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{{IPA notice}}
{{Dutch grammar}}
In southern dialects of Dutch (that is, those spoken roughly below the rivers [[Rhine]], [[Meuse]] and [[Waal (river)|Waal]]),{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1999|p=74}} the distinction between the phonemes {{IPA|/x/}} and {{IPA|/ɣ/}} is usual, with both realized as cardinal velars {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|x}}, {{IPAplink|ɣ}}]}} or post-palatal {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ç˗}}, {{IPAplink|ʝ˗}}]}}, hereafter represented without the diacritics. The allophony between those two types of fricatives is termed '''soft G''' in Dutch dialectology.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|1982}}{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003}} It is almost the same as the distinction between the {{lang|de|Ach-Laut}} and the {{lang|de|Ich-Laut}} in [[German language|German]], with an additional contrast of voicing.
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In northern dialects of Dutch, the distinction (if present at all) is not consistent and is best described as a [[Fortis and lenis|fortis–lenis]] contrast, rather than a contrast of voicing. In those varieties, {{IPA|/x/}} and {{IPA|/ɣ/}} are no more front than cardinal velars, with {{IPA|/x/}} usually being uvular: {{IPAblink|χ}}. {{IPA|/ɣ/}}, if distinct from {{IPA|/x/}}, is typically a voiceless velar fricative {{IPAblink|x}}. This is termed '''hard G''' in Dutch dialectology.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|1982}}{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003}} It is also used in [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]], so that the Afrikaans word {{lang|af|goed}} 'good' has the same pronunciation as in Northern Dutch ({{IPA|[χut]}}), in addition to having the same meaning in both languages.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Bowerman|2004|p=939}}: "White South African English is one of very few varieties to have a velar fricative phoneme {{IPA|/x/}} (...), but this is only in words borrowed from Afrikaans (...) and Khoisan (...). Many speakers use the Afrikaans uvular fricative {{IPA|[χ]}} rather than the velar."</ref>
Speakers normally use those pronunciations in both standard language and the local dialect. The only exception to that are speakers from the southern Netherlands that have undergone accent reduction training, in which case they will use a trill fricative when speaking standard Dutch. It is very rare for speakers to use the hard G when speaking [[Brabantian dialect|Brabantian]] or [[Limburgish]].
==Pronunciation==
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==Geographical distribution==
The '''hard {{angle bracket|g}}''' is used in most of the Netherlands, except the provinces of Limburg and most parts of North Brabant, and some dialects of [[Gelderland]] and [[Utrecht (province)|Utrecht]]. It is also used in [[Afrikaans]], a daughter language of Dutch. It is spoken in South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
The '''soft {{angle bracket|g}}''' is used primarily in the southern part of the Dutch language area in Europe:
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* Dutch-speaking [[Belgium]] except for most of West Flanders and western East Flanders.
[[Ripuarian
Dialects of [[West Flanders]] and western [[East Flanders]] also do not align with any other dialect group in this aspect, as they feature [[h-dropping]] and use weak glottal fricatives {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ɦ}}, {{IPAplink|h}}]}} for standard {{IPA|/ɣ, x/}}. This pronunciation is also used in [[Zeelandic]] dialects spoken in the Netherlands.
==See also==▼
* [[Dutch phonology]]▼
* [[Afrikaans phonology]]▼
==References==
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|last2=Van de Velde
|first2=Hans
|chapter=Co-occurrence constraints on {{IPA|/r/|cat=no}} and {{IPA|/ɣ/|cat=no}} in Dutch dialects
|pages=91–112
|editor-last2=van Hout
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|first=Evie
|year=2009
|title=Variatie en verandering van de {{IPA|/r/|cat=no}} in Vlaanderen
|publisher=VUBPress
|place=Brussels
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{{refend}}
▲==See also==
▲* [[Dutch phonology]]
▲* [[Afrikaans phonology]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:G in Dutch, hard and soft}}
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