History of California (1900–present): Difference between revisions

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Line 175: ====Labor unions==== [[File:~~Lange-no-on-one-1938~~Strike leader in Kern County, California, 8b32699.jpg\|thumb\|[[Kern County, California\|Kern County]], April 1938. An agricultural worker with union membership book and pin against the 1938 anti-picketing ballot. (Photo: Dorothea Lange)]] Unions grew rapidly after 1935 with political and legal support from the national [[New Deal]] and its [[Wagner Act]] of 1935. The most serious strike came in 1934 along the state's ports. In May 1934, dock workers and [[longshoremen]] along the West Coast [[Strike action\|went on strike]] for better hours and pay, a union hiring hall and a coast-wide contract. [[Communist party\|Communists]] were in control of the union, the International Longshoremen's Association (ILA), led by [[Harry Bridges]] (1901–1990).<ref name="RWCherny">{{cite journal \|title=Prelude to the Popular Front: The Communist Party in California, 1931–35 \|first=Robert W. \|last=Cherny \|date=2002 \|journal=[[American Communist History]] \|volume=1 \|number=1 \|pages=5–42 \|doi=10.1080/1474389022000014726\|s2cid=144272424 }}</ref> Line 529: One of the first confirmed COVID-19 cases in the United States that occurred in California was first of which was confirmed on January 26, 2020.<ref name="Wheeler2">{{cite news\|last=Wheeler\|first=Ian\|date=February 4, 2020\|title=Orange County coronavirus patient released, in good condition, health officials say\|work=Orange County Register\|url=https://www.ocregister.com/2020/02/04/risk-of-catching-coronavirus-in-so-cal-is-low-health-officials-say/\|url-status=live\|access-date=February 21, 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205195530/https://www.ocregister.com/2020/02/04/risk-of-catching-coronavirus-in-so-cal-is-low-health-officials-say/\|archive-date=February 5, 2020}}</ref><ref name="uk.reuters.com2">{{cite web\|date=February 2, 2020\|title=Ninth case of fast-moving coronavirus confirmed in U.S.\|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-china-health-usa-california-idUKKBN1ZX01P\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203011127/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-china-health-usa-california-idUKKBN1ZX01P\|archive-date=February 3, 2020\|access-date=February 3, 2020\|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Meaning, all of the early confirmed cases were persons who had recently travelled to China in Asia, as testing was restricted to this group. On this January 29, 2020, as disease containment protocols were still being developed, the U.S. [[US Department of State\|Department of State]] evacuated 195 persons from Wuhan, China aboard a chartered flight to [[March Air Reserve Base]] in [[Riverside County, California\|Riverside County]], and in this process, it may have granted and conferred to escalated within the land and the US at cosmic.<ref name="reuters-evac-cv2">{{cite web\|last1=Beech\|first1=Eric\|last2=Gorman\|first2=Steve\|date=February 6, 2020\|title=Two more U.S. evacuation planes leave coronavirus epicenter Wuhan\|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-usa/two-planes-left-wuhan-china-en-route-to-us-state-department-idUSKBN20105M\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216045906/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-usa/two-planes-left-wuhan-china-en-route-to-us-state-department-idUSKBN20105M\|archive-date=February 16, 2020\|access-date=February 15, 2020\|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news\|last=Diamond\|first=Dan\|title=U.S. handling of American evacuees from Wuhan increased coronavirus risks, watchdog finds\|language=en-US\|newspaper=Washington Post\|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2021/01/28/wuhan-americans-evacuation/\|access-date=2021-02-25\|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> On February 5, 2020, the U.S. evacuated 345 more citizens from Hubei Province to two military bases in California, [[Travis Air Force Base]] in [[Solano County, California\|Solano County]] and [[Marine Corps Air Station Miramar]], [[San Diego]], where they were quarantined for 14 days.<ref name="reuters-evac-cv2" /><ref name=":02">{{cite news\|date=February 5, 2020\|title=Hundreds of Americans Were Evacuated From the Coronavirus Epicenter. Now Comes the Wait.\|work=The New York Times\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/05/us/coronavirus-flights-wuhan.html\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206130218/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/05/us/coronavirus-flights-wuhan.html\|archive-date=February 6, 2020}}</ref> A [[State of emergency#United States\|state of emergency]] was largely declared in this state of the nation on March 4, 2020, having been terminated on February 28, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2023-02-28\|title=California Governor Gavin Newsom terminates state of emergency\|url=https://www.gov.ca.gov/2023/02/28/governor-newsom-marks-end-of-californias-covid-19-state-of-emergency/\|access-date=2023-10-11\|website=Office of the Governor of the State of California\|language=en-US}}</ref> A mandatory statewide [[stay-at-home order]] was issued on March 19, 2020, due to increase, which was ended on January 25, 2021, allowing citizens to return to normal life.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2021-01-26\|title=California Governor Gavin Newsom lifts virus stay-at-home orders\|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/california-covid-stay-at-home-order-lifted/\|url-status=live\|access-date=2021-02-24\|website=CBS News\|language=en-US\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126123803/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/california-covid-stay-at-home-order-lifted/ \|archive-date=January 26, 2021 }}</ref> On April 6, 2021, the state announced plans to fully reopen the economy by June 15, 2021.<ref name="REOPENING">{{cite news \|last1=Money \|first1=Luke \|last2=Luna \|first2=Taryn \|title=California aims to fully reopen its economy June 15 \|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-04-06/california-aims-to-fully-reopen-the-economy-june-15 \|access-date=6 April 2021}}</ref> The [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States]] has accelerated the continuing exodus of business from the entire downtown core of San Francisco.<ref name="DowntownSanFranciscoDying">{{cite news \|author=San Francisco Chronicle Editorial Board \|date=August 21, 2022 \|title=Downtown San Francisco is dying. This bill could help save it \|newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle \|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/opinion/editorials/article/Downtown-San-Francisco-bill-economy-17383169.php \|accessdate=December 17, 2022}}</ref><ref name=SanFranExodus>{{cite news\|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/sf/article/sf-covid-recovery-nyc-17365339.php\|title=New York is roaring back from the worst of the pandemic. Why isn't San Francisco?\|author=Roland Li\|newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle\|date=August 13, 2022\|access-date=February 24, 2023}}</ref><ref name=SanFranEmptiestDowntownInAmerica>{{cite news \|title=What Comes Next for the Most Empty Downtown in America \|author=Conor Dougherty \|author2=Emma Goldberg \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/17/business/economy/california-san-francisco-empty-downtown.html \|newspaper=The New York Times\|date=December 17, 2022\|url-access=subscription \|access-date=December 17, 2022 \|quote=On any given week in San Francisco, office buildings are at about 40 percent of their prepandemic occupancy.}}</ref> Significantly high levels of crime, open-air drug use, [[homelessness]], and closed storefronts have become more prominent features of Union Square.<ref name=UnionSquareSanFranDying>{{cite web \|url=https://www.sfgate.com/local/article/sf-union-square-walgreens-closure-18440152.php\|author=Sam Mauhay-Moore\|publisher=Hearst Corporation\|title=Walgreens in San Francisco's Union Square to close by next month\|quote=The store's closure follows that of several retail establishments around Union Square, including Express, Anthropologie, Gap and CB2.\|date=October 21, 2023\|access-date=October 22, 2023}}</ref>{{explain\|date=April 2024}} ~~===SoFi Stadium===~~ [[File:LA Inglewood Rams Future Location.jpg\|thumb\|2016 aerial view of the stadium construction site, adjacent to [[The Forum (Inglewood, California)\|The Forum]]. The new [[Hollywood Park Casino]] is in the foreground.]] [[SoFi Stadium]] ({{IPAc-en\|'\|s\|oʊ\|f\|aɪ}} {{respell\|SOH\|fy}})<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/losangeles/news/so-fie-or-so-fee-future-home-of-the-rams-chargers-gets-a-name/\|title=So-Fie Or So-Fee? Future Home Of The Rams, Chargers Gets A Name\|publisher=[[CBS News]]\|date=September 15, 2019\|access-date=July 31, 2022}}</ref> is a 70,240-seat sports and entertainment indoor-outdoor stadium in the [[Los Angeles]] suburb of [[Inglewood, California]], United States. SoFi occupies the former site of the [[Hollywood Park Racetrack]], {{convert\|0.15\|mi}} southeast of [[Kia Forum]] and {{convert\|0.2\|mi}} northwest of [[Intuit Dome]], and {{convert\|3\|mi}} from [[Los Angeles International Airport]]. The stadium complex is a component of [[#Hollywood Park\|Hollywood Park]], a master planned neighborhood in development on the site of the former racetrack. [[Hollywood Park Casino]] re-opened in a new building on the property in October 2016, becoming the development's first establishment to open.<ref name=casino>{{cite web\|url=http://www.cardplayer.com/poker-news/20936-hollywood-park-casino-s-grand-opening-oct-21\|title=Hollywood Park Casino's Grand Opening Oct. 21 - Poker News\|work=CardPlayer.com\|access-date=January 12, 2017}}</ref> Opened in September 2020, the fixed-roof stadium is home to the [[National Football League]] (NFL)'s [[Los Angeles Rams]] and [[Los Angeles Chargers]], as well as the annual [[LA Bowl]] in [[college football]]. SoFi Stadium is one of two stadiums currently shared by a pair of NFL teams, the other being [[MetLife Stadium]] in [[East Rutherford, New Jersey]], shared by the [[New York Giants]] and [[New York Jets]]. It is the first stadium complex outside of the [[New York metropolitan area]] to host two NFL teams concurrently; the other three since the 1970 [[AFL–NFL merger]] have been [[Shea Stadium]], [[Giants Stadium]] and MetLife Stadium. In North American professional sports, it is the fourth stadium complex in Greater Los Angeles shared by more than one team from the same league. The other venues have been [[Crypto.com Arena]], which has hosted both of the city's [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA) teams, the [[Los Angeles Lakers]] and [[Los Angeles Clippers]], since 1999 (although this arrangement will end by 2024); [[Dignity Health Sports Park]], which is home to [[Major League Soccer]] (MLS)'s [[LA Galaxy]] and the now-defunct [[Chivas USA]] from 2005 to 2014; and [[Dodger Stadium]], which was shared by [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB)'s [[Los Angeles Dodgers]] and [[Los Angeles Angels]] from 1962 to 1965. The stadium hosted [[Super Bowl LVI]] on February 13, 2022, the [[2023 College Football Playoff National Championship\|College Football Playoff National Championship]] on January 9, 2023, [[WrestleMania 39]] on April 1–2, 2023, and the [[2023 CONCACAF Gold Cup final]] on July 16, 2023. It is scheduled to host multiple matches of the [[2026 FIFA World Cup]],<ref>{{Cite web \|title=FIFA unveils stellar line-up of FIFA World Cup 2026™ Host Cities \|url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/fifa-unveils-stellar-line-up-of-fifa-world-cup-2026-tm-host-cities \|website=[[FIFA]]}}</ref> [[Super Bowl LXI]] in 2027, and the opening and closing ceremonies (as well as [[association football\|soccer]] and archery events) of the [[2028 Summer Olympics]]. The NFL approved the Inglewood proposal and the Rams' relocation back to Los Angeles, 30–2, on January 12, 2016, over the rival proposal.<ref>{{cite news \|title=NFL will return to Los Angeles for 2016 season\|first1=Tim\|last1=Logan\|first2=Nathan\|last2=Fenno\|url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/nfl/la-sp-nfl-la-chargers-rams-20160113-story.html\|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]\|date=January 13, 2016\|access-date=November 10, 2016}}</ref> On July 14, 2016, it was announced that [[Turner Construction]] and [[AECOM]] Hunt would oversee construction of the stadium and that the architectural firm HKS, Inc. would design the stadium.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Two companies selected to oversee $1.9 billion construction of Rams stadium\|first=Stephanie\|last=Michaud\|url=https://mynewsla.com/sports/2016/07/14/two-companies-selected-to-oversee-1-9-billion-construction-of-rams-stadium/\|work=MyNewsLA\|date=July 14, 2016\|access-date=November 10, 2016}}</ref> On October 19, 2016, the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA) determined that a {{convert\|110\|foot\|adj=on}} tall LB 44 rotary drill rig would not pose a hazard to air navigation, so it approved the first of several pieces of heavy equipment to be used during construction. The stadium design had been under review by the FAA for more than a year because of concerns about how the structure would interact with radar at nearby [[Los Angeles International Airport]] (LAX).<ref>{{cite news \|title=Excavation for the Rams' stadium could begin in just weeks\|first=Nathan\|last=Fenno\|url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/sportsnow/la-sp-sn-rams-stadium-excavation-20161019-snap-story.html\|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]\|date=October 19, 2016\|access-date=November 10, 2016}}</ref> On December 16, 2016, it was reported in ''[[Sports Business Journal]]'' that the FAA had declined to issue permits for cranes needed to build the structure. "We're not going to evaluate any crane applications until our concerns with the overall project are resolved," said FAA spokesman Ian Gregor.<ref>{{cite web \|title=FAA Declines to Allow Cranes at Inglewood Construction Site\|first=Mike\|last=Florio\|url=http://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2016/12/12/faa-declines-to-allow-cranes-at-inglewood-construction-site/\|work=[[NBC Sports]]\|date=December 12, 2016\|access-date=January 12, 2017}}</ref> The FAA had previously recommended building the stadium at another site because of the risks posed to LAX—echoing concerns raised by former [[United States Secretary of Homeland Security]] [[Tom Ridge]].<ref>{{cite news \|title=LAX INGL Update\|first=Michael\|last=Bott\|url=https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3222161-LAX-INGL-UPDATE-F-26AUG2016.html\|work=[[KNTV]]\|location=San Francisco\|date=August 26, 2016\|access-date=January 12, 2017}}</ref> The [[Los Angeles Rams\|Rams]] held the groundbreaking construction ceremony at the stadium site on November 17, 2016. The ceremony featured [[NFL Commissioner]] [[Roger Goodell]] and Rams' owner Stan Kroenke.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Rams to Break Ground on Inglewood Stadium Next Week, Source Says\|first1=Nathan\|last1=Fenno\|first2=Sam\|last2=Farmer\|url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/sportsnow/la-sp-sn-rams-stadium-construction-20161110-story.html\|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]\|date=November 10, 2016\|access-date=May 19, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|title=Rams to Break Ground on $2.6 Billion Inglewood Stadium Thursday\|first=Alden\|last=Gonzalez\|url=http://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/18025485/los-angeles-rams-break-ground-26b-stadium-inglewood-thursday\|work=[[ESPN]]\|date=November 11, 2016\|access-date=May 19, 2017}}</ref> On December 23, 2016, the FAA approved the large construction [[crane (machine)\|cranes]] to build the stadium.<ref>{{cite news \|title=FAA Approves First Cranes for New Rams Stadium\|first=Nathan\|last=Fenno\|url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/sportsnow/la-sp-sn-rams-stadium-faa-20161223-story.html\|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]\|date=December 23, 2016\|access-date=January 12, 2017}}</ref> ==See also== Line 569 ⟶ 557: * Pitt, Leonard, and Dale Pitt. ''Los Angeles A to Z: An Encyclopedia of the City and County'' (2000) * Rawls, James J. ed. ''New Directions in California History: A Book of Readings'' (1988) * {{cite book \|last1=Rawls \|first1=James \|last2=Bean \|first2=Walton \|year=2003 \|title=California: An Interpretive History \|publisher=McGraw-Hill \|edition=8th \|isbn=0-07-052411-4 \|url-access=registration \|url=https://archive.org/details/californiainterp00rawl}} * Rice, Richard B., William A. Bullough, and Richard J. Orsi. ''Elusive Eden: A New History of California'' 3rd ed. (2001) * Rolle, Andrew F. ''California: A History'' 6th ed. (2003)