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{{Short description|Family of lichens}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image =
| image_alt = Parmelia
| image_caption = ''[[Parmelia
| taxon = Parmeliaceae
| authority = [[Jonathan Carl Zenker|Zenker]] (1827)
| type_genus = ''[[Parmelia (fungus)|Parmelia]]''
| type_genus_authority = [[Ach.]] (1803)
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision_ref = <ref>{{cite web|
| subdivision = See text
| synonyms =
| synonyms_ref =
Line 108 ⟶ 19:
Nearly all members of the family have a [[symbiotic]] association with a [[green algae|green alga]] (most often ''[[Trebouxia]]'' spp., but ''[[Asterochloris]]'' spp. are known to associate with some species).<ref name="Miadlikowska et al.">Miadlikowska, J. ''et al.'' (2006). New insights into classification and evolution of the Lecanoromycetes (Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota) from phylogenetic analyses of three ribosomal RNA- and two protein-coding genes. ''Mycologia'' '''98''': 1088-1103. http://www.mycologia.org/cgi/reprint/98/6/1088.pdf</ref> The majority of Parmeliaceae species have a [[foliose lichen|foliose]], [[fruticose lichen|fruticose]], or subfruticose growth form. The [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] diversity and complexity exhibited by this group is enormous, and many specimens are exceedingly difficult to identify down to the species level.
The family has a [[cosmopolitan distribution]], and
==Taxonomy==
Based on several molecular [[phylogenetic]] studies, the Parmeliaceae as currently circumscribed has been shown to be a [[monophyletic]] group.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/1223708 |author1=Crespo Ana |author2=Blanco, Oscar |author3=Hawksworth, David L |year=2001 |title=The potential of mitochondrial DNA for establishing phylogeny and stabilising generic concepts in the parmelioid lichens |jstor=1223708 |journal=Taxon |volume=50 |issue= 3|pages=807–19}}</ref> This circumscription is inclusive of the previously described families Alectoriaceae, Anziaceae, Hypogymniaceae, and Usneaceae, which are all no longer recognised by most lichen [[systematics|systematists]]. However, despite the family being one of the most thoroughly studied groups of lichens, several relationships within the family still remain unclear. [[Phylogenetic]] analysis
*Alectorioid clade (
*Cetrarioid clade (
*Hypogymnioid clade (4 genera)
*Letharioid clade (2 genera)
*Parmelioid clade (
*Psiloparmelioid clade (2 genera)
*Usneoid clade (1 genus)
Many Parmeliaceae genera do not group phylogenetically into any of these clades, and these, along with genera that have not yet had their DNA studied, are classed as "genera with uncertain affinities".<ref name="Thell et al. 2012"/>
The Parmeliaceae has been divided into two subfamilies, Protoparmelioideae and Parmelioideae.<ref name="Divakar et al. 2017"/><ref name="Kraichak et al. 2017"/> The [[genetic divergence|diversification]] of various Parmelioideae [[lineage (evolution)|lineages]] may have been a result of gaining innovations that provided [[adaptation|adaptive]] advantages, such as [[melanin]] production in the genus ''[[Melanohalea]]''.<ref name="Pöggeler et al. 2013"/> Diversification of the Protoparmelioideae occurred during the [[Miocene]].<ref name="Singh et al. 2018"/> The Parmelioid clade is the largest in the Parmeliaceae, with more than 1800 species and a centre of distribution in the Southern Hemisphere.<ref name="Crespo et al. 2010"/>
==Evolutionary history==
Although fossil records of extant lichen species are scarce, the existence of some [[amber]] inclusions has allowed for a rough estimate of the [[Evolutionary divergence|divergence]] of the Parmeliaceae from its [[most recent common ancestor]]. An ''[[Anzia]]'' inclusion from 35–40 [[Myr]]-old [[Baltic amber]] and ''[[Parmelia (lichen)|Parmelia]]'' from 15–45 Myr-old [[Dominican amber]] suggest a minimum age estimate for the Parmeliaceae of about 40 Myr.<ref name="Poinar et al. 2000"/><ref name="Rikkinen & Poinar 2002"/> A fossil-calibrated phylogeny has estimated the Parmeliaceae to have diversified much earlier, around the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary]], 58–74 Myr ago.<ref name="Amo de Paz et al. 2011"/>
==Characteristics==
===Thallus===
Parmeliaceae thalli are most often foliose, fruticose or subfruticose, but can be umblicate, peltate, caespitose, crustose, or subcrustose.
===Apothecia===
Line 134 ⟶ 51:
===Chemistry===
Members of the Parmeliaceae exhibit a diverse chemistry, with several types of [[lichenan]] (''[[Xanthoparmelia]]''-type, ''[[Cetraria]]''-type, intermediate-type), [[isolichenan]] and/or other [[polysaccharide]]s being known from the [[cell wall]]s of many species.<ref name="Elix"/> The wide diversity in the types of chemical compounds includes [[depside]]s, [[depsidone]]s, [[aliphatic compound|aliphatic]] acids, [[triterpene]]s, [[anthraquinone]]s, [[secalonic acid]]s, [[pulvinic acid]] derivatives, and [[xanthone]]s. The compounds [[usnic acid]] and [[atranorin]], which are found exclusively in the Parmeliaceae, are of great importance in the [[systematics]] of the family, and the presence or absence of these chemicals have been used in several instances to help define genera. ''[[Parmelia (fungus)|Parmelia]]'' and ''[[Usnea]]'' are the best chemically characterized genera, while the species ''[[Cetraria islandica]]'' and ''[[oakmoss|Evernia prunastri]]'' have attracted considerable research attention for their [[bioactive compound]]s.<ref name="Gómez-Serranillos et al. 2014"/>
A study of three parmelioid lichens (''[[Bulbothrix setschwanensis]]'', ''[[Hypotrachyna cirrhata]]'', and ''[[Parmotrema reticulatum]]'') collected from high-altitude areas of [[Garhwal Himalaya]], showed considerable variation in the chemical content with the rising altitude. This suggests that there is a prominent role for secondary metabolites in the wider ecological distribution of Parmelioid lichens at higher altitudes.<ref name="Shukla et al. 2015"/>
===Photobiont===
The main [[photobiont]] genus that associates with Parmeliaceae species is the [[
==Genera==
These are the genera that are in the Parmeliaceae (including estimated number of species in each genus). Following the genus name is the [[Author citation (botany)|taxonomic authority]] (those who first [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribed]] the genus; standardised author abbreviations are used), year of publication, and the estimated number of species.
{{div col}}
* ''[[Ahtiana]]'' {{small|Goward (1986)}}<ref name="Goward 1986"/> – 1 sp.
* ''[[Alectoria (fungus)|Alectoria]]'' {{small|[[Ach.]] (1809)}} – 9 spp.
* ''[[Allantoparmelia]]'' {{small|([[Vain.]]) Essl. (1978)}} – 3 spp.
* ''[[Allocetraria]]'' {{small|[[Kurok.]] & M.J.Lai (1991)}} – 12 spp.
* ''[[Anzia]]'' {{small|[[Stizenb.]] (1861)}}<ref name="Stizenberger 1861"/> – 34 spp.
* ''[[Arctocetraria]]'' {{small|[[Ingvar Kärnefelt|Kärnefelt]] & A.Thell (1993)}}<ref name="Kärnefelt et al. 1993"/>
* ''[[Arctoparmelia]]'' {{small|[[Mason Hale|Hale]] (1986)}}<ref name="Hale 1986"/> – 5 spp.
* ''[[Asahinea]]'' {{small|[[W.L.Culb.]] & [[C.F.Culb.]] (1965)}} – 2 spp.
* ''[[Austromelanelixia]]'' {{small|Divakar, [[A.Crespo]] & [[Helge Thorsten Lumbsch|Lumbsch]] (2017)}} – 5 spp.
* ''[[Austroparmelina]]'' {{small|[[A.Crespo]], Divakar & [[John Alan Elix|Elix]] (2010)}} – 13 spp.
* ''[[Brodoa]]'' {{small|Goward (1987)}} – 3 spp.
* ''[[Bryocaulon]]'' {{small|[[Ingvar Kärnefelt|Kärnefelt]] (1986)}}<ref name="Kärnefelt 1986"/> – 4 spp.
* ''[[Bryoria]]'' {{small|[[Irwin Brodo|Brodo]] & [[D.Hawksw.]] (1977)}}
* ''[[Bulborrhizina]]'' {{small|Kurok. (1994)}} – 1 sp.
* ''[[Bulbothrix]]'' {{small|[[Mason Hale|Hale]] (1974)}}<ref name="Hale 1974"/> – 62
* ''[[Canoparmelia]]'' {{small|[[John Alan Elix|Elix]] & [[Mason Hale|Hale]] (1986)}}<ref name="Elix et al. 1986"/> – 35 spp.
* ''[[Cetraria]]'' {{small|[[Ach.]] (1803)}} – 35 spp.
* ''[[Cetrariella]]'' {{small|[[Ingvar Kärnefelt|Kärnefelt]] & A.Thell (1993)}}<ref name="Kärnefelt et al. 1993"/> – 3 spp.
* ''[[Cetrariopsis]]'' {{small|[[Kurok.]] (1980)}}<ref name="Kurokawa 1980"/> – 3 spp.
* ''[[Cetrelia]]'' {{small|[[W.L.Culb.]] & [[C.F.Culb.]] (1968)}} – 19 spp.
* ''[[Coelopogon]]'' {{small|Brusse & [[Ingvar Kärnefelt|Kärnefelt]] (1968)}}<ref name="Brusse & Kärnefelt 1991"/> – 2 spp.
* ''[[Cornicularia]]'' {{small|([[Schreb.]]) [[Ach.]] (1803)}}<ref name="Acharius 1803"/> – 1 sp.
* ''[[Crespoa]]'' {{small|([[D.Hawksw.]]) Lendemer & B.P.Hodk. (2013)}}<ref name="Lendemer & Hodkinson 2012"/> – 5 spp.
* ''[[Dactylina]]'' {{small|[[Nyl.]] (1860)}}<ref name="Nylander 1860"/> – 2 spp.
* ''[[Davidgallowaya]]'' {{small|[[André Aptroot|Aptroot]] (2007)}}<ref name="Aptroot 2007"/> – 1 sp.
* ''[[Dolichousnea]]'' {{small|(Y.Ohmura) Articus (2004)}} – 3 spp.
* ''[[Emodomelanelia]]'' {{small|Divakar & [[A.Crespo]] (2010)}}<ref name="Crespo et al. 2010"/> – 1 sp.
* ''[[Esslingeriana]]'' {{small|[[Mason Hale|Hale]] & M.J.Lai (1980)}}<ref name="Lai 1980"/> – 1 sp.
* ''[[Evernia]]'' {{small|[[Ach.]] (1809)}} – 10 spp.
* ''[[Everniopsis]]'' {{small|[[Nyl.]] (1860)}} – 1 sp.
* ''[[Flavocetraria]]'' {{small|[[Ingvar Kärnefelt|Kärnefelt]] & A.Thell (1994)}} – 2 spp.
* ''[[Flavocetrariella]]'' {{small|[[D.D.Awasthi]] (2007)}}
* ''[[Flavoparmelia]]'' {{small|[[Mason Hale|Hale]] (1986)}}<ref name="Hale 1986b"/> – 32 spp.
* ''[[Flavopunctelia]]'' {{small|[[Mason Hale|Hale]] (1984)}} – 5 spp.
* ''[[Gowardia]]'' {{small|Halonen, Myllys, Velmala & Hyvärinen (2009)}} – 3 spp.
* ''[[Himantormia]]'' {{small|[[I.M.Lamb]] (1964)}} – 2 spp.
* ''[[Hypogymnia]]'' {{small|([[Nyl.]]) [[Nyl.]] (1896)}}<ref name="Nylander 1896"/> – 90 spp.
* ''[[Hypotrachyna]]'' {{small|([[Vain.]]) [[Mason Hale|Hale]] (1974)}} – 262 spp.
* ''[[Imshaugia]]'' {{small|[[S.L.F.Mey.]] (1985)}} – 1 sp.
* ''[[Kaernefeltia]]'' {{small|A.Thell & Goward (1996)}} – 3 spp.
* ''[[Letharia]]'' {{small|([[Th.Fr.]]) [[Zahlbr.]] (1892)}} – 9 spp.
* ''[[Lethariella]]'' {{small|([[Józef Motyka|Motyka]]) [[Hildur Krog|Krog]] (1976)}} – 11 spp.
* ''[[Maronina]]'' {{small|[[Josef Hafellner|Hafellner]] & [[R.W.Rogers]] (1990)}} – 3 spp.
* ''[[Masonhalea]]'' {{small|[[Ingvar Kärnefelt|Kärnefelt]] (1977)}} – 2 spp.
* ''[[Melanelia]]'' {{small|Essl. (1978)}} – 2 spp.
* ''[[Melanelixia]]'' {{small|O.Blanco, [[A.Crespo]], Divakar, Essl., [[D.Hawksw.]] & [[Helge Thorsten Lumbsch|Lumbsch]] (2004)}} – 11 spp.
* ''[[Melanohalea]]'' {{small|O.Blanco, [[A.Crespo]], Divakar, Essl., [[D.Hawksw.]] & [[Helge Thorsten Lumbsch|Lumbsch]] (2004)}} – 22 spp.
* ''[[Menegazzia]]'' {{small|[[A.Massal.]] (1854)}} – 70 spp.
* ''[[Montanelia]]'' {{small|Divakar, [[A.Crespo]], Wedin & Essl. (2012)}} – 5 spp.
* ''[[Myelochroa]]'' {{small|([[Yasuhiko Asahina|Asahina]]) [[John Alan Elix|Elix]] & [[Mason Hale|Hale]] (1987)}} – 30 spp.
* ''[[Neoprotoparmelia]]'' {{small|Garima Singh, [[Helge Thorsten Lumbsch|Lumbsch]] & I.Schmitt (2018)}} – 14 spp.
* ''[[Nephromopsis]]'' {{small|[[Müll.Arg.]] (1891)}} – 62 spp.?
* ''[[Nesolechia (fungus)|Nesolechia]]'' {{small|[[A.Massal.]] (1856)}} – 2 spp.
* ''[[Nipponoparmelia]]'' {{small|([[Kurok.]]) K.H.Moon, Y.Ohmura & Kashiw. (2010)}} – 4 spp.
* ''[[Nodobryoria]]'' {{small|Common & [[Irwin Brodo|Brodo]] (1995)}} – 3 spp.
* ''[[Notoparmelia]]'' {{small|[[A.Crespo]], Ferencová & Divakar (2014)}} – 16 spp.
* ''[[Omphalodium]]'' {{small|Meyen & [[Flot.]] (1843)}} – 4 spp.
* ''[[Omphalora]]'' {{small|[[T.H.Nash]] & [[Josef Hafellner|Hafellner]] (1990)}} – 1 sp.
* ''[[Oropogon]]'' {{small|[[Th.Fr.]] (1861)}} – 42 spp.
* ''[[Pannoparmelia]]'' {{small|([[Müll.Arg.]]) [[Darb.]] (1912)}} – 5 spp.
* ''[[Parmelia (fungus)|Parmelia]]'' {{small|[[Ach.]] (1803)}} – 43 spp.
* ''[[Parmelina]]'' {{small|[[Mason Hale|Hale]] (1974)}}<ref name="Hale 1974"/> – 10 spp.
* ''[[Parmelinella]]'' {{small|[[John Alan Elix|Elix]] & [[Mason Hale|Hale]] (1987)}} – 8 spp.
* ''[[Parmeliopsis]]'' {{small|([[Nyl.]]) [[Nyl.]] (1863)}} – 3 spp.
* ''[[Parmotrema]]'' {{small|[[A.Massal.]] (1860)}} – [[List of Parmotrema species|255 spp.]]
* ''[[Parmotremopsis]]'' {{small|[[John Alan Elix|Elix]] & [[Mason Hale|Hale]] (1987)}} – 2 spp
* ''[[Phacopsis]]'' {{small|[[Tul.]] (1852)}}<ref name="Tulasne 1852"/> – 10 spp.
* ''[[Platismatia]]'' {{small|[[W.L.Culb.]] & [[C.F.Culb.]] (1968)}} – 11 spp.
* ''[[Pleurosticta]]'' {{small|[[Petr.]] (1931)}}<ref name="Petrak 1931"/> – 2 spp.
* ''[[Protoparmelia]]'' {{small|[[M.Choisy]] (1929)}} – 11 spp.
* ''[[Protousnea]]'' {{small|([[Józef Motyka|Motyka]]) [[Hildur Krog|Krog]] (1976)}} – 8 spp.
* ''[[Pseudephebe]]'' {{small|[[M.Choisy]] (1930)}} – 2 spp.
* ''[[Pseudevernia]]'' {{small|[[Friedrich Wilhelm Zopf|Zopf]] (1903)}}<ref name="Zopf 1903"/> – 4 spp.
* ''[[Pseudoparmelia]]'' {{small|Lynge (1914)}} – 15 spp.
* ''[[Psiloparmelia]]'' {{small|Hale (1989)}} – 13 spp.
* ''[[Punctelia]]'' {{small|Krog (1982)}}<ref name="Krog 1982"/> – 48 spp.
* ''[[Relicina]]'' {{small|(Hale & Kurok.) Hale (1974)}}<ref name="Hale 1974"/> – 59 spp.
* ''[[Remototrachyna]]'' {{small|Divakar & A.Crespo (2010)}} – 19 spp.
* ''[[Raesaenenia]]'' {{small|D.Hawksw., Boluda & H.Lindgr. (2015)}} – 1 sp.
* ''[[Sulcaria]]'' {{small|Bystr. (1971)}}<ref name="Bystrek 1971"/> – 5 spp.
* ''[[Tuckermanella]]'' {{small|Essl. (2003)}} – 7 spp.
* ''[[Tuckermannopsis]]'' {{small|Gyeln. (1933)}} – 12 spp.
* ''[[Tuckneraria]]'' {{small|Randlane & A.Thell (1994)}} – 3 spp.
* ''[[Usnea]]'' {{small|Dill. ex Adans. (1763)}} – 355 spp.
* ''[[Usnocetraria]]'' {{small|M.J.Lai & J.C.Wei (2007)}} – 2 spp.
* ''[[Vulpicida]]'' {{small|J.-E.Mattsson & M.J.Lai (1993)}} – 6 spp.
* ''[[Xanthoparmelia]]'' {{small|(Vain.) Hale (1974)}}<ref name="Hale 1974"/> – [[List of Xanthoparmelia species|822 spp.]]
{{div col end}}
==Conservation==
Parmeliaceae species that have been assessed for the global [[IUCN Red List]] include the following: ''[[Anzia centrifuga]]'' ([[vulnerable species|vulnerable]], 2014);<ref name="IUCN: Anzia centrifuga"/> ''[[Sulcaria badia]]'' ([[endangered species|endangered]], 2019);<ref name="IUCN: Sulcaria badia"/> ''[[Lethariella togashii]]'' (vulnerable, 2017);<ref name="IUCN: Lethariella togashii"/> ''[[Hypotrachyna virginica]]'' ([[critically endangered species|critically endangered]], 2020);<ref name="IUCN: Hypotrachyna virginica"/> ''[[Sulcaria isidiifera]]'' (critically endangered, 2017);<ref name="IUCN: Sulcaria isidiifera"/> ''[[Sulcaria spiralifera]]'' (endangered, 2020);<ref name="IUCN Sulcaria spiralifera"/> and ''[[Xanthoparmelia beccae]]'' (vulnerable, 2017).<ref name="IUCN Xanthoparmelia beccae"/>
==Image gallery==
Line 150 ⟶ 162:
Image:Allocetraria_oakesiana-4.jpg|''[[Allocetraria oakesiana]]'' growing on bark in Highland County, [[Virginia]].
Image:Alectoria_ochroleuca.jpg|''[[Alectoria ochroleuca]]'' from Carianthia, [[Austria]].
Image:Everniastrum_catawbiense-1.jpg|''[[
Image:Lichen_squamulose.jpg|''[[Xanthoparmelia]]'' cf. ''lavicola'', on basalt in [[Hawaii]].
Image:Kananakislichen.jpg|''[[Hypogymnia]]'' cf. ''tubulosa'' in [[Alberta]], [[Canada]].
Line 156 ⟶ 168:
</gallery>
==
{{Commons category}}
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Acharius 1803">{{cite book |last1=Acharius |first1=E. |year=1803 |title=Methodus qua Omnes Detectos Lichenes Secundum Organa Carpomorpha ad Genera, Species et Varietates Redigere atque Observationibus Illustrare Tentavit Erik Acharius |page=300 |location=Stockholm |publisher=F.D.D. Ulrich |language=la |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/44218392}}</ref>
<ref name="Amo de Paz et al. 2011">{{cite journal |last1=DeSalle |first1=Robert |last2=Amo de Paz |first2=Guillermo |last3=Cubas |first3=Paloma |last4=Divakar |first4=Pradeep K. |last5=Lumbsch |first5=H. Thorsten |last6=Crespo |first6=Ana |title=Origin and diversification of major clades in parmelioid lichens (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) during the Paleogene inferred by bayesian analysis |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=12 |year=2011 |pages=e28161 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0028161 |pmid=22174775 |pmc=3234259 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...628161A |doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name="Aptroot 2007">{{cite book |last1=Aptroot |first1=André |year=2007 |chapter=''Davidgallowaya cornutispora'', an enigmatic lichen from New Guinea |title=Lichenological Contributions in Honour of David Galloway |editor-last1=Kärnefelt |editor-first1=Ingvar |editor-last2=Thell |editor-first2=Arne |series=Bibliotheca Lichenologica |volume=95 |pages=137–145 |publisher=J. Cramer |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-443-58074-2}}</ref>
<ref name="
<ref name="
<ref name="
<ref name="Divakar et al. 2015">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |last1=Divakar |first1=Pradeep K. |last2=Crespo |first2=Ana |last3=Wedin |first3=Mats |last4=Leavitt |first4=Steven D. |last5=Hawksworth |first5=David L. |last6=Myllys |first6=Leena |last7=McCune |first7=Bruce |last8=Randlane |first8=Tiina |last9=Bjerke |first9=Jarle W. |last10=Ohmura |first10=Yoshihito |last11=Schmitt |first11=Imke |last12=Boluda |first12=Carlos G. |last13=Alors |first13=David |last14=Roca-Valiente |first14=Beatriz |last15=Del-Prado |first15=Ruth |last16=Ruibal |first16=Constantino |last17=Buaruang |first17=Kawinnat |last18=Núñez-Zapata |first18=Jano|last19=Amo de Paz|first19=Guillermo|last20=Rico|first20=Víctor J. |last21=Molina |first21=M. Carmen |last22=Elix |first22=John A. |last23=Esslinger |first23=Theodore L. |last24=Tronstad |first24=Inger Kristin K. |last25=Lindgren |first25=Hanna |last26=Ertz |first26=Damien |last27=Gueidan |first27=Cécile |last28=Saag |first28=Lauri |last29=Mark |first29=Kristiina |last30=Singh |first30=Garima |last31=Dal Grande |first31=Francesco |last32=Parnmen |first32=Sittiporn |last33=Beck |first33=Andreas |last34=Benatti |first34=Michel Navarro |last35=Blanchon |first35=Dan |last36=Candan |first36=Mehmet |last37=Clerc |first37=Philippe |last38=Goward |first38=Trevor|last39=Grube|first39=Martin|last40=Hodkinson|first40=Brendan P.|last41=Hur|first41=Jae-Seoun|last42=Kantvilas|first42=Gintaras|last43=Kirika|first43=Paul M.|last44=Lendemer|first44=James|last45=Mattsson|first45=Jan-Eric|last46=Messuti|first46=María Inés|last47=Miadlikowska|first47=Jolanta|last48=Nelsen|first48=Matthew|last49=Ohlson|first49=Jan I.|last50=Pérez-Ortega|first50=Sergio|last51=Saag|first51=Andres|last52=Sipman|first52=Harrie J. M. |last53=Sohrabi |first53=Mohammad |last54=Thell |first54=Arne |last55=Thor |first55=Göran |last56=Truong |first56=Camille |last57=Yahr |first57=Rebecca |last58=Upreti |first58=Dalip K. |last59=Cubas |first59=Paloma |last60=Lumbsch |first60=H. Thorsten |title=Evolution of complex symbiotic relationships in a morphologically derived family of lichen-forming fungi |journal=New Phytologist |volume=208 |issue=4 |year=2015 |pages=1217–1226 |doi=10.1111/nph.13553|pmid=26299211 |doi-access=free|hdl=10652/3753 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="Divakar et al. 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Divakar |first1=Pradeep K. |last2=Crespo |first2=Ana |last3=Kraichak |first3=Ekaphan |last4=Leavitt |first4=Steven D. |last5=Singh |first5=Garima |last6=Schmitt |first6=Imke |last7=Lumbsch |first7=H. Thorsten |title=Using a temporal phylogenetic method to harmonize family- and genus-level classification in the largest clade of lichen-forming fungi |journal=Fungal Diversity |volume=84 |issue=1 |year=2017 |pages=101–117 |doi=10.1007/s13225-017-0379-z |s2cid=40674310}}</ref>
<ref name="Elix et al. 1986">{{cite journal |last1=Elix |first1=J.A. |last2=Johnston |first2=J. |last3=Vernon |first3=D. |title=''Canoparmelia'', ''Paraparmelia'' and ''Relicinopsis''. Three new genera in the Parmeliaceae (lichenized Ascomycotina) |journal=Mycotaxon |year=1986 |volume=27 |pages=271–282 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0027/0271.htm}}</ref>
<ref name="Gómez-Serranillos et al. 2014">{{cite journal |last1=Gómez-Serranillos |first1=M. Pilar |last2=Fernández-Moriano |first2=Carlos |last3=González-Burgos |first3=Elena |last4=Divakar |first4=Pradeep Kumar |last5=Crespo |first5=Ana |title=Parmeliaceae family: phytochemistry, pharmacological potential and phylogenetic features |journal=RSC Advances |volume=4 |issue=103 |year=2014 |pages=59017–59047 |doi=10.1039/C4RA09104C|bibcode=2014RSCAd...459017G}}</ref>
<ref name="Goward 1986">{{cite journal |last1=Goward |first1=T. |year=1985 |title=''Ahtiana'', a new lichen genus in the Parmeliaceae |journal=Bryologist |volume=88 |issue=4 |pages=367–371 |jstor=3242678 |doi=10.2307/3242678}}</ref>
<ref name="Hale 1974">{{cite journal |last1=Hale |first1=Mason E. |title=''Bulbothrix'', ''Parmelina'', ''Relicina'' and ''Xanthoparmelia'', four new genera in the Parmeliaceae |journal=Phytologia |year=1974 |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=479–490}}</ref>
<ref name="Hale 1986">{{cite journal |last1=Hale |first1=Mason E. |title=''Arctoparmelia'', a new lichen genus in the Parmeliaceae |journal=Mycotaxon |year=1986 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=251–254 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0025/001/0251.htm}}</ref>
<ref name="Hale 1986b">{{cite journal |last1=Hale |first1=M.E. |year=1986 |title=''Flavoparmelia'', a new genus in the lichen family Parmeliaceae (Ascomycotina) |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=603–605 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0025/002/0603.htm}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCN: Anzia centrifuga">{{cite iucn |last1=Aptroot |first1=A. |last2=Perez-Ortega |first2=S. |last3=Scheidegger |first3=C. |year=2014 |title=''Anzia centrifuga'' |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/64081145/64081186 |access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCN: Hypotrachyna virginica">{{cite iucn |last1=Allen |first1=J. |last2=Lendemer |first2=J. |last3=McMullin |first3=T. |year=2020 |title=''Hypotrachyna virginica'' |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/71597387/180457322 |access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCN: Lethariella togashii">{{cite iucn |last1=Ohmura |first1=Y. |last2=Randlane |first2=T. |last3=Spribille |first3=T. |year=2017 |title=''Lethariella togashii'' |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/71605769/71605853 |access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCN: Sulcaria badia">{{cite iucn |last1=McMullin |first1=T. |last2=Allen |first2=J. |last3=Lendemer |first3=J. |year=2019 |title=''Sulcaria badia'' |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/80703097/80703100 |access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCN: Sulcaria isidiifera">{{cite iucn |last1=McMullin |first1=T. |last2=Allen |first2=J. |last3=Lendemer |first3=J. |year=2019 |title=''Sulcaria isidiifera'' |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/70386122/70386125 |access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCN Sulcaria spiralifera">{{cite iucn |last1=McMullin |first1=T. |last2=Stone |first2=D. |last3=Lendemer |first3=J. |last4=Allen |first4=J. |year=2021 |title=''Sulcaria spiralifera'' |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/80703106/80703113 |access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCN Xanthoparmelia beccae">{{cite iucn |last1=Aptroot |first1=A. |last2=Perez-Ortega |first2=S. |year=2018 |title=''Xanthoparmelia beccae'' |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/71639618/71640065 |access-date=21 June 2021}}</ref>
<ref name="Kärnefelt 1986">{{cite journal |last1=Kärnefelt |first1=Ingvar |year=1986 |title=The genera ''Bryocaulon'', ''Coelocaulon'' and ''Cornicularia'' and formerly associated taxa |journal=Opera Botanica |volume=86 |pages=1–90}}</ref>
<ref name="Kärnefelt et al. 1993">{{cite journal |last1=Kärnefelt |first1=I. |last2=Mattsson |first2=J.E. |last3=Thell |first3=A. |year=1993 |title=The lichen genera ''Arctocetraria'', ''Cetraria'', and ''Cetrariella'' (Parmeliaceae) and their presumed evolutionary affinities |journal=The Bryologist |volume=96 |issue=3 |pages=394–404|doi=10.2307/3243869 |jstor=3243869 }}</ref>
<ref name="Kraichak et al. 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Kraichak |first1=Ekaphan |last2=Crespo |first2=Ana |last3=Divakar |first3=Pradeep K. |last4=Leavitt |first4=Steven D. |last5=Lumbsch |first5=H. Thorsten |title=A temporal banding approach for consistent taxonomic ranking above the species level |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=7 |issue=1 |year=2017 |page=2297 |doi=10.1038/s41598-017-02477-7 |pmid=28536470 |pmc=5442095 |bibcode=2017NatSR...7.2297K |doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name="Krog 1982">{{cite journal |last1=Krog |first1=Hildur |year=1982 |title=''Punctelia'', a new lichen genus in the Parmeliaceae |journal=Nordic Journal of Botany |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=287–292 |doi=10.1111/j.1756-1051.1982.tb01191.x}}</ref>
<ref name="Kurokawa 1980">{{cite journal |last1=Kurokawa |first1=S. |year=1980 |title=''Cetrariopsis'', a new genus in the Parmeliaceae, and its distribution |journal=Memoirs of the National Science Museum Tokyo |volume=13 |pages=139–142}}</ref>
<ref name="Lai 1980">{{cite journal |last1=Lai |first1=M.J. |year=1980 |title=Studies on the cetrarioid lichens in Parmeliaceae of east Asia |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Taiwan Museum |volume=33 |issue=3–4 |pages=215–229}}</ref>
<ref name="Lendemer & Hodkinson 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Lendemer |first1=James C. |last2=Hodkinson |first2=Brendan P. |year=2012 |title=Recognition of the ''Parmotrema crozalsiana'' group at the genus level with a discussion of the assignment of taxonomic rank based a priori on preconceived diagnostic characters |journal=North American Fungi |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=1–5 |doi=10.2509/naf2012.007.002 |doi-broken-date=2024-06-01 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name="Lücking et al. 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Lücking |first1=Robert |last2=Hodkinson |first2=Brendan P. |last3=Leavitt |first3=Steven D. |year=2017 |title=The 2016 classification of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota–Approaching one thousand genera |journal=The Bryologist |volume=119 |issue=4 |pages=361–416 |doi=10.1639/0007-2745-119.4.361 |s2cid=90258634}}</ref>
<ref name="Nylander 1860">{{cite book |last1=Nylander |first1=W. |year=1860 |title=Synopsis Methodica Lichenum Omnium hucusque Cognitorum, Praemissa Introductione Lingua Gallica |volume=1 |page=286 |location=Paris |publisher=L. Martinet |language=la |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97899m/f289.item}}</ref>
<ref name="Nylander 1896">{{cite book |last1=Nylander |first1=W. |year=1896 |title=Les Lichens des Environs de Paris |publisher=Typographye Paul. Schmidt |location=Paris |pages=39, 139 |language=French |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k98406x/f44.image}}</ref>
<ref name="Petrak 1931">{{cite journal |last1=Petrak |first1=F. |year=1931 |title=Fungi Adeani. Ein Beitrag zur Pilzflora Bayerns und der angrenzenden Länder |journal=Kryptogamische Forschungen Kryptogamenkommission der Bayerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft zur Erforschung der heimischen Flora |series=II |issue=2 |pages=155–194 |language=de}}</ref>
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<ref name="Stizenberger 1861">{{cite journal |last1=Stizenberger |first1=E. |year=1861 |title=''Anzia'', eine neue Flechtengattung |journal=Flora (Regensburg) |volume=44 |pages=390–393 |language=de |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53841}}</ref>
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<ref name="Tulasne 1852">{{cite journal |last1=Tulasne |first1=L.-R. |year=1852 |title=Mémoire pour servir à l'histoire organographique et physiologique des Lichens |journal=Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique |series=Série 3 |volume=17 |page=124 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41556501 |language=la}}</ref>
<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2020">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |last1=Wijayawardene |first1=Nalin |last2=Hyde |first2=Kevin |last3=L.K.T. |first3=Al-Ani |last4=S. |first4=Dolatabadi |last5=Stadler |first5=Marc |last6=Haelewaters |first6=Danny |last7=Tsurykau |first7=Andrei |last8=Mesic |first8=Armin |last9=Navathe |first9=Sudhir |last10=Papp |first10=Viktor |last11=Oliveira Fiuza |first11=Patrícia |last12=Vázquez |first12=Víctor |last13=Gautam |first13=Ajay |last14=Becerra |first14=Alejandra G. |last15=Ekanayaka |first15=Anusha |last16=K.C. |first16=Rajeshkumar |last17=Bezerra |first17=Jadson |last18=Matočec |first18=Neven |last19=Maharachchikumbura |first19=Sajeewa |last20=Suetrong |first20=Satinee |year=2020 |title=Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa |journal=Mycosphere |volume=11 |pages=1060–1456 |doi=10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8|doi-access=free |hdl=11336/151990 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="Zopf 1903">{{cite journal |last1=Zopf |first1=Wilhelm |year=1903 |title=Vergleichende Untersuchungen über Flechten in Bezug auf ihre Stoffwechselprodukte |journal=Beihefte zum Botanischen Centralblatt |volume=14 |pages=95–126 |language=German |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42908303}}</ref>
}}
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[[Category:Parmeliaceae| ]]
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[[Category:
[[Category:Taxa named by Jonathan Carl Zenker]]
[[Category:Taxa described in 1827]]
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