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In northern dialects of Dutch, the distinction (if present at all) is not consistent and is best described as a [[Fortis and lenis|fortis–lenis]] contrast, rather than a contrast of voicing. In those varieties, {{IPA|/x/}} and {{IPA|/ɣ/}} are no more front than cardinal velars, with {{IPA|/x/}} usually being uvular: {{IPAblink|χ}}. {{IPA|/ɣ/}}, if distinct from {{IPA|/x/}}, is typically a voiceless velar fricative {{IPAblink|x}}. This is termed '''hard G''' in Dutch dialectology.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|1982}}{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003}} It is also used in [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]], so that the Afrikaans word {{lang|af|goed}} 'good' has the same pronunciation as in Northern Dutch ({{IPA|[χut]}}), in addition to having the same meaning in both languages.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Bowerman|2004|p=939}}: "White South African English is one of very few varieties to have a velar fricative phoneme {{IPA|/x/}} (...), but this is only in words borrowed from Afrikaans (...) and Khoisan (...). Many speakers use the Afrikaans uvular fricative {{IPA|[χ]}} rather than the velar."</ref>
Speakers normally use those pronunciations in both standard language and the local dialect. The only exception to that are speakers from the southern Netherlands that have undergone accent reduction training, in which case they will use a trill fricative when speaking standard Dutch. It is very rare for speakers to use the hard G when speaking [[Brabantian dialect|Brabantian]] or [[Limburgish]].
==Pronunciation==
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