Phalaenopsis: Difference between revisions

| name = Moth orchids

| image = Phalaenopsis amabilisphilippinensis Orchi 03NationalOrchidGarden-Singapore.jpg

| image_caption = ''[[Phalaenopsis amabilisphilippinensis]]''

'''''Phalaenopsis''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|f|æ|l|ᵻ|ˈ|n|ɒ|p|s|ɪ|s|}} <small>[[Carl Ludwig Blume|Blume]] (1825)</small>, commonlyalso known as '''moth orchids''',<ref name="Jones">{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=David L.|title=A complete guide to native orchids of Australia including the island territories|date=2006|publisher=New Holland|location=Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.|isbn=978-1877069123|page=440}}</ref> is a [[genus]] of about seventy species of plants in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Orchidaceae]]. Orchids in this genus are [[monopodial]] [[epiphyte]]s or [[lithophyte]]s with long, coarse roots, short, leafy stems and long-lasting, flat flowers arranged in a flowering stem that often branches near the end. Orchids in this genus are native to India, Taiwan, China, Southeast Asia, New Guinea and Australia with the majority in Indonesia and the Philippines.

Orchids in the genus ''Phalaenopsis'' are monopodial epiphytic, sometimes lithophytic [[Herbaceous plant|herbs]] with long, coarse roots with [[Pneumatode|pneumatodespneumatode]]s<ref>李嘉慧, & 李哖. (1991). 台灣蝴蝶蘭根和葉的形態與解剖的特性. 中國園藝, 37(4), 237-248.</ref><ref>Chomicki,{{cite G.,journal Bidel,| Ldoi=10. P1111/nph.,13106 Ming, F., Coiro, M., Zhang, X., Wang, Y., ... & Renner, S. S. (2015).| title=The velamen protects photosynthetic orchid roots against UV‐B damage, and a large dated phylogeny implies multiple gains and losses of this function during the C''Cenozoic'' enozoic| year=2015 | last1=Chomicki | first1=Guillaume | last2=Bidel | first2=Luc P. R. | last3=Ming | first3=Feng | last4=Coiro | first4=Mario | last5=Zhang | first5=Xuan | last6=Wang | first6=Yaofeng | last7=Baissac | first7=Yves | last8=Jay‐Allemand | first8=Christian | last9=Renner | first9=Susanne S. | journal=New Phytologist, | volume=205( | issue=3), 1330| pages=1330–1341 | pmid=25345817 | doi-1341.access=free }}</ref> and short leafy stems hidden by overlapping leaf bases. The leaves are usually arranged in two rows, relatively large and leathery, oblong to elliptic and sometimes succulent. A few to many, small to large, long-lasting, flat, often fragrant flowers are arranged on erect to hanging [[raceme]]s or [[panicle]]s. The [[sepal]]s and [[petal]]s are free from and spread widely apart from each other. The [[wikt:lateral|lateral]] sepals are usually larger than the [[wikt:dorsal|dorsal]] sepal and the petals much wider than the sepals. The [[Labellum (botany)|labellum]] is joined stiffly to the [[Column (botany)|column]] and has three lobes. The side lobes are erect and more or less parallel to each other and the middle lobe sometimes has a pair of appendages or antennae.<ref name="Jones" /><ref name="China">{{cite web |last1=Chen |first1=Xinqi |last2=Wood |first2=Jeffrey James |title=''Phalaenopsis'' |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=124878 |publisher=Flora of China |access-date=26 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="RFKOrchids">{{cite web |url=https://www.canbr.gov.au/cpbr/cd-keys/RFKOrchids/key/rfkorchids/Media/Html/genera/Phalaenopsis.htm |title=''Phalaenopsis'' |author=Jones D.L. |display-authors=etal |website=Australian Tropical Rainforest Orchids |year=2006 |publisher=[[Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation]] (CSIRO) |access-date=6 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="ONG">{{cite web |title=Genus ''Phalaenopsis'' |url=http://www.orchidsnewguinea.com/orchid-information/genus/genuscode/40 |publisher=Orchids of New Guinea |access-date=26 December 2018}}</ref>

[[File:Pneumatodes on Phalaenopsis philippinensis root.jpg|thumb|right|Specialized root structures, so called pneumatodes[[pneumatode]]s, which allow for gaseous exchange of the photosynthetic roots on a root of ''[[Phalaenopsis philippinensis]]'']]

The genus ''Phalaenopsis'' was first formally described in 1825 by [[Carl Ludwig Blume]] and the description was published in {{Lang|nl|Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië}}.<ref name="WCSP" /><ref name="Blume">{{cite book |last1=Blume |first1=Carl Ludwig |title=Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië (Part 7) |date=1825 |location=Batavia |page=294 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/9224#page/11/mode/1up |access-date=26 December 2018}}</ref> The name ''Phalaenopsis'' is derived from the [[Ancient Greek]] word {{lang|grc|φαλαινα}} ({{transltransliteration|grc|phalaina|}}) meaning 'a kind of moth'<ref name="RWB">{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Roland Wilbur|author-link1=Roland W. Brown|title=The Composition of Scientific Words|date=1956|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref>{{rp|535}} with the [[wikt:suffix|suffix]] ''-opsis'' meaning 'having the appearance of' or 'like'.<ref name="RWB" />{{rp|483}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Coombes |first=Allen J. |year=1994 |title=Dictionary of Plant Names |location=London |publisher=Hamlyn Books |isbn=978-0-600-58187-1 }} p. 140</ref>

The large monophyletic genus "Phalaenopsis" is divided into several sub-units. They are either regarded as subgenera or as sections. Not all of them are monophyletic.</br />

The subgenus ''Polychilos'' is monophyletic and it is divided into two subclades. The subgenus ''Phalaenopsis'' is paraphyletic under its current definition. Likewise the evidence shows that the subgenera ''Aphyllae'' and ''Parishianae'', as currently defined, are not monophyletic. The position of the monotypic subgenus ''Proboscidioides'', which only consists of ''[[Phalaenopsis lowii]]'', suggests a close relationship with the subgenus ''Aphyllae''.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1007/s00606-010-0314-1 | title=Molecular phylogeny of Phalaenopsis Blume (Orchidaceae) on the basis of plastid and nuclear DNA | year=2010 | last1=Tsai, | first1=C. C., | last2=Chiang, | first2=Y. C., | last3=Huang, | first3=S. C., | last4=Chen, | first4=C. H., &| last5=Chou, | first5=C. H. (2010).| Molecularjournal=Plant phylogenySystematics ofand PhalaenopsisEvolution Blume| (Orchidaceae)volume=288 on| theissue=1–2 basis| ofpages=77–98 plastid| and nuclear DNA. Plant Systematicss2cid=29984034 and Evolution, 288(1), 77-98.}}</ref>

The former genera ''Sedirea'' and ''Hygrochilus'' were incorporated into ''Phalaenopsis'' subgen. ''Hygrochilus''. The interspecific relationships within the subgenus ''Hygrochilus'' are poorly understood and are a source of confusion. The type species of thsthe subgenus is ''[[Phalaenopsis hygrochila]]''.<ref>Li, M. H., Gruss, O., & Liu, Z. J. (2016). name="Nomenclature changes in Phalaenopsis subgen. Hygrochilus (Orchidaceae; Epidendroideae; Vandeae) based on DNA evidence. Phytotaxa, 275(1), 55-61.<Phalaenopsi"/ref> The species of this subgenus are morphologically distinct from the other subgenera, due to their four pollinia and spurred flowers, as well as their unusually long stems.

[[File:Phalaenopsis Moth Pink Orchids.jpg|right|thumb|Pink phalaenopsis''Phalaenopsis'' cultivar]]

[[File:蝴蝶蘭-PhalaenopsisYellow 20220215205224orchids 03and buds.jpg|right|thumb|UnknownGreenish-yellow cultivar]]

Species of ''Phalaenopsis'' are found from India to southern China, [[Indochina]], [[Malaysia]] and from Indonesia to the Philippines and New Guinea. There is a single species, ''Phalaenopsis rosenstromii,'' [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[Queensland]], Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Factsheet - ''Phalaenopsis rosenstromii'' |url=https://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/cd-keys/RFKOrchids/key/rfkorchids/Media/Html/Phalaenopsis_rosenstromii.htm |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=www.anbg.gov.au}}</ref> The greatest diversity of phalaenopsis''Phalaenopsis'' occurs in Indonesia and the Philippines.

Many species are higlyhighly threatened. For instance ''[[Phalaenopsis lindenii]]'' is categorized as endangered,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/46371/11046572 |title=''Phalaenopsis lindenii'' |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |access-date=March 4, 2022}}</ref> ''[[Phalaenopsis violacea]]'' is categorized as vulnerable<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/44393331/44529144 |title=''Phalaenopsis violacea'' |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |access-date=March 4, 2022}}</ref> and ''[[Phalaenopsis micholitzii]]'' is categorized as critically endangered.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/46372/11046733 |title=''Phalaenopsis micholitzii'' |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |access-date=March 4, 2022}}</ref> Some species, like ''[[Phalaenopsis javanica]],'' are even believed to be extinct in the wild.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Garvita, |first1=R. V., & |last2=Handini, |first2=E. (|year=2011). |title=Pengaruh penambahan berbagai kadar pisang dan ubi jalar pada pertumbuhan kultur tiga jenis phalaenopsis. |journal=Buletin Kebun Raya, |volume=14( |issue=2), 9-18.|pages=9–18}}</ref><ref>DELLA{{cite RAHAYU,journal E.| Mdoi=10.,13057/biodiv/d170217 &| YUSRI,title=Identification S.of (2016).soybean Georeferencinggenotypes orchidsadaptive specimenand historyproductive cardsto inacid Bogorsoil Botanicagro-ecosystem Gardens| toyear=1970 increase| theirlast1=Adie use| forfirst1=M. conservationMuchlish efforts.| last2=Krisnawati | first2=Ayda | journal=Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, | volume=17( | issue=2). | doi-access=free }}</ref>

Pollination of ''Phalaenopsis pulcherrima'' through bees, specifically ''Amegilla nigritar'', has been recorded in China.<ref>Pramanik,{{cite D.,journal Dorst,| Ndoi=10.,1186/s13227-020-00160-z Meesters, N. et al.| title=Evolution and development of three highly specialized floral structures of bee-pollinated ''Phalaenopsis'' species. EvoDevo| year=2020 | last1=Pramanik | first1=Dewi | last2=Dorst | first2=Nemi | last3=Meesters | first3=Niels | last4=Spaans | first4=Marlies | last5=Smets | first5=Erik | last6=Welten | first6=Monique | last7=Gravendeel | first7=Barbara | journal=Evodevo | volume=11, | page=16 (2020).| pmid=32793330 | pmc=7418404 | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13227-020-00160-zaccess=free }}</ref> This species employs a deceptive pollination strategy. The orchid does not provide rewards to pollinators. It benefits from blooming in the same period as rewarding species. ''[[Amegilla]]'' is the most important pollinator, but ther diurnal insects, – such as four species of bees, two species of butterflies, one species of moth and two other unidentified insects, – have also been observed to interact with the flowers.<ref>Jin,{{cite Xiao-Huajournal &| Li, Dedoi=10.1186/1471-Zhu & Ren, Zong2229-Xin & Xiang, Xiao12-Guo.67 (2012).| title=A generalized deceptive pollination system of ''Doritis pulcherrima'' (Aeridinae: Orchidaceae) with non-reconfigured pollinaria. | year=2012 | last1=Xiaohua | first1=Jin | last2=Dezhu | first2=Li | last3=Zongxin | first3=Ren | last4=Xiaoguo | first4=Xiang | journal=BMC plantPlant biology.Biology | volume=12. | page=67. 10.1186/1471| pmid=22571550 | pmc=3388949 | doi-2229-12-67.access=free }}</ref>

Unlike most other angiosperms, the development of the [[Ovule|ovulesovule]]s is triggered by [[Pollination|pollination]]. Therefore a temporal mismatch of male and female [[Gamete|gametesgamete]]s exists (i.e. the male structures are ready but the female structures have not yet been fully developed). In orchids, [[Fertilisation|fertilisation]] occurs within days or months after the pollination event. After pollination occurs, the [[Stigma (botany)|stigmatic cavity]] is often closed through swelling of the [[Column (botany)|column]]. As a result, the [[Pollinium|pollinia]] are completely enclosed. The pollen germinates after enclosure and tubes are produced. In ''[[Phalaenopsis aphrodite]]'', pollen tubes entered the ovary within 3 days after pollination. Within 15 days, pollen tubes evenly spread throughout the [[Placentation|placental]] cavities. Within 60 days after the pollination event, 30.6 % of the tips of the pollen tubes started to enter the micropyles (i.e. entry points) of the ovules. Finally, 65 to 70 days after the pollination event, fertilisation occurred.<ref>Chen,{{cite JC.,journal Fang,| SCdoi=10.1007/s00497-016-0280-z | title=The long pollen tube journey and in vitro pollen germination of Phalaenopsis orchids. | year=2016 | last1=Chen | first1=Jhun-Chen | last2=Fang | first2=Su-Chiung | journal=Plant ReprodReproduction | volume=29, | issue=1–2 | pages=179–188 (2016).| https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-016-0280-zpmid=27016359 | pmc=4909812 }}</ref>

Floral fragrance has been analysed for several species. The fragrance of ''[[Phalaenopsis bellina]]'' has been shown to be composed of about 79 compounds, primarily of the [[Terpenoid|terpenoid]] class. It was most intense in the morning.<ref>Mus,{{cite A.journal A.,| Gansau, Jurl=https://search. Ainformit., Kumar, Vorg/doi/10. S3316/informit.,650439779307698 & Rusdi, N. A. (2020).| title=The variation of volatile compounds emitted from aromatic orchid '('Phalaenopsis bellina'') at different timing and flowering stages. | journal=Plant Omics, | volume=13( | issue=2), | pages=78–85. https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.650439779307698| last1=Mus | first1=Ahmad Asnawi | last2=Gansau | first2=Jualang Azlan | last3=Kumar | first3=Vijay Subbiah | last4=Rusdi | first4=Nor Azizun }}</ref>

In ''Phalaenopsis'', [[phenylpropanoid]] enzymes are enhanced in the process of plant [[acclimatisation]] at different levels of [[photosynthesis|photosynthetic]] photon flux.<ref>Mohammad{{cite Babarjournal Ali,| Serida Khatun, Eundoi=10.1007/s10725-Joo Hahn and Kee006-Yoeup9003-z Paek,, 2006.| "title=Enhancement of phenylpropanoid enzymes and lignin in Phalaenopsis orchid and their influence on plant acclimatisation at different levels of photosynthetic photon flux". | year=2006 | last1=Ali | first1=Mohammad Babar | last2=Khatun | first2=Serida | last3=Hahn | first3=Eun-Joo | last4=Paek | first4=Kee-Yoeup | ''journal=Plant Growth Regulation'' | volume =49, Numbers| 2-3,issue=2–3 | pages=137–146 137-146, {{doi|10.1007/s10725-006-9003-z s2cid=26821483 }}</ref>

In nature, ''Phalaenopsis'' species are typically fond of warm temperatures, thriving in temperatures around 20 to 35 [[Celsius|°C]] (68–95&nbsp;°F), but are adaptable to conditions more comfortable for human habitation in temperate zones (15 to 30&nbsp;°C or 59–86&nbsp;°F); at temperatures below 18&nbsp;°C (64.4&nbsp;°F) overwatering causes root rot and the plants will also drop their leaves if they experience temperatures below 60&nbsp;°F for extended periods. ''Phalaenopsis'' prefer moderate humidity (60–70%) and low light of 12,000 to 20,000 [[lux]]. However, Phalaenopsis orchids can adapt to the lower humidity found in most homes. They are also typically hardier than other species of orchids, and this makes them particularly popular among first-time orchid growers.<ref>[http://www.plantdex.com/index.php/species-growing-guides/flowers/130-phalaenopsis-orchid Growing Conditions for Phalaenopsis Orchids, Accessed 11/11/2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114073443/http://www.plantdex.com/index.php/species-growing-guides/flowers/130-phalaenopsis-orchid |date=2013-01-14 }}</ref>

The effect of fertilizer source and medium composition on vegetative growth and mineral nutrition has been studied.<ref name="ashs">{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Yin-Tung |last2=Konow |first2=Elise A. |title=Fertilizer Source and Medium Composition Affect Vegetative Growth and Mineral Nutrition of a Hybrid Moth Orchid |journal= Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science |date=2002 |volume=127 |issue=3 |pages=442–447 |doi=10.21273/JASHS.127.3.442 |url=https://journals.ashs.org/jashs/view/journals/jashs/127/3/article-p442.xml |access-date=29 April 2020|doi-access=free }}</ref>

*Yellow Lightning gx. <ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/332968/Phalaenopsis-Yellow-Lightning-gx/Details | title = ''Phalaenopsis'' Yellow Lightning gx. | publisher = RHS | access-date = 18 January 2021}}</ref>