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{{
{{More citations needed |date=November 2016}}
[[File:Palaquium gutta - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-099.jpg|thumb|right|''Palaquium gutta'']]
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'''Gutta-percha''' is a tree of the genus ''[[Palaquium]]'' in the family [[Sapotaceae]]. The name also refers to the rigid, naturally biologically [[Chemically inert|inert]], resilient, electrically [[nonconductor|nonconductive]], [[thermoplastic]] [[latex]] derived from the tree, particularly from ''[[Palaquium gutta]]''; it is a polymer of [[isoprene]] which forms a rubber-like [[elastomer]].
The word
==Description==
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Guttapercha-boom TMnr 60016733.jpg|thumb|Gutta-percha tree]]
''
In Australia, gutta-percha is a common name specifically used for the [[euphorbiaceae|euphorbiaceous]] tree ''[[Excoecaria]] parvifolia'', which yields an aromatic, heavy, dark-brown timber.
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[[File:Guttapercha.svg|thumb|Chemical structure of gutta-percha<ref>B.K. Sharma, ''Industrial Chemistry'', p. 1117, Krishna Prakashan Media, 1991 {{ISBN|8187224991}}</ref>]]
Chemically, gutta-percha is a [[terpene|polyterpene]], a [[polymer]] of [[isoprene]], or [[polyisoprene]], specifically ([[cis-trans isomerism|trans]]-1,4-polyisoprene).<ref name="one">{{cite book |last1=Alamgir |first1=A. N. M. |title=Therapeutic Use of Medicinal Plants and their Extracts: Volume 2: Phytochemistry and Bioactive Compounds |date=23 June 2018 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-92387-1 |page=183 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2LZhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA183 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Cis-trans isomerism|cis]] structure of polyisoprene is the common [[latex]] [[elastomer]].<ref name="one"/> While latex rubbers are [[amorphous]] in molecular structure, gutta-percha (the trans structure) [[crystal]]lizes, leading to a more rigid material. It exists in alpha and beta forms, with the alpha form being brittle at room temperature.<ref>{{cite book |title=Text Book of Endodontics |date=2009 |publisher=Elsevier India |isbn=978-81-312-2181-5 |page=186 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zwdyRs9HYpgC&pg=PA186 |language=en}}</ref>
==Uses==
===Historic===
[[File:The Reels of Gutta-percha Covered Conducting Wire Conveyed into Tanks at the Works of the Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Company, at Greenwich MET DP801249.jpg|thumb|Cable manufacturing with gutta-percha at the [[Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Company]] in [[Greenwich]], London,
[[File:The pagan tribes of Borneo; a description of their physical, moral and intellectual condition, with some discussion of their ethnic relations (1912) (14598075089).jpg|thumb|right|Members of a [[Kayan people (Borneo)|Kayan]] tribe in [[Borneo]] harvesting the sap of a gutta-percha tree {{circa}} 1910<!-- Published in 1912 -->]]
Scientifically classified in 1843, it was found to be a useful natural [[thermoplastic]]. In 1851, {{convert|30000|long cwt|kg|abbr=on|lk=in}} of gutta-percha was imported into Britain.<ref name=GPC/> During the second half of the 19th century, gutta-percha was used for many domestic and industrial purposes,<ref>{{cite book |title=The Devil's Milk |last=Tully |first=John |date=2011 |publisher=NYU Press}}</ref> and it became a household word. In particular, it was needed as insulation for [[submarine communications cable#Construction|underwater telegraph cables]],<ref name=GPC>Bill Burns, [http://atlantic-cable.com/Article/GuttaPercha/ The Gutta Percha Company], atlantic-cable.com, accessed 6 October 2010.</ref> which, according to author John Tully, led to [[sustainability|unsustainable]] harvesting and collapse of supply.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tully|first=John|title=A Victorian Ecological Disaster: Imperialism, the Telegraph, and Gutta-Percha|journal=Journal of World History|year=2009|volume=20|issue=4|pages=559–579|doi=10.1353/jwh.0.0088|s2cid=144216751}} [http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/journal_of_world_history/v020/20.4.tully.html muse.jhu.edu]</ref>▼
▲Scientifically classified in 1843, it was found to be a useful natural [[thermoplastic]]. In 1851, {{convert|30000|long cwt|
====Electrical====
Gutta-percha latex is biologically [[Chemically inert|inert]], resilient, and is a good
By 1845, telegraph wires insulated with gutta-percha were being manufactured in the UK. It served as the insulating material for early undersea telegraph cables, including the first [[transatlantic telegraph cable]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schlesinger |first1=Henry |title=The battery how portable power sparked a technological revolution |date=2010 |publisher=HarperCollins e-books |location=New York |isbn=9780061985294}}</ref> The material was a major constituent of [[Chatterton's compound]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Prescott |first1=George Bartlett |title=Electricity and the Electric Telegraph |date=1881 |publisher=D. Appleton |page=956 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YbhLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA956 |language=en}}</ref> used as an [[electrical insulation|insulating sealant]] for telegraph and other electrical cables.{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}
The dielectric constant of dried gutta-percha ranges from 2.56 to 3.01. Resistivity of dried gutta-percha ranges from
Since about 1940, [[polyethylene]] has supplanted gutta-percha as an electrical insulator.<ref>{{
====Other====
[[File:Southern Chivalry.jpg|thumb|right|Lithograph depicting the [[caning of Charles Sumner]] with a cane made of gutta-percha]]
[[File:Walking cane used to assault Senator Charles
In the mid-19th century, gutta-percha was used to make furniture, notably by the [[Gutta Percha Company]], established in 1847.<ref name=GPC/> Several of these ornate, revival-style pieces were shown at the 1851 [[Great Exhibition]] in Hyde Park, London. The company also made a range of utensils.<ref>{{
The "[[guttie]]" golf ball (which had a solid gutta-percha core) revolutionized the game.<ref>{{
Gutta-percha was used in canes and walking sticks. In 1856, United States
In the 1860s, gutta-percha was used to reinforce the soles of football players' boots before it was banned by [[The Football Association]] in the first codified set of rules in 1863.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/jun/16/football-proposed-new-law-trials-good-idea-kick-ins-flying-substitutions-dribbling-free-kicks-30-minute-halves |title='Faster, sportier, fairer': are football's proposed new law trials a good idea? |work=The Guardian |first=Paul |last=McInnes |date=16 June 2022 |access-date=1 October 2023}}</ref>
Gutta-percha was briefly used in [[bookbinding]] until the advent of [[vulcanization]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Bythell|first=Shaun|title=Confessions of a Bookseller|place=Boston|publisher=[[Godine]]|date=2022|page=51|isbn=978-1-56792-722-1}}</ref>
The wood of many species is also valuable.{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}
===Today===
====Art====
Gutta-percha is used as a [[resist]] in silk painting,<ref>{{citation |last=Moyer |first=Susan Louise |title = Silk Painting: The Artist's Guide to Gutta and Wax Resist Techniques |publisher=Watson-Guptill Publications |year=1991 | isbn = 0823048284 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |last1=Ball |first1=Kazz |last2=Janitch |first2=Valerie |title=Hand Painted Textiles for the Home |publisher=David & Charles Publishers |year=1993 |isbn=0715301578 |page=94}}</ref> including some newer forms of [[batik]].
====Dentistry====
[[File:Stifte 48.jpg|thumb|right|Gutta-percha points used in dentistry]]
The same bioinertness that made it suitable for marine cables also means it does not readily react within the human body. It is used in a variety of surgical devices and during [[root canal]] therapy. It is the predominant material used to [[wikt:obturate|obturate]], or fill, the empty space inside the root of a tooth after it has undergone [[endodontic therapy]]. Its physical and chemical properties, including
==Substitutes==
Gutta-percha remained an industrial staple well into the 20th century, when it was gradually replaced with superior synthetic materials such as [[Bakelite]], though a similar and cheaper natural material called ''[[balatá]]'' was often used in gutta-percha's place. The two materials are almost identical, and ''balatá ''is often called ''gutta-balatá''.{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}
==See also==
*[[Natural rubber]]
*''[[Gutta-percha Boy]]'', a 1957 Soviet drama film
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{{Endodontology}}
{{Non-timber forest products}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Palaquium]]
[[Category:Rubber]]
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