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[[File:Map of Alpine Glaciations.png|thumb|Violet: Extent of the Alpine ice sheet in the [[Würm glaciation]]. Blue: Extent in earlier ice ages.]]
The '''Late Pleistocene''' is an unofficial [[Age (geology)|age]] in the international [[geologic timescale]] in [[chronostratigraphy]], also known as the '''Upper Pleistocene''' from a [[Stratigraphy|stratigraphic]] perspective. It is intended to be the fourth division of the [[Pleistocene]] Epoch within the ongoing [[Quaternary]] Period. It is currently defined as the time between c. 129,000 and c. 11,700 years ago. The late Pleistocene equates to the proposed '''Tarantian''' Age of the [[geologic time scale]], preceded by the officially ratified [[Chibanian]] (commonly known as the Middle Pleistocene).<ref name="ICC"/> The beginning of the Late Pleistocene is the transition between the end of the [[Penultimate Glacial Period]] and the beginning of the [[Last Interglacial]] around 130,000 years ago (corresponding with the beginning of [[Marine Isotope Stage 5]]).<ref name="Eemian">{{Cite journal |title=Eemian interglacial reconstructed from a Greenland folded ice core |journal=Nature |volume=493 |issue=7433 |pages=489–494 |year=2013 |author=D. Dahl-Jensen & others |bibcode=2013Natur.493..489N |url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/500331/1/2012-07-09846-NEEM_revised.pdf |doi=10.1038/nature11789 |pmid=23344358|s2cid=4420908 }}</ref> The Late Pleistocene ends with the termination of the [[Younger Dryas]], some [[10th millennium BC|11,700 years ago]] when the [[Holocene]] Epoch began.<ref name="FRS"/>
The term Upper Pleistocene is currently in use as a provisional or "quasi-formal" designation by the [[International Union of Geological Sciences]] (IUGS). Although the three oldest ages of the Pleistocene (the [[Gelasian]], the [[Calabrian (stage)|Calabrian]] and the [[Chibanian]]) have been officially defined, the late Pleistocene has yet to be formally defined.<ref name="Gibbard">{{cite journal |author1= P. L. Gibbard |title=The Quaternary System/Period and its major subdivisions |journal=Russian Geology and Geophysics |date=2015 |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=686–688 |doi=10.1016/j.rgg.2015.03.015|bibcode=2015RuGG...56..686G }}</ref>
Following the brief Last Interglacial warm period (~130-115,000 years ago), where temperatures were comparable to or warmer than the Holocene, the Late Pleistocene was dominated by the cool [[Last Glacial Period]], with temperatures graduate lowering throughout the period, reaching their lowest during the [[Last Glacial Maximum]] around 26-20,000 years ago.
Most of the world's large ([[megafauna]]l) animals became extinct during the Late Pleistocene as part of the [[Late Pleistocene extinctions]], a trend that continued into the Holocene. In [[palaeoanthropology]], the late Pleistocene contains the [[Upper Palaeolithic]] stage of human development, including the [[early human migrations]] of modern humans outside of Africa, and the extinction of
==Last Ice Age==
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The [[Last Glacial Maximum]] was reached during the later millennia of the Würm/Weichselian, estimated between 26 ka and 19 ka when deglaciation began in the Northern Hemisphere. The Würm/Weichselian endured until 16 ka with Northern Europe, including most of [[Great Britain]], covered by an ice sheet. The glaciers reached the [[Great Lakes]] in North America.<ref name="FRS"/> Sea levels fell and two [[land bridge]]s were temporarily in existence that had significance for [[human migration]]: [[Doggerland]], which connected Great Britain to mainland Europe; and the [[Bering land bridge]] which joined [[Alaska]] to [[Siberia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-12244964 |title=The moment Great Britain became an island |last=Lane |first=Megan |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=15 February 2011 | access-date=5 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="BLB">{{cite web |url=http://www.sfu.museum/journey/an-en/postsecondaire-postsecondary/pont_beringie-beringia_bridge |title=Bering Land Bridge |first=Barbara |last=Winter |publisher=SFU Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology |access-date=2 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428231158/http://www.sfu.museum/journey/an-en/postsecondaire-postsecondary/pont_beringie-beringia_bridge |archive-date=28 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The
The end of the Younger Dryas marks the boundary between the Pleistocene and Holocene Epochs.
==Africa==
The Late Pleistocene was the time when most animals evolved to resemble modern-day [[animal]]s and they managed to live through the Late mid-Pleistocene since there were no extinction events of [[megafauna]] until the end of the Late Pleistocene.<ref name=":03"/>
Some species which went extinct at the end of the Late Pleistocene in Southern Africa are the [[Metridiochoerus|giant warthog]], long-horn buffalo, [[Southern springbok]], etc.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Backwell |first1=Lucinda |last2=Steininger |first2=Christine |last3=Neveling |first3=Johann |last4=Abdala |first4=Fernando |last5=Pereira |first5=Lucy |last6=Mayer |first6=Elver |last7=Rossouw |first7=Lloyd |last8=de la Peña |first8=Paloma |last9=Brink |first9=James |date=November 2018 |title=Holocene large mammal mass death assemblage from South Africa |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1040618217312636 |journal=Quaternary International |language=en |volume=495 |pages=49–63 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2017.11.055|bibcode=2018QuInt.495...49B |hdl=11336/57611 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> These species were common because their distribution changed in response to climatic influences on vegetation. [[Carnivore|Carnivores]] were more widespread due to their varying habitat requirements.
[[File:Nazlet_Khater_Skeleton_from_above.jpg|thumb|image of Nazlet Khater skeleton found in Upper Egypt showing early human culture dating back to
In [[Egypt]], the Late (or Upper) [[Palaeolithic]] began sometime after 30,000 BC. People in North Africa had relocated to the [[Nile Valley]] as the [[Sahara]] was transformed from grassland to desert.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/egypt/history/paleolithic%20egypt.htm| title=Ancient Egyptian Culture: Palaeolithic Egypt |work=Emuseum |publisher=Minnesota State University |date=2002 |access-date=18 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601171500/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/egypt/history/paleolithic%20egypt.htm |archive-date=1 June 2010}}</ref> The [[Nazlet Khater]] skeleton was found in 1980 and has been [[Radiocarbon dating|radiocarbon dated]] to between 30,360 and 35,100 years ago.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Willoughby |first1=Pamela R. |title=The Evolution of Modern Humans in Africa: A Comprehensive Guide |date=2007 |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn=978-0759101197 |pages=181–182}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=L. |last1=Bouchneba |first2=I. |last2=Crevecoeur |title=The inner ear of Nazlet Khater 2 (Upper Palaeolithic, Egypt) |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=56 |issue=3 |year=2009 |pages=257–262 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.12.003 |pmid=19144388}}</ref>
Most of the knowledge of the Late Pleistocene is obtained from regions like [[Morocco]], [[Algeria]], [[Tunisia]], some coastal regions of [[Maghreb]], [[Libya]] and [[Egypt]]. The only issue with interpreting the data from this region is due to the lack of chronological information.<ref name=":03" /> The resemblance of Late Pleistocene species in Northern Africa to modern animals is the same as in Southern Africa but it's extremely difficult to date when these fauna came into place because of the lack of reliable samples from the mid-Pleistocene.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geraads |first=Denis |date=2002 |title=Plio-Pleistocene mammalian biostratigraphy of Atlantic Morocco / Biostratigraphie des mammifères Plio-Pléistocènes du Maroc atlantique. |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/quate_1142-2904_2002_num_13_1_1702 |journal=Quaternaire |language=fr |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=43–53 |doi=10.3406/quate.2002.1702 |issn=1142-2904}}</ref> Most of the significant fossil records are from the Maghreb because of its [[geology]] which helps to create deep caves which is conducive for preserving [[fossil]]s.
==Eurasia==
[[Neanderthal]] hominins (''Homo neanderthalensis'') inhabited Eurasia until becoming extinct between 40 and 30 ka, towards the end of the Pleistocene and possibly into the early Holocene{{sfn|Bronowski|1973|pp=59–60}}{{sfn|Teeple|2002|pp=12–13}}and were replaced with modern humans (''[[Human|Homo sapiens]])'' who emerged from East Africa about 195,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=White |first1=Tim D. |last2=Asfaw |first2=Berhane |last3=DeGusta |first3=David |last4=Gilbert |first4=Henry |last5=Richards |first5=Gary D. |last6=Suwa |first6=Gen |last7=Clark Howell |first7=F. |date=June 2003 |title=Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature01669 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=423 |issue=6941 |pages=742–747 |doi=10.1038/nature01669 |pmid=12802332 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref> Neanderthals co-existed with the ''Homo sapiens'' until they died out.{{Cn|date=April 2024}}
In Eurasia, extinction happened throughout the Pleistocene but those that happened during the Later Pleistocene were of megafauna and there were no replacements for the extinct species.{{Cn|date=April 2024}} Some [[Mollusca]]n species went extinct but not on the same scale as the mammals living during the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Howell |first=F.Clark |date=July 1978 |title=British Quaternary Studies. Recent Advances Edited by F. W. Shotton. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 298 pp., $23.00 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(78)90021-2 |journal=Quaternary Research |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=138 |doi=10.1016/0033-5894(78)90021-2 |issn=0033-5894}}</ref> Some examples of species which extinct without replacements include the [[Straight-tusked elephant]] (''Palaeoloxodon antiquus''), [[Irish elk|Giant deer]] (''Megaloceros giganteus''), [[Cave bear|cave bear]] (''Ursus spelaeus'') and [[woolly rhinoceros]] (''Coelodonta antiquitatis'').<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Anthony J. |date=November 1991 |title=Mammalian Extinctions in the Late Pleistocene of Northern Eurasia and North America |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1991.tb01149.x |journal=Biological Reviews |language=en |volume=66 |issue=4 |pages=453–562 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-185X.1991.tb01149.x |pmid=1801948 |issn=1464-7931}}</ref> Several large mammalian species including the [[mammoth]], [[mastodon]], and [[Irish elk]] became extinct.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sutcliffe |first=Antony J. |title=On the track of ice age mammals |date=1986 |publisher=British Museum (Natural History) |isbn=978-0-565-00869-7 |edition=Reprinted with amendments |location=London}}</ref>
Upper Paleolithic people also made paintings and engravings on walls. [[Cave painting]]s have been found at [[Lascaux]] in the [[Dordogne]] which may be more than 17,000 years old. These are mainly [[European bison|buffalo]], [[deer]], and other animals hunted by humans. Later paintings occur in caves throughout the world, including [[Cave of Altamira|Altamira]], Spain, and in India, Australia, and the Sahara.{{sfn|Teeple|2002|pp=12–13}}<ref>{{Citation |last1=Martin-Sanchez |first1=Pedro M. |title=13. Lascaux Cave: An Example of Fragile Ecological Balance in Subterranean Environments |date=2015-10-16 |work=Microbial Life of Cave Systems |pages=279–302 |editor-last=Summers Engel |editor-first=Annette |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110339888-015/html |access-date=2024-02-12 |publisher=de Gruyter |doi=10.1515/9783110339888-015 |isbn=978-3-11-033499-9 |last2=Miller |first2=Ana Z. |last3=Saiz-Jimenez |first3=Cesareo}}</ref>
[[Magdalenian]] hunter-gatherers were widespread in western Europe about 20 -12.500 [[cal BP]] years ago until the end of the Pleistocene.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bicho |first1=Nuno |last2=Haws |first2=Jonathan |date=2012-09-12 |title=The Magdalenian in central and southern Portugal: Human ecology at the end of the Pleistocene |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618212001449 |journal=Quaternary International |series=The Magdalenian Settlement of Europe |volume=272-273 |pages=6–16 |bibcode=2012QuInt.272....6B |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2012.02.055 |issn=1040-6182}}</ref> An example of this is the antler-working done by the human groups who lived in the [[Santimamiñe|Santimamine]] cave in the Magdalenian.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Erostarbe-Tome |first=Asier |date=December 2023 |title=Antler working by the last European Pleistocene hunter-gatherers of Santimamiñe cave (Northern Iberian Peninsula): technological implications of osseous equipment during the Magdalenian |journal=Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences |language=en |volume=15 |issue=12 |page=200 |bibcode=2023ArAnS..15..200E |doi=10.1007/s12520-023-01897-z |issn=1866-9557 |doi-access=free}}</ref> They invented the earliest known [[harpoon]]s using [[reindeer]] horn.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://leseyzies-tourist.info/the-magdalenian/ |title=History of the Magdalenian |work=The Magdalenian |publisher=Les Eyzies |date=2019 |access-date=18 November 2019 |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118043550/https://leseyzies-tourist.info/the-magdalenian/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Climatic conditions during the Late Pleistocene in Eurasia were predominantly cold with [[glaciation]] events happening in [[northern Europe]], northwest [[Siberia]] and [[Alps|the Alps]] and [[Interglacial|interglacials]] (temperate phase). The evidence of the changes in climatic conditions was from fragmentary sequences in formerly glaciated areas in [[northern Europe]].<ref name=":2"/>
The only domesticated animal in the Pleistocene was the [[dog]], which evolved from the [[wolf|grey wolf]] into its many modern [[dog breeds|breeds]]. It is believed that the grey wolf became associated with hunter-gatherer tribes around 15
A butchered [[brown bear]] [[patella]] found in [[Alice and Gwendoline Cave]] in [[County Clare]] and dated to 10,860 to 10,641 BC indicates the first known human activity in [[Ireland]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dowd, Marion|title = A Remarkable Cave Discovery|year=2016|journal=Archaeology Ireland|volume=30|issue=2|pages=21–25|jstor = 43816774}}</ref>
==Far East==
[[File:Geodispersal_at_Bering_Land_Bridge.png|thumb|image showing the Bering land bridge created during the Late Pleistocene]]
The [[topography]] and [[geography]] of Asia were subject to frequent changes such as the creation of [[Land bridge|land bridges]] when sea levels dropped which helped with the expansion and migration of [[Human population|human populations]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wooller |first1=Matthew J. |last2=Saulnier-Talbot |first2=Émilie |last3=Potter |first3=Ben A. |last4=Belmecheri |first4=Soumaya |last5=Bigelow |first5=Nancy |last6=Choy |first6=Kyungcheol |last7=Cwynar |first7=Les C. |last8=Davies |first8=Kimberley |last9=Graham |first9=Russell W. |last10=Kurek |first10=Joshua |last11=Langdon |first11=Peter |last12=Medeiros |first12=Andrew |last13=Rawcliffe |first13=Ruth |last14=Wang |first14=Yue |last15=Williams |first15=John W. |date=June 2018 |title=A new terrestrial palaeoenvironmental record from the Bering Land Bridge and context for human dispersal |journal=Royal Society Open Science |language=en |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=180145 |bibcode=2018RSOS....580145W |doi=10.1098/rsos.180145 |issn=2054-5703 |pmc=6030284 |pmid=30110451}}</ref> The first human habitation in the [[Japanese archipelago]] has been traced to [[Japanese Paleolithic|prehistoric times]] between 40,000 BC and 30,000 BC. The earliest fossils are [[Radiocarbon dating|radiocarbon dated]] to c. 35,000 BC. An archeological record of Neanderthals has been found in Asia along with records of two other hominin populations, the [[Denisovan|Denisovans]] and ''[[Homo floresiensis]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reich |first1=David |last2=Green |first2=Richard E. |last3=Kircher |first3=Martin |last4=Krause |first4=Johannes |last5=Patterson |first5=Nick |last6=Durand |first6=Eric Y. |last7=Viola |first7=Bence |last8=Briggs |first8=Adrian W. |last9=Stenzel |first9=Udo |last10=Johnson |first10=Philip L. F. |last11=Maricic |first11=Tomislav |last12=Good |first12=Jeffrey M. |last13=Marques-Bonet |first13=Tomas |last14=Alkan |first14=Can |last15=Fu |first15=Qiaomei |date=December 2010 |title=Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=468 |issue=7327 |pages=1053–1060 |bibcode=2010Natur.468.1053R |doi=10.1038/nature09710 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=4306417 |pmid=21179161}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=P. |last2=Sutikna |first2=T. |last3=Morwood |first3=M. J. |last4=Soejono |first4=R. P. |last5=Jatmiko |last6=Wayhu Saptomo |first6=E. |last7=Awe Due |first7=Rokus |date=October 2004 |title=A new small-bodied hominin from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature02999 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=431 |issue=7012 |pages=1055–1061 |bibcode=2004Natur.431.1055B |doi=10.1038/nature02999 |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=15514638}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sutikna |first1=Thomas |last2=Tocheri |first2=Matthew W. |last3=Morwood |first3=Michael J. |last4=Saptomo |first4=E. Wahyu |last5=Jatmiko |last6=Awe |first6=Rokus Due |last7=Wasisto |first7=Sri |last8=Westaway |first8=Kira E. |last9=Aubert |first9=Maxime |last10=Li |first10=Bo |last11=Zhao |first11=Jian-xin |last12=Storey |first12=Michael |last13=Alloway |first13=Brent V. |last14=Morley |first14=Mike W. |last15=Meijer |first15=Hanneke J. M. |date=2016-04-21 |title=Revised stratigraphy and chronology for Homo floresiensis at Liang Bua in Indonesia |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature17179 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=532 |issue=7599 |pages=366–369 |bibcode=2016Natur.532..366S |doi=10.1038/nature17179 |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=27027286}}</ref>
Japan was once linked to the Asian mainland by land bridges via [[Hokkaido]] and [[Sakhalin]] Island to the north but was unconnected at this time when the main islands of Hokkaido, [[Honshu]], [[Kyushu]] and [[Shikoku]] were all separate entities.<ref name="Fujita2016">{{cite journal |last=Fujita |first=Masaki |title=Advanced maritime adaptation in the western Pacific coastal region extends back to 35,000–30,000 years before present |date=2016 |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |volume=113 |issue=40 |pages=11184–11189 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1607857113 |pmid=27638208 |pmc=5056111|bibcode=2016PNAS..11311184F |doi-access=free }}</ref>
==North America==
Human migrations happened during this time with people coming in from [[Eurasia]]. From about 28 ka, there were migrations across the [[Beringia|Bering land bridge]] from [[Siberia]] to [[Alaska]]. The people became the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]]. It is believed that the original tribes subsequently moved down to Central and South America under pressure from later migrations.<ref name="BLB" />{{sfn|Teeple|2002|pp=12–13}}
In the [[North American land mammal age]] scale, the [[Rancholabrean]] spans the time from c. 240,000 years ago to c. 11,000 years ago. It is named after the [[Rancho La Brea]] fossil site in [[California]],
''[[Bison occidentalis]]'' and ''[[Bison antiquus]]'', an extinct subspecies of the smaller present-day bison, survived the late Pleistocene period, between about 12 and 11 [[kiloannum|ka]] ago. [[Clovis culture|Clovis]]
== South America ==
{{Expand section|date=June 2020}}
The Late Pleistocene saw a change in the use of coastal resources and advancements in marine technology. The reasons for these changes have not been confirmed; various triggering mechanisms have been theorized such as [[climate change]], the arrival of new people, or the struggle for resources.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dillehay |first=Tom D. |date=1999 |title=The late Pleistocene cultures of South America |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1999)7:63.0.CO;2-G |journal=Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews |language=en |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=206–216 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1999)7:6<206::AID-EVAN5>3.0.CO;2-G |issn=1060-1538}}</ref>
The [[South American land mammal age]], the [[Lujanian]], corresponds with the late Pleistocene. The [[Lujanian]] is a geologic period from 0.8 - 0.11Ma specifically for prehistoric [[South America|South American]] fauna.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Flynn |first1=John J. |title=Cenozoic South American Land Mammal AgesCorrelation to Global Geochronologies |date=1995 |work=Geochronology, Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/%201041/chapter/10529000 |access-date=2024-04-18 |publisher=SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology |language=en |doi=10.2110/pec.95.04.0317 |isbn=978-1-56576-091-2 |last2=Swisher |first2=Carl C.}}</ref>
==Oceania==
There is evidence of human habitation in mainland [[Australia]], [[Indonesia]], [[New Guinea]] and [[Tasmania]] from c. 45,000 BC. The finds include rock engravings, stone tools and evidence of cave habitation.{{sfn|Teeple|2002|p=13}}
In Australia, there are sites which show evidence of pollen records from the Late Pleistocene and they are mostly found in more [[Temperate climate|temperate]] regions of the continent.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=van der Kaars |first=W. A. |date=1991-06-01 |title=Palynology of eastern Indonesian marine piston-cores: a Late Quaternary vegetational and climatic record for Australasia |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182%2891%2990163-L |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=239–302 |doi=10.1016/0031-0182(91)90163-L |bibcode=1991PPP....85..239V |issn=0031-0182}}</ref> Some megafauna decreased in size over time, while others remained the same; however, the fossil record is limited in the exact chronologies of the extinctions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wroe |first1=Stephen |last2=Field |first2=Judith H. |last3=Archer |first3=Michael |last4=Grayson |first4=Donald K. |last5=Price |first5=Gilbert J. |last6=Louys |first6=Julien |last7=Faith |first7=J. Tyler |last8=Webb |first8=Gregory E. |last9=Davidson |first9=Iain |last10=Mooney |first10=Scott D. |date=2013-05-28 |title=Climate change frames debate over the extinction of megafauna in Sahul (Pleistocene Australia-New Guinea) |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=110 |issue=22 |pages=8777–8781 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1302698110 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=3670326 |pmid=23650401 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2013PNAS..110.8777W }}</ref>
In general, various reasons have been stated to have caused the extinctions during the Late Pleistocene but the topic is still being debated.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barnosky |first1=Anthony D. |last2=Koch |first2=Paul L. |last3=Feranec |first3=Robert S. |last4=Wing |first4=Scott L. |last5=Shabel |first5=Alan B. |date=October 2004 |title=Assessing the Causes of Late Pleistocene Extinctions on the Continents |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1101476 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=306 |issue=5693 |pages=70–75 |doi=10.1126/science.1101476 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=15459379|bibcode=2004Sci...306...70B }}</ref>
== References ==
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