONU a Espanya: reconeix els catalans com a "minoria nacional" |trans-title=UN whip in Spain: recognizes the Catalans as a "national minority" |url=https://www.elnacional.cat/ca/politica/garrotada-onu-espanya-reconeix-catalans-minoria-nacional_479247_102.html |url-status= |archive-date= |language=ca}}</ref> e.g. in the hospitals,<ref>{{cite web |access-date=24 May 2022 |date=24 May 2022 |publisher=Vilaweb |language=ca |title="En espanyol, perquè no t'entenc": obligada a parlar en castellà mentre visitava un familiar a l'hospital |trans-title="In Spanish, because I don't understand you": forced to speak in Spanish while visiting a relative in the hospital |url=https://www.vilaweb.cat/noticies/discriminacio-linguistica-hospital-vila-joiosa-plataforma-llengua/}}</ref> the prohibition until September 2023 (47 years after Franco's death) of using the Catalan language in state institutions such as Court,<ref>{{cite web |access-date=May 1, 2022 |date=2022-05-17 |publisher=Vilaweb |language=ca |title=Batet talla la paraula a Botran perquè parlava en català: "La llengua castellana és la de tots" |trans-title=Batet cuts the word to Botran because he spoke in Catalan: "The Castilian language is that of all" |url=https://www.vilaweb.cat/noticies/batet-botran-catala-congres-espanyol-llengua-castellana/}}</ref> despite being the former [[Crown of Aragon]], with three Catalan-speaking territories, one of the co-founders of the current Spanish state, is nothing more than the continuation of the foreignization of Catalan-speaking people from the first third of the 20th century, in full swing of state racism and [[fascism]]. It also can be pointed the [[linguistic secessionism]], originally advocated by the Spanish far right and which has finally been adopted by the Spanish government itself and state bodies.<ref name="dbalears.cat"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-01 |title=Les webs de l'Estat: sense presència del català, o amb errors ortogràfics |url=https://www.elnacional.cat/ca/cultura/llengua-catalana-webs-estat-plataforma_456246_102.html |newspaper=El Nacional}}</ref> By fragmenting Catalan language into as many languages as territories, it becomes inoperative, economically suffocated, and becomes a political toy in the hands of territorial politicians.
Susceptible to be classified as an [[ethnic democracy]], the Spanish State currently only recognizes the [[
=== United Kingdom ===
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The [[United Kingdom]] is an unusual example of a nation state due to its "countries within a [[country]]". The United Kingdom is formed by the union of [[England]], [[Scotland]], [[Wales]] and [[Northern Ireland]], but it is a [[unitary state]] formed initially by the merger of two independent kingdoms, the [[Kingdom of England]] (which already included Wales) and the [[Kingdom of Scotland]], but the [[Treaty of Union]] (1707) that set out the agreed terms has ensured the continuation of distinct features of each state, including separate [[Law in the United Kingdom|legal systems]] and separate [[Religion in the United Kingdom|national churches]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Doherty |first1=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=065TDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA198 |title=Public Law |date=2016 |publisher=Rutledge |isbn=978-1317206651 |pages=198–201}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=McCann |first1=Philip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uAi4CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT372 |title=The UK Regional–National Economic Problem: Geography, globalisation and governance |date=2016 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781317237174 |page=372 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=The Permanent Committee on Geographical Names |title=UK Toponnymic Guidelines |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/326664/UK_Toponymic_Guidelines.pdf |publisher=[[UK Government]] |access-date=26 January 2017 |archive-date=17 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517012455/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/326664/UK_Toponymic_Guidelines.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>
In 2003, the [[British Government]] described the United Kingdom as "countries within a country".<ref>{{cite web |date=10 January 2003 |title=Countries within a country, number10.gov.uk |url=http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080909013512/http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823 |archive-date=9 September 2008 |access-date=20 February 2013 |publisher=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|National Archives]]}}</ref> While the [[Office for National Statistics]] and others describe the United Kingdom as a "nation state",<ref>{{cite web |title=ONS Glossary of economic terms |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/about/glossary/economic_terms.asp |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110907093405/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/geography/beginner-s-guide/glossary/glossary-u.html |archive-date=7 September 2011 |access-date=24 July 2010 |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Giddens |first=Anthony |url=https://archive.org/details/sociology0005gidd |title=Sociology |publisher=Polity Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7456-3379-4 |location=Cambridge |page=[https://archive.org/details/sociology0005gidd/page/41 41]}}</ref> others, including a then Prime Minister, describe it as a "[[multinational state]]",<ref>{{cite web |last=Hogwood |first=Brian |title=Regulatory Reform in a Multinational State: The Emergence of Multilevel Regulation in the United Kingdom |url=https://ecpr.eu/Events/PaperDetails.aspx?PaperID=5567&EventID=45 |access-date=27 February 2017 |website=European Consortium for Political Research}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Brown |first1=Gordon |date=25 March 2008 |title=Gordon Brown: We must defend the Union |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/3556535/Gordon-Brown-We-must-defend-the-Union.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/3556535/Gordon-Brown-We-must-defend-the-Union.html |archive-date=11 January 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Diversity and Citizenship Curriculum Review |url=
== Minorities ==
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* [[City-state]]
* [[Civilization state]]
* [[Ethnic nationalism]]▼
* [[Ethnocracy]]
* [[Islamic state]]
* [[Monoethnicity]]
* [[Nation]]
* [[National personification]]
* [[Titular nation]]
* [[Westphalian sovereignty]]
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{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Nation|State]]
[[Category:Political science terminology]]
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