Content deleted Content added
Dushnilkin (talk | contribs) The specified source does not mention the victory of Byzantium in the war anywhere, only the unsuccessful campaign of 941, which was part of the war. Moreover, the source mentions a peace treaty beneficial to Russia: "In 944 in Constantinople, Prince Igor and the Byzantine emperor signed a treaty that was as successful for Russia as the treaty of 911. It also included trade and military-political articles. Russian merchants received even broader rights and privileges. |
→The invasion: section does have some refs... |
||
| (4 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) | |||
Line 9:
| date = 941–944<ref>Mauricio Borrero. Russia: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present. 2004. P. 389: "'''941–944''': Igor leads expedition on Constantinople".</ref><ref>James Stuart Olson, Lee Brigance Pappas, Nicholas Charles Pappas. An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1994. P. 767: "'''944''': Igor ends his expedition against Constantinople".</ref>
| place = [[Constantinople]]<br />(modern-day [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]])
| result = Indecisive{{
*The first campaign was unsuccessful, Igor's flotilla was defeated
*The second campaign was a success, the Byzantines pay tribute and conclude a peace treaty<ref> Vilhelm Ludvig Peter Thomsen. The Relations Between Ancient Russia and Scandinavia, and the Origin of the Russian State. Cambridge University Press. 2010. P. 25</ref>
}}
*[[Rus'–Byzantine Treaty (945)]](Favorable outcome for Rus')<ref>[https://www.sedmitza.ru/lib/text/441064/ Русско-византийские отношения IX-XV вв.]</ref>
| combatant1 = [[Byzantine Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[Kievan Rus'|Rus']]
| commander1 = [[Theophanes (chamberlain)|Theophanes]]<br>[[Bardas Phokas the Elder|Bardas Phokas]]<br>[[John Kourkouas]]
| commander2 = [[Igor I of Kiev]]|
| strength1 = 15 ships (initially){{
| strength2 = 1,000 ships, c. 40,000 men<ref group=n>Sources give varying figures for the size of the Rus fleet. The number 10,000 ships appears in the [[Primary Chronicle]] and in Greek sources, some of which put the figure as high as 15,000 ships. [[Liudprand of Cremona]] wrote that the fleet numbered only 1,000 ships; Liudprand's report is based on the account of his step-father who witnessed the attack while serving as envoy at Constantinople. Modern historians find the latter estimate to be the most credible. Runciman (1988), p. 111.</ref>
}}
Line 27:
== The invasion ==
{{
[[File:Byzantines repel the Russian attack of 941.jpg|thumb|Byzantines repel the Russian attack of 941]]
The [[Rus' (people)|Rus']] and their allies, the [[Pechenegs]], disembarked on the northern coast of [[Asia Minor]] and swarmed over [[Bithynia]] in May 941. As usual, they seemed to have been well informed that the Imperial capital stood defenseless and vulnerable to attack: the [[Byzantine Navy|Byzantine fleet]] had been engaged against the Arabs in the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]], while the bulk of the [[Byzantine army|Imperial army]] had been stationed along the eastern borders.
Line 43:
{{Reflist|group=n}}
== References ==
===
{{reflist}}
Line 57:
*{{cite book |title=The History of the Byzantine Empire |volume=2 |last=Uspensky |first=Fyodor |author-link=Fyodor Uspensky |year=1997 |publisher=Mysl |location=Moscow }}
*{{cite journal |last=Zuckerman |first=Constantine |author-link=Constantine Zuckerman |year=1995 |title=On the Date of the Khazar's Conversion to Judaism and the Chronology of the Kings of the Rus' Oleg and Igor |journal=Revue des Études Byzantines |volume=53 |pages=237–270 |doi=10.3406/rebyz.1995.1906 }}
* {{cite book |last=Норвич |first=Джон |title=История Византийской империи: От основания Константинополя до крушения государства | year = 2023 | ISBN = 978-5-389-19591-2}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rus'-Byzantine War (941)}}
| |||