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{{Short description|Oblast of the Russian Empire}}
{{Italic title|string=oblast}}
{{Infobox Former Subdivision
{{Infobox settlement
| native_name = Батумская область<br />Batum Oblast
| common_name area_total_km2 = Batum Oblast6,975.65
| subdivision established_date = [[Oblast]]1873
| nation established_title = [[Russian Empire]]Established
| extinct_date = 3 March 1918
| coordinates = {{coord|41.6458|N|41.6417|E|source:wikidata|display=inline,title}}
| year_start extinct_title = 1878[[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]]
| year_endimage_map = 1918Batum Oblast ATD.png
| date_startimage_shield = 20Coat Septemberof arms of Batum Oblast 1881.svg
| date_event1map_caption = 12Administrative map of the JuneBatum 1883Oblast
| date_event2mapsize = 17 March 1903 = 220px
| date_end coordinates =
{{coord|41|38|45|N|41|38|30|E|type:admin2_region:GE|display=title,inline}}
| event_start = Treaty of San Stefano
| event1name = [[KutaisBatum Governorate]]''oblast''
| event2 native_name = [[KutaisБатумская Governorate]]область
| event_end native_name_lang = Proclamation of PNGSCru
| p1 population_as_of = Trebizond Vilayet1916
| population_density_km2 = auto
| flag_p1 = Flag of the Ottoman Empire.svg
| population_rural = 87.98%
| s1 = Provisional National Government of the Southwestern Caucasus
| population_total = 122,811
| flag_s1 = Flag of the South West Caucasian Republic.svg
| s2 population_urban = 22.02%
| flag_s2seat = Batum<br>(present-day [[Batumi]])
| s3 seat_type = Capital
| flag_s3settlement_type = ''[[Oblasts of the Russian = Empire|Oblast]]''
| image_flagsubdivision_name = [[Russian = Empire]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)|Caucasus]]
| flag_type =
| subdivision_type = Country
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Batum Oblast 1881.svg
| subdivision_type1 = [[List of viceroyalties of the Russian Empire|Viceroyalty]]
| image_map = Batum Oblast ATD.png
| image_map_captiontotal_type = Administrative Map of the Batum Oblast = Total
| capital = [[Batumi|Batum]]
| today = {{flag|Georgia}}<br>{{flag|Turkey}}
| stat_year1 = 1916
| stat_area1 = 61092
| stat_pop1 = 122,811
}}
The '''Batum ''oblast'''''{{efn|{{bulletedlist|{{lang-ru|Батумская область|translit=Batumskaya oblast}} {{IPA|ru|bətʊmskəjə ɐbɫəsʲtʲ|}}|{{lang-ka|ბათუმის ოლქი|tr}} {{IPA|ka|b̥atʰumis olkʰi|}}|{{lang-tr|Batum Oblastı}} {{IPA-tr|batum obɫastɯ|}}}}}} was a province (''[[oblast]]'') of the [[Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)|Caucasus Viceroyalty]] of the [[Russian Empire]], with the [[Black Sea]] port of Batum (present-day [[Batumi]]) as its administrative center. The Batum ''oblast'' roughly corresponded to most of present-day southwestern [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], and part of the [[Artvin Province]] of [[Turkey]].{{sfn|Tsutsiev|2014}}
 
The '''Batum Oblast''' ({{lang-ru|Батумская область}}; {{lang-ka|ბათუმის ოლქი}}) was an [[oblast|''oblast'']] (region) of the [[Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)|Caucasus Viceroyalty]] of the [[Russian Empire]], with the [[Black Sea]] port city of [[Batumi|Batum]] as its center. The Batum Oblast roughly corresponded to most of present-day southwestern [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], and part of the [[Artvin Province]] of the [[Turkey|Republic of Turkey]].
 
==History==
The Batum Oblast''oblast'' was created out of the territories of the [[Ottoman Empire]]'s [[Batumsanjak Sanjak]],of Batum following the region's annexation into the [[Russian Empire]] in the aftermath of the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|1878 Russo-Turkish War]]. Established in 1878, the Batum Oblast was later downgraded to an okrug in 1883 and incorporated into the Kutais Governorate (until 1903).
 
Established in 1878, the Batum Oblast was later downgraded to an okrug in 1883 and incorporated into the Kutais Governorate (until 1903).<ref>{{Citation|last=Tsutsiev|first=Arthur|title=Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus|date=2014|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/884858065|pages=38|place=New Haven and London|isbn=978-0-300-15308-8|oclc=884858065|access-date=2021-12-25}}</ref>
 
According to the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]], the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]] ceded the Batum Oblast to the Ottoman Empire, however, the [[Transcaucasian Seim]], the authority in [[Transcaucasia]] by 1918, rejected the treaty, opting to negotiate with the Ottoman Empire on its own terms. Such action led to the former's dissolution and the subsequent [[Treaty of Batum]], which resulted in the inevitable reannexation of Batum to the Ottoman Empire.
Line 47 ⟶ 39:
After the [[Armistice of Mudros|Mudros Armistice]], in which the Ottoman Empire was forced to withdraw its troops from the territories of the former [[Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)|Russian Transcaucasus]] including Batum, [[British Army|British troops]] under the [[27th Division (United Kingdom)|27th Division]] occupied the district to support the British military presence in the Transcaucasus, and to serve as a terminal for supplying [[Anton Denikin|Denikin's]] [[Volunteer Army]].
 
The Batum Oblast was finally evacuated by the British in the summer of 19191920, and handed over to the [[Democratic Republic of Georgia]], whom administered the district until it was occupied by [[Turkish Revolutionaries|Turkish revolutionaries]], leading to the [[Treaty of Kars]] which resulted in the partition of the district. The north including the port of Batum was retained by [[Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic|Georgia]] as an [[Adjarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|autonomy]], and the southern Artvin district was incorporated into the fledgling [[Turkey|Republic of Turkey]] as the [[Artvin Province]].
 
== Administrative divisions ==
The districts (''[[okrug]]s'') of the Batum ''oblast'' in 1917 were as follows:<ref name=":1" />{{sfn|Кавказский календарь на 1917 год|pp=182–185}}
The Batum Oblast included 2 ''okrugs'' with 7 ''[[Uchastok|uchastoks]]'' within them:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
 
! rowspan="2" |Name
* [[Artvin Okrug]] ({{lang|ru|Артвинский округ}})
! rowspan="2" |Administrative centre
** Ardanuch
! colspan="2" |Population
** Artvin
! rowspan="2" |Area
** Shavshet-Imerkhev
|-
* [[Batum Okrug]] ({{lang|ru|Батумский округ}})
!1897
** Upper-Adjara
!1916
** Goni
|-
** Kintrishi
|[[Artvin okrug]] ({{Lang|ru|Артвинский округ}})
** Lower-Adjara
|[[Artvin]]
| align="right" |56,140
| align="right" |37,414
|{{Convert|2875.06|verst2|km2 mi2|lk=on}}
|-
|[[Batumi okrug]] ({{Lang|ru|Батумский округ}})
|Batum ([[Batumi]])
| align="right" |88,444
| align="right" |85,397
|{{Convert|3254.05|verst2|km2 mi2|lk=on}}
|}
 
==Demographics==
 
=== Russian ImperialEmpire Census of 1897 ===
AsAccording of 1897,to the total[[Russian populationEmpire ofCensus]], the Batum and''oblast'' Artvin(at Okrugs,the whichtime wouldpart later formof the BatumKutaisi Oblast,Governorate) had wasa population of 144,584. [[Kartvelianon peoples{{OldStyleDate|Kartvelians]],28 including primarily the [[AdjariansJanuary|Adjars]],1897|15 Muslim Georgian-speakersJanuary}}, constitutedincluding 43.5% of the population. [[Turkish people|Turks]]82,213 mostmen likelyand Turkified Georgians62,371 constituted the second largest group at 30women.8% andThe wereplurality mostly concentrated inof the [[Artvin]]population area (today theindicated [[ArtvinGeorgian Provincelanguage|Georgian]] of [[Turkey]] due to thebe [[Treatytheir ofmother Kars]]).tongue, with Significant minorities includedsignificant [[ArmeniansTurkish language|Turkish]], [[RussiansArmenian language|Armenian]], and [[CaucasusRussian Greekslanguage|Russian]] speaking minorities.<ref name=":1">Includes population figures for the Batum and Artvin Okrugs, which would form the Batum Oblast by 1917. {{citeCite web |title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/emp_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=450447 |access-date=20172022-0403-18|publisher=Demoscope.ru}}26 and {{cite web|titlewebsite=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложениеwww. Справочник статистических показателей|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/emp_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=447|access-date=2017-04-18|publisher=Demoscope.ru}}</ref>
 
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Linguistic composition of the Batum ''oblast'' in 1897<ref name=":1" />
!Language
!Native speakers
!%
|-
|[[Georgian language|Georgian]]
! TOTAL
| align="right" |62,004
! 144,584
| align="right" |42.88
! 100%
|-
|[[Turkish language|Turkish]]
| [[Georgian people|Kartvelians]]
| align="right" |44,667
| 63,012
| align="right" |30.89
| 43,5%
|-
| [[TurkishArmenian peoplelanguage|TurksArmenian]]
| align="right" |14,939
| 44,667
| align="right" |10.33
| 30,8%
|-
|[[Russian language|Russian]]
| [[Armenians]]
| align="right" |7,525
| 14,939
| align="right" |5.20
| 10,3%
|-
|[[Greek language|Greek]]
| [[Russians]]
| align="right" |4,717
| 7,532
| align="right" |3.26
| 5,2%
|-
|[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]
| [[Greeks]]
| align="right" |2,351
| 4,717
| align="right" |1.63
| 3,2%
|-
|[[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]]
| align="right" |1,811
| align="right" |1.25
|-
|[[Jewish languages|Jewish]]
| align="right" |1,076
| align="right" |0.74
|-
|[[Polish language|Polish]]
| align="right" |911
| align="right" |0.63
|-
|[[Persian language|Persian]]
| align="right" | 767
| align="right" |0.53
|-
|[[Abkhaz language|Abkhazian]]
| align="right" |693
| align="right" |0.48
|-
|[[Mingrelian language|Mingrelian]]
| align="right" |635
| align="right" |0.44
|-
|[[German language|German]]
| align="right" |369
| align="right" |0.26
|-
|[[Imeretian language|Imeretian]]
| align="right" |356
| align="right" |0.25
|-
|Tatar{{Caucasian Tatars}}
| align="right" |355
| align="right" |0.25
|-
|[[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]
| align="right" |157
| align="right" | 0.11
|-
|[[Inuit languages|Sartic]]
| align="right" |156
| align="right" |0.11
|-
|[[Belarusian language|Belarusian]]
| align="right" |80
| align="right" |0.06
|-
|[[Avar language|Avar-Andean]]
| align="right" |56
| align="right" |0.04
|-
|[[Gazikumukh Khanate|Kazi-Kumukh]]
| align="right" |47
| align="right" |0.03
|-
|[[English language|English]]
| align="right" |38
| align="right" |0.03
|-
|[[Ossetian language|Ossetian]]
| align="right" |29
| align="right" |0.02
|-
|[[Romanian language|Romanian]]
| align="right" |27
| align="right" |0.02
|-
|[[Svan language|Svan]]
| align="right" |17
| align="right" | 0.01
|-
|[[Estonian language|Estonian]]
| align="right" |11
| align="right" |0.01
|-
|Other
| align="right" |790
| align="right" |0.55
|-
!ТОТАL
!144,584
!100.00
|}
 
=== Caucasian''Kavkazskiy Calendar of 1917kalendar'' ===
TheAccording to the 1917 Caucasianpublication Calendarof which''[[Kavkazskiy producedkalendar]]'', statisticsthe ofBatum 1916''oblast'' indicateshad a population of 122,811 residentson in{{OldStyleDate|14 theJanuary|1916|1 Batum OblastJanuary}}, including 66,808 men and 56,003 women, 95,292 of whom were the permanent population, and 27,519 were temporary residents.<ref name=":0">{{Cite booksfn|url=https://www.prlib.ru/item/417322|title=Кавказский календарь .... на 1917 год|pages=351-352|languagepp=Russian182–185}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" |Nationality
|+Ethnoreligious groups in the Batum Oblast according to the 1917 Caucasian Calendar<ref name=":0" />
! rowspancolspan="2" |[[OkrugUrban area|Urban]] (district)
! colspan="2" |[[RussiansRural area|Rural]]
! rowspancolspan="2" |Other EuropeansTOTAL
! colspan="2" |[[Adjarians|Georgians]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Armenians]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Peoples of the Caucasus|North Caucasians]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Kurds]]
! colspan="3" |Other Asian Nationalities
! rowspan="2" |[[Romani people|Gypsies]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Jews]]
! rowspan="2" |TOTAL
|-
!Number
![[Russian Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]
!%
![[Molokan|Sectarian]]
!Number
![[Georgian Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]
!%
![[Muslim Georgians|Muslim]]
!Number
![[Caucasus Greeks|Christian]]
!%
![[Azerbaijanis|Shia Muslim]]
![[Turkish people|Sunni Muslim]]
|-
|[[Georgians]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Artvin Okrug|Artvin]]
| align="right" |7,363
|320
| align="right" |27.25
|6
| align="right" |71,476
|24
| align="right" |74.61
|1,187
| align="right" |78,839
|25,544
| align="right" |64.20
|9,428
|304
|0
|69
|283
|104
|145
|0
|37,414
|-
|[[Armenians]]
|<small>0.9%</small>
| align="right" |10,975
|<small>0.0%</small>
| align="right" |40.62
|<small>0.1%</small>
| align="right" |4,217
|<small>3.2%</small>
| align="right" |4.40
|<small>68.3%</small>
| align="right" |15,192
|<small>25.2%</small>
| align="right" |12.37
|<small>0.8%</small>
|<small>0.0%</small>
|<small>0.2%</small>
|<small>0.8%</small>
|<small>0.3%</small>
|<small>0.4%</small>
|<small>0.0%</small>
|<small>100.0%</small>
|-
|[[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]]{{Efn|Primarily Turco-Tatars.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|p=67}}}}
! rowspan="2" |[[Batum Okrug|Batum]]
| align="right" |75
|7,925
| align="right" |0.28
|294
| align="right" |14,267
|951
| align="right" |14.89
|7,411
| align="right" |14,342
|44,697
| align="right" |11.68
|5,764
|352
|552
|2,175
|411
|14,238
|20
|607
|85,397
|-
|[[Russians]]
|<small>9.3%</small>
| align="right" |5,042
|<small>0.3%</small>
| align="right" |18.66
|<small>1.1%</small>
| align="right" |3,503
|<small>8.7%</small>
| align="right" |3.66
|<small>52.3%</small>
| align="right" |8,545
|<small>6.7%</small>
| align="right" |6.96
|<small>0.4%</small>
|<small>0.6%</small>
|<small>2.5%</small>
|<small>0.5%</small>
|<small>16.7%</small>
|<small>0.0%</small>
|<small>0.7%</small>
|<small>100.0%</small>
|-
|[[Christianity in Asia|Asiatic Christians]]
! rowspan="2" |TOTAL
| align="right" |1,097
!8,245
| align="right" |4.06
!300
| align="right" |1,147
!975
| align="right" |1.20
!8,598
| align="right" |2,244
!70,241
| align="right" |1.83
!15,192
!656
!552
!2,244
!694
!14,342
!165
!607
!122,811
|-
|[[Europeans|Other Europeans]]
!<small>6.7%</small>
| align="right" |855
!<small>0.2%</small>
| align="right" |3.16
!<small>0.8%</small>
| align="right" |120
!<small>7.0%</small>
| align="right" |0.13
!<small>57.2%</small>
| align="right" |975
!<small>12.4%</small>
| align="right" |0.79
!<small>0.5%</small>
|-
!<small>0.4%</small>
|[[Shia Muslims]]{{Efn|Primarily Tatars.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|p=67}}}}
!<small>1.8%</small>
| align="right" |529
!<small>0.6%</small>
| align="right" |1.96
!<small>11.7%</small>
| align="right" |165
!<small>0.1%</small>
| align="right" |0.17
!<small>0.5%</small>
| align="right" |694
!<small>100.0%</small>
| align="right" |0.57
|-
|[[Peoples of the Caucasus|North Caucasians]]
| align="right" |476
| align="right" |1.76
| align="right" |180
| align="right" |0.19
| align="right" |656
| align="right" |0.53
|-
|[[Jews]]
| align="right" |597
| align="right" |2.21
| align="right" |10
| align="right" |0.01
| align="right" |607
| align="right" |0.49
|-
|[[Kurds]]
| align="right" |8
| align="right" |0.03
| align="right" |544
| align="right" |0.57
| align="right" |552
| align="right" |0.45
|-
|[[Romani people|Roma]]
| align="right" |0
| align="right" |0.00
| align="right" |165
| align="right" |0.17
| align="right" |165
| align="right" |0.13
|-
!TOTAL
!27,017
!100.00
!95,794
!100.00
!122,811
!100.00
|}
 
== See also ==
* [[Artvin Okrug]]
* [[Batum Okrug]]
* [[Kars Oblast]]
* [[Treaty of San Stefano]]
* [[Treaty of Berlin (1878)]]
* [[Treaty of San Stefano]]
 
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{Cite Armenia and Imperial Decline}}
*{{Cite The Republic of Armenia Volume 1}}
*{{Cite Kavkazskiy Kalendar 1917}}
*{{Cite Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus}}
{{Refend}}
 
{{Subdivisions of the Russian Empire}}
{{Caucasus Viceroyalty}}
 
[[Category:Batum Oblast| ]]
[[Category:Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)]]
[[Category:Oblasts of the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Modern history of Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:History of Adjara]]
[[Category:19th century in Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:1900s in Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:1910s in Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1878]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1883]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1903]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1917]]
[[Category:1870s establishments in Georgia (country)]]
<!--[[Category:1880s disestablishments in Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:1900s establishments in Georgia (country)]]-->
[[Category:1917 disestablishments in Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:1878 establishments in the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:1880s disestablishments in the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:1900s in Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:1903 establishments in the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:1910s in Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:1917 disestablishments in Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:1917 disestablishments in Russia]]
[[Category:19th century in Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)]]
[[Category:History of Adjara]]
[[Category:Modern history of Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Oblasts of the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1883]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1917]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1878]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1903]]
 
{{Georgia-hist-stub}}
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