Content deleted Content added
m Disambiguating links to Brabant (link changed to Brabantian dialect) using DisamAssist. |
|||
| (12 intermediate revisions by 4 users not shown) | |||
Line 2:
{{IPA notice}}
{{Dutch grammar}}
In southern dialects of Dutch (that is, those spoken roughly below the rivers [[Rhine]], [[Meuse]] and [[Waal (river)|Waal]]),{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1999|p=74}} the distinction between the phonemes {{IPA|/x/}} and {{IPA|/ɣ/}} is usual, with both realized as cardinal velars {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|x}}, {{IPAplink|ɣ}}]}} or post-palatal {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ç˗}}, {{IPAplink|ʝ˗}}]}}, hereafter represented without the diacritics. The allophony between those two types of fricatives is termed '''soft G''' in Dutch dialectology.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|1982}}{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003}} It is almost the same as the distinction between the {{lang|de|Ach-Laut}} and the {{lang|de|Ich-Laut}} in [[German language|German]], with an additional contrast of voicing.
Line 8:
In northern dialects of Dutch, the distinction (if present at all) is not consistent and is best described as a [[Fortis and lenis|fortis–lenis]] contrast, rather than a contrast of voicing. In those varieties, {{IPA|/x/}} and {{IPA|/ɣ/}} are no more front than cardinal velars, with {{IPA|/x/}} usually being uvular: {{IPAblink|χ}}. {{IPA|/ɣ/}}, if distinct from {{IPA|/x/}}, is typically a voiceless velar fricative {{IPAblink|x}}. This is termed '''hard G''' in Dutch dialectology.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|1982}}{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003}} It is also used in [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]], so that the Afrikaans word {{lang|af|goed}} 'good' has the same pronunciation as in Northern Dutch ({{IPA|[χut]}}), in addition to having the same meaning in both languages.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Bowerman|2004|p=939}}: "White South African English is one of very few varieties to have a velar fricative phoneme {{IPA|/x/}} (...), but this is only in words borrowed from Afrikaans (...) and Khoisan (...). Many speakers use the Afrikaans uvular fricative {{IPA|[χ]}} rather than the velar."</ref>
Speakers normally use those pronunciations in both standard language and the local dialect. The only exception to that are speakers from the southern Netherlands that have undergone accent reduction training, in which case they will use a trill fricative when speaking standard Dutch. It is very rare for speakers to use the hard G when speaking [[Brabantian dialect|Brabantian]] or [[Limburgish]].
==Pronunciation==
Line 17:
In [[Ripuarian language|Ripuarian]] (spoken in the southeastern part of Limburg), {{IPAblink|ʝ˗|ʝ}} has been so fronted and weakened as to merge with the palatal approximant {{IPAblink|j}}; compare Standard Dutch {{lang|nl|goed}} {{IPA|/ɣut/}} with {{lang|ksh|jód}} {{IPA|/jot/}} in the [[Kerkrade dialect]], with both words meaning 'good'. Those dialects are also an exception to the rule, as they switch over to the respective standard pronunciation when speaking Standard Dutch (in which case {{IPAblink|ʝ˗|ʝ}} is used) or, on the other side of the border (e.g. in [[Herzogenrath]], where the Kerkrade dialect is also spoken), Standard German (in which case {{IPAblink|ɡ}} is used). The pronunciation with {{IPAblink|j}} is [[Markedness|marked]] on both sides of the border. On the Dutch side of the border, the standard pronunciation of {{IPA|/ɣ/}} is only approximated after phonological back vowels {{IPA|/u, ɔ, oː, aː/}}, being uvular {{IPAblink|ʁ}} as in Ripuarian. On the German side, the standard German pronunciation {{IPAblink|ɡ}} is usual.
In many cases, {{IPAblink|j}} still patterns as an [[obstruent]], an allophone of {{IPA|/ɣ/}} in Ripuarian. The plural form {{lang|ksh|zeëje}} {{IPA|[ˈzeəjə]}}{{fix|text=tone?|date=July 2023}} 'saws' has an underlying {{IPA|/ɣ/}}: {{IPA|/ˈzeəɣə/}}{{fix|text=tone?|date=July 2023}} because it alternates with a voiceless fricative in the root {{lang|ksh|zeëg}} {{IPA|[ˈzeəç]}}{{fix|text=tone?|date=July 2023}} 'saw', phonemically {{IPA|/ˈzeəɣ/}}.{{fix|text=tone?|date=July 2023}} Compare this with the alternation in {{lang|ksh|vroag}} {{IPA|[ˈvʁoəχ]}}{{fix|text=tone?|date=July 2023}} 'question' - {{lang|ksh|vroage}} {{IPA|[ˈvʁoəʁə]}}{{fix|text=tone?|date=July 2023}} 'questions' (phonemically {{IPA|/
===Northern===
In Northern Dutch, {{IPA|/ɣ/}} appears immediately before voiced consonants and sometimes also between vowels, but not in the word-initial position. In the latter case, the sound is not voiced and differs from {{IPA|/x/}} in length ({{IPA|/ɣ/}} is longer) and in that it is produced a little bit further front (mediovelar, rather than postvelar) and lacks any trilling, so that {{lang|nl|vlaggen}} {{IPA|/ˈvlɑɣən/}} 'flags' has a somewhat lengthened, plain voiceless velar {{IPAblink|x|xˑ}} (hereafter represented with {{angbr IPA|ɣ̊}}): {{IPA|[ˈvlɑɣ̊ə(n)]}}, whereas {{lang|nl|lachen}} {{IPA|/ˈlɑxən/}} 'to laugh' features a shorter, post-velar fricative with a simultaneous voiceless uvular trill, transcribed with {{angbr IPA|x̠͡ʀ̥}} or {{angbr IPA|ʀ̝̊˖}} in narrow IPA but normally written with {{angbr IPA|χ}} or {{angbr IPA|x}}. In this article, {{angbr IPA|χ}} is used ({{IPA|[ˈlɑχə(n)]}}), even though the fricative portion is usually more front than cardinal uvulars.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|1982}}{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003}}{{sfnp|Goeman|Van de Velde|2001}} In Northern Dutch, the contrast between {{IPA|/x/}} and {{IPA|/ɣ/}} is unstable, and {{lang|nl|vlaggen}} is more likely to feature {{IPAblink|χ}}: {{IPA|[ˈvlɑχə(n)]}}.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|1982}}{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003}} Apart from Ripuarian, the voiceless trill fricative {{IPAblink|ʀ̝̊}} appears in very different contexts in Southern Dutch, being an allophone of {{IPA|/r/}}.{{sfnp|Tops|2009}}
===Further examples===
Line 26:
==Geographical distribution==
▲* All of the Netherlands, except the provinces of Limburg and most parts of North Brabant, and some dialects of [[Gelderland]] and [[Utrecht (province)|Utrecht]]
The '''soft {{angle bracket|g}}''' is used primarily in the southern part of the Dutch language area in Europe:
* The Netherlands
**
**Parts of the province of Gelderland namely the [[Bommelerwaard]], [[Betuwe]], the region south of [[Nijmegen]], [[Land van Maas en Waal]], the southern part of the [[Veluwe]] and the [[Achterhoek]].
**The southeastern part of the province of Utrecht.
* Dutch-speaking [[Belgium]] except for most of West Flanders and western East Flanders.
[[Ripuarian
Dialects of [[West Flanders]] and western [[East Flanders]] also do not align with any other dialect group in this aspect, as they feature [[h-dropping]] and use weak glottal fricatives {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ɦ}}, {{IPAplink|h}}]}} for standard {{IPA|/ɣ, x/}}. This pronunciation is also used in [[Zeelandic]] dialects spoken in the Netherlands.
==See also==▼
* [[Dutch phonology]]▼
* [[Afrikaans phonology]]▼
==References==
Line 100 ⟶ 102:
|last2=Van de Velde
|first2=Hans
|chapter=Co-occurrence constraints on {{IPA|/r/|cat=no}} and {{IPA|/ɣ/|cat=no}} in Dutch dialects
|pages=91–112
|editor-last2=van Hout
Line 193 ⟶ 195:
|first=Evie
|year=2009
|title=Variatie en verandering van de {{IPA|/r/|cat=no}} in Vlaanderen
|publisher=VUBPress
|place=Brussels
Line 215 ⟶ 217:
{{refend}}
▲==See also==
▲* [[Dutch phonology]]
▲* [[Afrikaans phonology]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:G in Dutch, hard and soft}}
| |||