Phalaenopsis: Difference between revisions

Orchids in the genus ''Phalaenopsis'' are monopodial epiphytic, sometimes lithophytic [[Herbaceous plant|herbs]] with long, coarse roots with [[Pneumatode|pneumatodespneumatode]]s<ref>李嘉慧, & 李哖. (1991). 台灣蝴蝶蘭根和葉的形態與解剖的特性. 中國園藝, 37(4), 237-248.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1111/nph.13106 | title=The velamen protects photosynthetic orchid roots against UV‐B damage, and a large dated phylogeny implies multiple gains and losses of this function during the ''Cenozoic'' | year=2015 | last1=Chomicki | first1=Guillaume | last2=Bidel | first2=Luc P. R. | last3=Ming | first3=Feng | last4=Coiro | first4=Mario | last5=Zhang | first5=Xuan | last6=Wang | first6=Yaofeng | last7=Baissac | first7=Yves | last8=Jay‐Allemand | first8=Christian | last9=Renner | first9=Susanne S. | journal=New Phytologist | volume=205 | issue=3 | pages=1330–1341 | pmid=25345817 | doi-access=free }}</ref> and short leafy stems hidden by overlapping leaf bases. The leaves are usually arranged in two rows, relatively large and leathery, oblong to elliptic and sometimes succulent. A few to many, small to large, long-lasting, flat, often fragrant flowers are arranged on erect to hanging [[raceme]]s or [[panicle]]s. The [[sepal]]s and [[petal]]s are free from and spread widely apart from each other. The [[wikt:lateral|lateral]] sepals are usually larger than the [[wikt:dorsal|dorsal]] sepal and the petals much wider than the sepals. The [[Labellum (botany)|labellum]] is joined stiffly to the [[Column (botany)|column]] and has three lobes. The side lobes are erect and more or less parallel to each other and the middle lobe sometimes has a pair of appendages or antennae.<ref name="Jones" /><ref name="China">{{cite web |last1=Chen |first1=Xinqi |last2=Wood |first2=Jeffrey James |title=''Phalaenopsis'' |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=124878 |publisher=Flora of China |access-date=26 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="RFKOrchids">{{cite web |url=https://www.canbr.gov.au/cpbr/cd-keys/RFKOrchids/key/rfkorchids/Media/Html/genera/Phalaenopsis.htm |title=''Phalaenopsis'' |author=Jones D.L. |display-authors=etal |website=Australian Tropical Rainforest Orchids |year=2006 |publisher=[[Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation]] (CSIRO) |access-date=6 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="ONG">{{cite web |title=Genus ''Phalaenopsis'' |url=http://www.orchidsnewguinea.com/orchid-information/genus/genuscode/40 |publisher=Orchids of New Guinea |access-date=26 December 2018}}</ref>

[[File:Pneumatodes on Phalaenopsis philippinensis root.jpg|thumb|right|Specialized root structures, so called [[Pneumatode|pneumatodespneumatode]]s, which allow for gaseous exchange of the photosynthetic roots of ''[[Phalaenopsis philippinensis]]'']]

The genus ''Phalaenopsis'' was first formally described in 1825 by [[Carl Ludwig Blume]] and the description was published in {{Lang|nl|Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië}}.<ref name="WCSP" /><ref name="Blume">{{cite book |last1=Blume |first1=Carl Ludwig |title=Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië (Part 7) |date=1825 |location=Batavia |page=294 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/9224#page/11/mode/1up |access-date=26 December 2018}}</ref> The name ''Phalaenopsis'' is derived from the [[Ancient Greek]] word {{lang|grc|φαλαινα}} ({{transltransliteration|grc|phalaina|}}) meaning 'a kind of moth'<ref name="RWB">{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Roland Wilbur|author-link1=Roland W. Brown|title=The Composition of Scientific Words|date=1956|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref>{{rp|535}} with the [[wikt:suffix|suffix]] ''-opsis'' meaning 'having the appearance of' or 'like'.<ref name="RWB" />{{rp|483}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Coombes |first=Allen J. |year=1994 |title=Dictionary of Plant Names |location=London |publisher=Hamlyn Books |isbn=978-0-600-58187-1 }} p. 140</ref>

The following [[phylogenetic tree]] is a simplified tree to show the general placement of the main infrageneric groups. It is meant to give an overview, despite the contended monophyly of some of the respective groups.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.238.3.3 | title=A new species and a new combination of Phalaenopsis (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae: Aeridinae): Evidence from morphological and DNA analysis | year=2015 | last1=Deng | first1=HUA | last2=Zhang | first2=GUO-Qiang | last3=Liu | first3=Zhong-Jian | last4=Wang | first4=YAN | journal=Phytotaxa | volume=238 | issue=3 | page=243 }}</ref><ref name="Nomenclature changes in Phalaenopsi">{{cite journal | doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.275.1.6 | title=Nomenclature changes in Phalaenopsis subgen. Hygrochilus (Orchidaceae; Epidendroideae; Vandeae) based on DNA evidence | year=2016 | last1=Li | first1=Ming-HE | last2=Gruss | first2=Olaf | last3=Liu | first3=Zhong-Jian | journal=Phytotaxa | volume=275 | page=55 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tsai |first1=C. C. |last2=Chou |first2=C. H. |year=2007 |title=Molecular phylogenetics of Phalaenopsis taxa: an updated review |journal=Orchid Science and Biotechnology |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=44–50}}</ref><ref>Tsai, C. C. (2003). Molecular phylogeny, biogeography, and evolutionary trends of the genus Phalaenopsis (Orchidaceae). PHD dissertation.</ref>

|label1=''Phalaenopsis''

The former genera ''Sedirea'' and ''Hygrochilus'' were incorporated into ''Phalaenopsis'' subgen. ''Hygrochilus''. The interspecific relationships within the subgenus ''Hygrochilus'' are poorly understood and are a source of confusion. The type species of the subgenus is ''[[Phalaenopsis hygrochila]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.275.1.6 | titlename="Nomenclature changes in Phalaenopsis subgen. Hygrochilus (Orchidaceae; Epidendroideae; Vandeae) based on DNA evidence | year=2016 | last1=Li | first1=Ming-HE | last2=Gruss | first2=Olaf | last3=Liu | first3=Zhong-Jian | journal=Phytotaxa | volume=275 | page=55 }}<Phalaenopsi"/ref> The species of this subgenus are morphologically distinct from the other subgenera, due to their four pollinia and spurred flowers, as well as their unusually long stems.

Many species are highly threatened. For instance ''[[Phalaenopsis lindenii]]'' is categorized as endangered,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/46371/11046572 |title=''Phalaenopsis lindenii'' |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |access-date=March 4, 2022}}</ref> ''[[Phalaenopsis violacea]]'' is categorized as vulnerable<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/44393331/44529144 |title=''Phalaenopsis violacea'' |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |access-date=March 4, 2022}}</ref> and ''[[Phalaenopsis micholitzii]]'' is categorized as critically endangered.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/46372/11046733 |title=''Phalaenopsis micholitzii'' |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |access-date=March 4, 2022}}</ref> Some species, like ''[[Phalaenopsis javanica]],'' are even believed to be extinct in the wild.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Garvita |first1=R. V. |last2=Handini |first2=E. |year=2011 |title=Pengaruh penambahan berbagai kadar pisang dan ubi jalar pada pertumbuhan kultur tiga jenis phalaenopsis |journal=Buletin Kebun Raya |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=9–18}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.13057/biodiv/d170217 | title=Identification of soybean genotypes adaptive and productive to acid soil agro-ecosystem | year=1970 | last1=Adie | first1=M. Muchlish | last2=Krisnawati | first2=Ayda | journal=Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity | volume=17 | issue=2 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

Pollination of ''Phalaenopsis pulcherrima'' through bees, specifically ''Amegilla nigritar'', has been recorded in China.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1186/s13227-020-00160-z | title=Evolution and development of three highly specialized floral structures of bee-pollinated Phalaenopsis species | year=2020 | last1=Pramanik | first1=Dewi | last2=Dorst | first2=Nemi | last3=Meesters | first3=Niels | last4=Spaans | first4=Marlies | last5=Smets | first5=Erik | last6=Welten | first6=Monique | last7=Gravendeel | first7=Barbara | journal=Evodevo | volume=11 | page=16 | pmid=32793330 | pmc=7418404 | doi-access=free }}</ref> This species employs a deceptive pollination strategy. The orchid does not provide rewards to pollinators. It benefits from blooming in the same period as rewarding species. ''[[Amegilla]]'' is the most important pollinator, but diurnal insects – such as four species of bees, two species of butterflies, one species of moth and two other unidentified insects – have also been observed to interact with the flowers.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1186/1471-2229-12-67 | title=A generalized deceptive pollination system of Doritis pulcherrima (Aeridinae: Orchidaceae) with non-reconfigured pollinaria | year=2012 | last1=Xiaohua | first1=Jin | last2=Dezhu | first2=Li | last3=Zongxin | first3=Ren | last4=Xiaoguo | first4=Xiang | journal=BMC Plant Biology | volume=12 | page=67 | pmid=22571550 | pmc=3388949 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

Unlike most other angiosperms, the development of the [[Ovule|ovulesovule]]s is triggered by [[pollination]]. Therefore a temporal mismatch of male and female [[Gamete|gametesgamete]]s exists (i.e. the male structures are ready but the female structures have not yet been fully developed). In orchids, [[fertilisation]] occurs within days or months after the pollination event. After pollination occurs, the [[Stigma (botany)|stigmatic cavity]] is often closed through swelling of the [[Column (botany)|column]]. As a result, the [[Pollinium|pollinia]] are completely enclosed. The pollen germinates after enclosure and tubes are produced. In ''[[Phalaenopsis aphrodite]]'', pollen tubes entered the ovary within 3 days after pollination. Within 15 days, pollen tubes evenly spread throughout the [[Placentation|placental]] cavities. Within 60 days after the pollination event, 30.6 % of the tips of the pollen tubes started to enter the micropyles (i.e. entry points) of the ovules. Finally, 65 to 70 days after the pollination event, fertilisation occurred.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1007/s00497-016-0280-z | title=The long pollen tube journey and in vitro pollen germination of Phalaenopsis orchids | year=2016 | last1=Chen | first1=Jhun-Chen | last2=Fang | first2=Su-Chiung | journal=Plant Reproduction | volume=29 | issue=1–2 | pages=179–188 | pmid=27016359 | pmc=4909812 }}</ref>

Floral fragrance has been analysed for several species. The fragrance of ''[[Phalaenopsis bellina]]'' has been shown to be composed of about 79 compounds, primarily of the [[terpenoid]] class. It was most intense in the morning.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.650439779307698 | title=The variation of volatile compounds emitted from aromatic orchid ('Phalaenopsis bellina') at different timing and flowering stages | journal=Plant Omics | volume=13 | issue=2 | pages=78–85 | last1=Mus | first1=Ahmad Asnawi | last2=Gansau | first2=Jualang Azlan | last3=Kumar | first3=Vijay Subbiah | last4=Rusdi | first4=Nor Azizun }}</ref>

In nature, ''Phalaenopsis'' species are typically fond of warm temperatures, thriving in temperatures around 20 to 35 [[Celsius|°C]] (68–95&nbsp;°F), but are adaptable to conditions more comfortable for human habitation in temperate zones (15 to 30&nbsp;°C or 59–86&nbsp;°F); at temperatures below 18&nbsp;°C (64.4&nbsp;°F) overwatering causes root rot and the plants will also drop their leaves if they experience temperatures below 60&nbsp;°F for extended periods. ''Phalaenopsis'' prefer moderate humidity (60–70%) and low light of 12,000 to 20,000 [[lux]]. However, Phalaenopsis orchids can adapt to the lower humidity found in most homes. They are also typically hardier than other species of orchids, and this makes them particularly popular among first-time orchid growers.<ref>[http://www.plantdex.com/index.php/species-growing-guides/flowers/130-phalaenopsis-orchid Growing Conditions for Phalaenopsis Orchids, Accessed 11/11/2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114073443/http://www.plantdex.com/index.php/species-growing-guides/flowers/130-phalaenopsis-orchid |date=2013-01-14 }}</ref>

*Yellow Lightning gx. <ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/332968/Phalaenopsis-Yellow-Lightning-gx/Details | title = ''Phalaenopsis'' Yellow Lightning gx. | publisher = RHS | access-date = 18 January 2021}}</ref>

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