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{{Short description|Oblast of the Russian Empire}}{{Infobox settlement
{{Italic title|string=oblast}}
| name = Batum Oblast▼
{{Infobox settlement
| area_total_km2 = 6,975.65▼
| established_date = 1873
| established_title = Established▼
| extinct_date = 3 March 1918
| seat_typeextinct_title = [[Treaty of = CapitalBrest-Litovsk]]
| total_type = Total▼
| native_name_lang = ru▼
| image_map = Batum Oblast ATD.png
| image_shield = Coat of arms of Batum Oblast 1881.svg
▲| namemap_caption = Administrative map of =the Batum Oblast
| mapsize = 220px
| image_shieldcoordinates = Coat of arms of Batum Oblast 1881.svg
{{coord|41|38|45|N|41|38|30|E|type:admin2_region:GE|display=title,inline}}▼
▲| established_title = Established
| established_datename = 1873Batum ''oblast''
| extinct_title = [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]]
| subdivision_type = Country▼
▲| area_total_km2 = 6,975.65
| subdivision_name = [[Russian Empire]]▼
| subdivision_type1 = [[List of viceroyalties of the Russian Empire|Viceroyalty]]▼
| native_name = Батумская область
▲| native_name_lang = ru
| subdivision_name1 = [[Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)|Caucasus]]▼
| population_as_of = 1916
| population_density_km2 = auto▼
| population_urbanpopulation_rural = 2287.0298%▼
| population_total = 122,811
| population_urban = 22.02%
▲| population_density_km2 = auto
| settlement_type = [[Oblast]]
| seat = Batum<br>(present-day [[Batumi]])
| map_captionseat_type = Administrative map of the Batum= OblastCapital
▲| subdivision_namesettlement_type = ''[[Oblasts of the Russian Empire|Oblast]]''
▲| population_urban = 22.02%
| population_ruralsubdivision_name = 87.98%[[Russian Empire]]
▲| subdivision_name1 = [[Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)|Caucasus]]
▲| subdivision_type = Country
▲| subdivision_type1 = [[List of viceroyalties of the Russian Empire|Viceroyalty]]
▲| total_type = Total
}}
The '''Batum Oblast''oblast'''''{{efn|{{bulleted listbulletedlist|{{Langlang-ru|Бату́мскаяБатумская о́бластьобласть|translit=BatúmskayaBatumskaya óblastoblast}}| {{lang-trIPA|Batumru|bətʊmskəjə Oblastıɐbɫəsʲtʲ|}}|{{lang-ka|ბათუმის ოლქი|tr}} {{IPA|ka|b̥atʰumis olkʰi|}}|{{lang-tr|Batum Oblastı}} {{IPA-tr|batum obɫastɯ|}}}}}} was a regionprovince (''[[oblast]]'') of the [[Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)|Caucasus Viceroyalty]] of the [[Russian Empire]], with the [[Black Sea]] port of Batum (present-day [[Batumi]]) as its administrative center. The Batum Oblast''oblast'' roughly corresponded to most of present-day southwestern [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], and part of the [[Artvin Province]] of [[Turkey]].{{sfn|Tsutsiev|2014}}
 
==History==
The Batum Oblast''oblast'' was created out of the territories of the [[Ottoman Empire]]'s [[Batumsanjak Sanjak]],of Batum following the region's annexation into the [[Russian Empire]] in the aftermath of the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|1878 Russo-Turkish War]]. Established in 1878, the Batum Oblast was later downgraded to an okrug in 1883 and incorporated into the Kutais Governorate (until 1903).
 
Established in 1878, the Batum Oblast was later downgraded to an okrug in 1883 and incorporated into the Kutais Governorate (until 1903).<ref>{{Citation|last=Tsutsiev|first=Arthur|title=Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus|date=2014|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/884858065|pages=38|place=New Haven and London|isbn=978-0-300-15308-8|oclc=884858065|access-date=2021-12-25}}</ref>
 
According to the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]], the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]] ceded the Batum Oblast to the Ottoman Empire, however, the [[Transcaucasian Seim]], the authority in [[Transcaucasia]] by 1918, rejected the treaty, opting to negotiate with the Ottoman Empire on its own terms. Such action led to the former's dissolution and the subsequent [[Treaty of Batum]], which resulted in the inevitable reannexation of Batum to the Ottoman Empire.
Line 37 ⟶ 39:
After the [[Armistice of Mudros|Mudros Armistice]], in which the Ottoman Empire was forced to withdraw its troops from the territories of the former [[Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)|Russian Transcaucasus]] including Batum, [[British Army|British troops]] under the [[27th Division (United Kingdom)|27th Division]] occupied the district to support the British military presence in the Transcaucasus, and to serve as a terminal for supplying [[Anton Denikin|Denikin's]] [[Volunteer Army]].
 
The Batum Oblast was finally evacuated by the British in the summer of 19191920, and handed over to the [[Democratic Republic of Georgia]], whom administered the district until it was occupied by [[Turkish Revolutionaries|Turkish revolutionaries]], leading to the [[Treaty of Kars]] which resulted in the partition of the district. The north including the port of Batum was retained by [[Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic|Georgia]] as an [[Adjarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|autonomy]], and the southern Artvin district was incorporated into [[Turkey]] as the [[Artvin Province]].
 
== Administrative divisions ==
The districts (''[[okrug]]s'' ("districts") of the BlackBatum Sea Governorate''oblast'' in 1917 were as follows:<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book sfn|url=https://www.prlib.ru/item/417322 |title=Кавказский календарь на 1917 год |publisher=Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom |year=1917 |edition=72nd |location= |publication-place=Tiflis |pagespp=182–185 |language=Russian |trans-title=Caucasian calendar for 1917 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104233151/https://www.prlib.ru/item/417322 |archive-date=4 November 2021}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" |DistrictName
! rowspan="2" |RussianAdministrative namecentre
! rowspan="2" |Capital
! colspan="2" |Population
! colspanrowspan="2" |Area
|-
!1897
!1916
!sq{{Nbsp}}vst
!sq{{Nbsp}}km
|-
|[[Artvin okrug]] ({{Lang|ru|Артвинский округ}})
|[[Artvin Okrug|Artvin]]▼
|Артвинскій округъ
|[[Artvin]]
| align="right" |56,140
| align="right" |37,414
|{{Convert|2875.06|verst2|km2 mi2|lk=on}}
| align="right" |2875.06
| align="right" |3272.00
|-
|[[Batumi okrug]] ({{Lang|ru|Батумский округ}})
|[[Batum Okrug|Batum]]
|Батумскій округъ
|Batum ([[Batumi]])
| align="right" |88,444
| align="right" |85,397
|{{Convert|3254.05|verst2|km2 mi2|lk=on}}
| align="right" |3254.05
| align="right" |3703.31
|}
 
==Demographics==
 
=== Russian Empire census (1897)Census ===
According to the [[Russian Empire Census|Russian Empire census]] of 1897, the Batum Oblast''oblast'' (at the time part of the KutaisKutaisi Governorate) had a population of 144,584 on {{OldStyleDate|28 January|1897|15 January}}, including 82,213 men and 62,371 women. The plurality of the population indicated [[Georgian language|Georgian]] to be their mother tongue, with significant [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Armenian language|Armenian]] and [[Russian language|Russian]] speaking minorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/emp_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=447 |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=www.demoscope.ru}}</ref>
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Linguistic composition of the Batum Oblast''oblast'' in 1897<ref name=":1" />
!Language
!Native speakers
Line 132 ⟶ 128:
| align="right" |0.26
|-
|[[ImeretiImeretian language|Imeretian]]
| align="right" |356
| align="right" |0.25
|-
|Tatar{{Caucasian Tatars}}
|Tatar{{efn|Later known as [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]].}}
| align="right" |355
| align="right" |0.25
Line 189 ⟶ 185:
|}
 
=== Caucasian''Kavkazskiy Calendar (1917)kalendar'' ===
According to the 1917 publication of the ''Caucasian[[Kavkazskiy Calendarkalendar]]'', the Batum Oblast''oblast'' had a population of 122,811 residentson in{{OldStyleDate|14 January|1916|1 January}}, including 66,808 men and 56,003 women, 95,292 of whom were the permanent population, and 27,519 were temporary residents:<ref{{sfn|Кавказский name=":0"календарь />на 1917 год|pp=182–185}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" |Nationality
Line 220 ⟶ 216:
| align="right" |12.37
|-
|[[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]]{{Efn|Primarily Turco-Tatars.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|p=67}}}}
| align="right" |75
| align="right" |0.28
Line 228 ⟶ 224:
| align="right" |11.68
|-
|[[Russians]]
|[[Russians]]{{Efn|The ''Caucasian Calendar'' did not distinguish between [[Russians]], [[Ukrainians]], and [[Belarusians]].}}
| align="right" |5,042
| align="right" |18.66
Line 252 ⟶ 248:
| align="right" |0.79
|-
|[[Shia Muslims]]{{Efn|Primarily Tatars.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|p=67}}}}
| align="right" |529
| align="right" |1.96
Line 302 ⟶ 298:
 
== See also ==
▲|* [[Artvin Okrug|Artvin]]
* [[Batum Okrug]]
* [[Artvin Okrug]]
* [[Kars Oblast]]
* [[Treaty of San Stefano]]▼
* [[Treaty of Berlin (1878)]]
▲* [[Treaty of San Stefano]]
 
== Notes ==
Line 314 ⟶ 310:
{{reflist}}
 
== Bibliography ==
{{Georgia-hist-stub}}▼
{{Refbegin}}
*{{Cite Armenia and Imperial Decline}}
*{{Cite The Republic of Armenia Volume 1}}
*{{Cite Kavkazskiy Kalendar 1917}}
*{{Cite Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus}}
{{Refend}}
 
{{Subdivisions of the Russian Empire}}
[[Category:{{Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)]]}}▼
 
[[Category:Batum Oblast| ]]
▲[[Category:Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)]]
[[Category:Oblasts of the Russian Empire]]▼
[[Category:Modern history of Georgia (country)]]▼
[[Category:History of Adjara]]▼
[[Category:19th century in Georgia (country)]]▼
[[Category:1900s in Georgia (country)]]▼
[[Category:1910s in Georgia (country)]]▼
[[Category:States and territories established in 1878]]▼
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1883]]▼
[[Category:States and territories established in 1903]]▼
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1917]]▼
[[Category:1870s establishments in Georgia (country)]]
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[[Category:1917 disestablishments in Georgia (country)]]
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[[Category:1880s disestablishments in the Russian Empire]]
▲[[Category:1900s in Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:1903 establishments in the Russian Empire]]
▲[[Category:1910s in Georgia (country)]]
▲<!--[[Category:1880s1917 disestablishments in Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:1917 disestablishments in Russia]]
▲[[Category:19th century in Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)]]
▲[[Category:History of Adjara]]
▲[[Category:Modern history of Georgia (country)]]
▲[[Category:Oblasts of the Russian Empire]]
▲[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1883]]
▲[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1917]]
▲[[Category:States and territories established in 1878]]
▲[[Category:States and territories established in 1903]]
 
▲{{Georgia-hist-stub}}
▲{{coord|41|38|45|N|41|38|30|E|display=title}}
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