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{{Short description|Civil War in Ivory Coast from November 2010 to April 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=Second Ivorian Civil War
|partof= the [[Ivorian Civil War (disambiguation)|Ivorian Civil War]]s
|image=[[File:Ivory Coast March 2011 offensive map.png|300px|alt=Map of the March 2011 offensive by the RFCI]]
|caption=Map of the March 2011 Republican Forces (RFCI) offensive. Territory held by the RFCI prior to March 2011 is shown in orange.
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|territory=
|result=Gbagbo captured; Ouattara/UN/French victory
|combatant1={{Flagicon|Ivory Coast}} [[
|combatant2={{Flagicon|Ivory Coast}} [[Forces Nouvelles de Côte d'Ivoire|FNCI]]<br>{{nowrap|{{Flagicon|Liberia}} Liberian mercenaries{{sfn|Themnér|2015|p=342}}}}<br/>{{Flagicon|Ivory Coast}} [[Rally of the Republicans|RDR]]<br />{{flagicon|United Nations}} [[United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire|UNOCI]]<br />{{flag|France|1974}}<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/05/world/africa/05ivory.html| work=The New York Times | first=Adam | last=Nossiter | title=Strikes by U.N. and France Corner Leader of Ivory Coast | date=4 April 2011 | access-date=25 February 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022142840/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/05/world/africa/05ivory.html?_r=2 | archive-date=22 October 2017 | url-status=live}}</ref><br />{{UKR}}<ref>[http://rus.newsru.ua/ukraine/04feb2011/ivory_coast.html Рада направила в Кот-д’Ивуар 60 украинских миротворцев и три вертолёта. Комитет ВР и Томенко — против] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304221001/http://rus.newsru.ua/ukraine/04feb2011/ivory_coast.html |date=4 March 2016 }} // NEWSRU.UA от 4 февраля 2011 {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
|commander1={{Flagicon|Ivory Coast}} [[Laurent Gbagbo]]{{Surrendered}}<br />{{Flagicon|Ivory Coast}} [[Gilbert Aké]]<br />
|commander2={{Flagicon|Ivory Coast}} [[Alassane Ouattara]]<br />{{Flagicon|Ivory Coast}} [[Guillaume Soro]]<br />{{Flagicon|Liberia}} [[Benjamin Yeaten]]{{sfn|Themnér|2015|p=342}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shout-africa.com/news/ivory-coast-former-liberian-rebel-%E2%80%98-benjamin-yeaten-%E2%80%99-allegedly-aiding-war/|title=Ivory Coast: Former Liberian Rebel-
|strength1= Unknown
|strength2= Unknown (New Forces)<br />10,000 (United Nations)
|casualties1=44–61 security forces killed (before March)<ref>[https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=12478772][http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/01/12/ivory.coast.violence/index.html?][https://web.archive.org/web/20110715175508/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE7190KY20110210][http://au.news.yahoo.com/a/-/world/8895648/gbagbo-loyalists-killed-in-ivory-coast-ambush/]{{dead link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}[http://wordpress.cozen.org/unoci-said-494-people-have-died-by-violence-in-cote-divoire.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120727165828/http://wordpress.cozen.org/unoci-said-494-people-have-died-by-violence-in-cote-divoire.html |date=27 July 2012 }} Government fatalities</ref>
|casualties2=50+ killed ([[Rally of the Republicans|RDR]])<ref>[http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700087570/4-killed-in-attack-on-Ivory-Coast-candidate-office.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210191240/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700087570/4-killed-in-attack-on-Ivory-Coast-candidate-office.html |date=10 December 2010 }}[http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-12-16/ivory-coast-opposition-says-32-supporters-killed.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230192446/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-12-16/ivory-coast-opposition-says-32-supporters-killed.html |date=30 December 2010 }}[http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/01/12/ivory.coast.violence/index.html?section=cnn_latest] Opposition fatalities</ref><br />2 killed ([[Forces Nouvelles de Côte d'Ivoire|FNCI]])<ref name=autogenerated4>{{cite web |url=http://www.africanews.com/site/list_message/32393 |title=Two rebel soldiers killed in Ivory Coast |publisher=AfricaNews |date=16 December 2010 |access-date=31 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329061319/http://www.africanews.com/site/list_message/32393 |archive-date=29 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />2 killed<ref>[http://www.lepoint.fr/monde/une-suedoise-de-l-onuci-tuee-par-balle-a-abidjan-01-04-2011-1314170_24.php Une Suédoise de l'Onuci tuée par balle à Abidjan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110404100947/http://www.lepoint.fr/monde/une-suedoise-de-l-onuci-tuee-par-balle-a-abidjan-01-04-2011-1314170_24.php |date=4 April 2011 }}, , ''Le Point''</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://appablog.wordpress.com/2011/04/01/cote-d%E2%80%99ivoire-deces-d%E2%80%99un-casque-bleu-de-l%E2%80%99onuci-2/ |title=Côte
|casualties3=3,000 killed overall<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://observers.france24.com/content/20120110-first-ever-video-proof-suspected-gbagbo-militants-brutal-murder-ouattara-abobo-abidjan |title=
}}
{{Politics of Ivory Coast}}
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A [[First Ivorian Civil War|civil war]] was fought in Ivory Coast between 2002 and 2004 between the incumbent President Laurent Gbagbo and the rebel [[Forces Nouvelles de Côte d'Ivoire]] (New Forces), representing Muslim northerners who felt that they were being discriminated against by the politically dominant and mostly Christian southerners.
In 2002 France sent its troops to Ivory Coast ([[
After northern candidate Alassane Ouattara was declared the victor of the [[Ivorian presidential election, 2010|2010 Ivorian presidential election]] by the country's Independent Electoral Commission (CEI), the President of the [[Constitutional Council (Ivory Coast)|Constitutional Council]] – an ally of Gbagbo – declared the results to be invalid and that Gbagbo was the winner.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11913832|title=Ivory Coast poll overturned: Gbagbo declared winner|work=BBC News|date=3 December 2010|access-date=20 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712191733/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11913832|archive-date=12 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Both Gbagbo and Ouattara claimed victory and took the presidential [[oath of office]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Ivory-Coast-Two-presidents-sworn-in-20101205|title=Ivory Coast: Two presidents sworn in|publisher=SAPA|date=5 December 2010|access-date=1 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208041555/http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Ivory-Coast-Two-presidents-sworn-in-20101205|archive-date=8 December 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>
The international community, including the United Nations, the [[African Union]], the [[Economic Community of West African States]] (ECOWAS), the [[European Union]], the United States, and former colonial power France affirmed their support for Ouattara, who was "almost universally acknowledged to have defeated [Gbagbo] at the ballot box," and called for Gbagbo to step down.<ref>{{cite news |author=David Smith |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/22/ivory-coast-death-squads |title=Ivory Coast: death squads on the rise as civil war looms |work=The Guardian |location=UK |date=22 December 2010 |access-date=23 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920225857/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/22/ivory-coast-death-squads |archive-date=20 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="euronews.com">{{citation|title=Ivory Coast's Gbagbo defies world leaders|date=4 December 2010|url=http://www.euronews.net/2010/12/04/ivory-coast-s-gbagbo-defies-world-leaders/|publisher=euronews.com|access-date=1 April 2011|archive-url=https://
==Conflict==
After the disputed election, sporadic outbreaks of violence took place, particularly in Abidjan, where supporters of Ouattara clashed repeatedly with government forces and militias. Gbagbo's forces were said to be responsible for a campaign of assassinations, beatings and abductions directed against Ouattara's supporters.<ref name="death squad">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/21/ivory-coast-gbagbo-death-squads-claim|title=Death squads attacking Ivory Coast opposition, claims spokesman|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=21 December 2010|access-date=23 December 2010|first=David|last=Smith|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920225733/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/21/ivory-coast-gbagbo-death-squads-claim|archive-date=20 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
The violence escalated through March 2011 with a number of incidents in Abidjan in which dozens of people were reported killed. In one of the deadliest single incidents, up to 30 people were killed on 17 March in a rocket attack on a pro-Ouattara suburb of Abidjan. The UN issued a statement saying that the shelling was "an act, perpetrated against civilians, [that] could constitute a [[crimes against humanity|crime against humanity]]."<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12787015 | title=Ivory Coast shelling in Abidjan 'a war crime' – UN | access-date=18 March 2011 | date=18 March 2011 |work=BBC News | archive-url=https://
Fighting also broke out in western Ivory Coast at the end of February 2011. On 25 February, the New Forces captured the towns of Zouan Hounien and Binhouye near the border with [[Liberia]] and took control of nearby [[Toulepleu]] on 7 March.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/fighting-flares-in-western-ivory-coast/story-e6frfku0-1226017069028|title=Ivory Coast Rebels Claim Capture of Third Town in West|date=7 March 2011|publisher=Bloomberg News|access-date=1 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812202627/http://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/fighting-flares-in-western-ivory-coast/story-e6frfku0-1226017069028|archive-date=12 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The town of [[Doké]] fell on 12 March as the New Forces pushed on towards [[Bloléquin]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ouattara forces make gains, seize west Ivorian town|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iZk5gMcMfbqwFxQwQB_FDEpzgprw?docId=CNG.a7884a8b8436050df33d30f9448269c2.191|date=12 March 2011|agency=Agence France-Presse|access-date=12 November 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120731123907/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iZk5gMcMfbqwFxQwQB_FDEpzgprw?docId=CNG.a7884a8b8436050df33d30f9448269c2.191|archive-date=31 July 2012|url-status=
On 28 March, the New Forces – now renamed the [[Republican Forces of Côte d'Ivoire]] (RFCI) – launched a full-scale offensive across the country. Ouattara issued a statement declaring: "All the peaceful routes to lead Laurent Gbagbo to admit his defeat have been exhausted." The towns of [[Duékoué]] and [[Daloa]] in the west of the country were captured by the RFCI, as were Bondoukou and [[Abengourou]] near the border with [[Ghana]] in the east.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Key Ivory Coast towns fall as Gbagbo calls for ceasefire|url=http://www.rnw.nl/africa/bulletin/pro-ouattara-forces-seize-another-ivory-coast-town-1|date=29 March 2011|agency=Reuters|access-date=1 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930103518/http://www.rnw.nl/africa/bulletin/pro-ouattara-forces-seize-another-ivory-coast-town-1|archive-date=30 September 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 30 March, Ivory Coast's political capital [[Yamoussoukro]] and the western town of [[Soubré]] were taken without resistance.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE72T0NY20110330?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0|title=Pro-Ouattara forces reach Ivorian capital|date=30 March 2011|
On 30 March [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1975]] was issued which, in particular, urged all Ivorian parties to respect the will of the people and the election of Alassane Ouattara as President of Ivory Coast, as recognised by ECOWAS, the African Union and the rest of the international community and reiterated that [[UNOCI]] could use "all necessary measures" in its mandate to protect civilians under imminent threat of attack.
The fighting was reported to have caused heavy damage in some contested towns, from which the inhabitants were said to have fled ''en masse''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gu-aXqLnhDqOUQjvZfKt73ziQI3Q?docId=CNG.1c55d652e61ad9ac029d2769b1927b97.3d1|title=Ivory Coast offensive weaves trail of devastation|date=31 March 2011|agency=Agence France-Presse|access-date=12 November 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130124205306/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gu-aXqLnhDqOUQjvZfKt73ziQI3Q?docId=CNG.1c55d652e61ad9ac029d2769b1927b97.3d1|archive-date=24 January 2013|url-status=
===Battle of Abidjan===
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In Abidjan, heavy fighting broke out on 31 March as pro-Ouattara forces advanced on the city from several directions. Residents reported seeing the RFCI forces entering the city in "a convoy of 2,000–3,000 people on foot and then dozens of cars without their headlights on."<ref name="Blandy">{{Cite news|title=Gbagbo's I. Coast rival tightens noose|url=http://www.starafrica.com/en/news/politics/article/gbagbos-icoast-rival-tightens-noose-158141.html|author=Blandy, Fran|date=1 April 2011|publisher=StarAfrica|access-date=1 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321002324/http://www.starafrica.com/en/news/politics/article/gbagbos-icoast-rival-tightens-noose-158141.html|archive-date=21 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ouattara declared a three-day curfew in Abidjan from 2100 GMT to 0600 GMT.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12929625|title=Ivory Coast: 'Heavy fighting' near Gbagbo residence|date=1 April 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=20 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626170204/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12929625|archive-date=26 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
The United Nations peacekeepers took control of Abidjan's airport when Gbagbo's forces abandoned it, and Gbagbo's elite forces were reported to be surrounding the presidential residence. United Nations and French forces were also reported to be carrying out protective security operations in the city. The UN peacekeeping mission said its headquarters were fired on by Gbagbo's special forces on 31 March, and returned fire in an exchange lasting about three hours. UN convoys have also come under attack by Gbagbo loyalists four times since 31 March, with three peacekeepers injured in one of the attacks. The peacekeepers had exchanged fire with Gbagbo loyalists in several parts of the city.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ivorycoast-fighting-idUSTRE72S1DR20110401|title=Heavy fighting after Ouattara troops reach Abidjan|date=31 March 2011|
Ouattara appealed to Gbagbo's men to lay down their arms, promising that Gbagbo himself would come to no harm, and issued a statement: "There is still time to join your brothers. The country is calling you."<ref name="Blandy" /> Many of them defected or gave up without a fight,<ref name="csm-defect">{{Cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/Africa-Monitor/2011/0331/In-Ivory-Coast-Gbagbo-s-forces-defect-en-masse-reports|date=13 March 2011|place=Dakar, Senegal|author=Drew Hinshaw|title=In Ivory Coast, Gbagbo's forces defect en masse: reports|access-date=1 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110403070616/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/Africa-Monitor/2011/0331/In-Ivory-Coast-Gbagbo-s-forces-defect-en-masse-reports|archive-date=3 April 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> including the army chief of staff General [[Phillippe Mangou]], who took refuge in the South African ambassador's house,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/31/ivory-coast-leader-general-deserts|title=Ivory Coast president on brink as top general deserts|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=31 March 2011|access-date=31 March 2011|first=David|last=Smith|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922003734/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/31/ivory-coast-leader-general-deserts|archive-date=22 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> and the head of the military police, General Tiape Kassarate, who defected to Ouattara's side.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-04-01/ivory-coast-rebels-fight-for-gbagbo-s-stronghold-abidjan.html|title=Ivory Coast Rebels Fight for
The fighting in Abidjan has been concentrated in two areas in the suburb of [[Cocody]] – around the state television building, which went off the air on the evening of 31 March, and around the residence of Laurent Gbagbo, where pro-Gbagbo Republican Guard members and armed students were said to be putting up strong resistance.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-ivorycoast-fighting-idUKTRE72S1CJ20110401?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews|title=Ouattara forces say attack Gbagbo Abidjan residence|date=1 April 2011|
On 2 April heavy fighting was around the Agban military base and the presidential palace.<ref name="bbc2april"/> State television station RTI appeared to be back under the control of Gbagbo supporters after being briefly taken off air.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ivorycoast-rti-idUSLDE73024M20110401 | title=Pro-Gbagbo Ivorian television resumes broadcasting | access-date=2 April 2011 | date=1 April 2011 |
Also on 2 April, [[UN Secretary General]] [[Ban Ki-moon]] told the [[BBC]] that "[a]t this time, I strongly urge Mr Gbagbo to step down and transfer power to the legitimately elected president... Mr Ouattara."<ref name="bbc2april">{{Cite news|title=Ivory Coast: Abidjan in grip of fierce fighting|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12946018|publisher=BBC|date=2 April 2011|access-date=20 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201174851/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12946018|archive-date=1 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
On 4 April, non-military United Nations personnel began to be evacuated from Abidjan and hundreds of additional French troops landed in the Abidjan airport.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/un-staff-flee-abidjan-amid-warnings-of-bloodbath-2261432.html | title=UN staff flee Abidjan amid warnings of 'bloodbath' | access-date=4 April 2011 | date=4 April 2011 |work=The Independent |location=UK | archive-url=https://
{{Cite news|title=Ivory Coast: UN fire rockets at Laurent Gbagbo's palace|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/cotedivoire/8428272/Ivory-Coast-UN-fire-rockets-at-Laurent-Gbagbos-palace.html|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=5 April 2011|location=London|first=Aislinn|last=Laing|access-date=2 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205012416/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/cotedivoire/8428272/Ivory-Coast-UN-fire-rockets-at-Laurent-Gbagbos-palace.html|archive-date=5 February 2018|url-status=live}}
</ref> The attacks sparked protests by a Gbagbo spokesperson, who said that such actions were "illegal, illegitimate and unacceptable."<ref name="bbc heli"/> UN Secretary-General [[Ban Ki-moon]] defended the actions, however, saying that "the [UN] mission has taken this action in self-defence and to protect civilians."<ref name="bbc heli"/> He noted that Gbagbo's forces had fired on United Nations patrols and attacked the organization's headquarters in Abidjan "with heavy-caliber sniper fire as well as mortars and rocket-propelled grenades", wounding four peacekeepers.<ref name="Adam Nossiter"/><ref name="bbc heli">{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12960308 | title=Ivory Coast: UN forces fire on pro-Gbagbo camp | access-date=4 April 2011 | date=4 April 2011 |work=BBC News | archive-url=https://
On 4 April General [[Phillippe Mangou]] left the South African ambassador's residence in Abidjan and rejoined the government forces. On Ouattara's TV station, Serges Alla, a journalist claimed: "Mangou was forced to leave the South African embassy because some of his relatives were made hostage by diehard supporters of Gbagbo, and Gbagbo militiamen were putting pressure on him, saying they would bomb his village if he doesn't show himself or doesn't return to the Gbagbo army."<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ivory Coast general rejoins Gbagbo forces, army says|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/04/ivory-coast-gbagbo-mangou-abidjan|date=4 April 2011|work=The Guardian|location=London|first1=David|last1=Smith|first2=Selay|last2=Kouassi|access-date=17 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305014146/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/04/ivory-coast-gbagbo-mangou-abidjan|archive-date=5 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
Early on 5 April 2011, Ouattara forces announced that they had captured the presidential palace.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ivory Coast: Presidential residence 'taken' in Abidjan|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12967610|date=5 April 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=20 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226210806/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12967610|archive-date=26 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The same day General [[Philippe Mangou]], the military chief of Laurent Gbagbo, called for a ceasefire.<ref>
{{Cite news|title=Ivory Coast army chief Mangou calls for ceasefire|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ivorycoast-mangou-ceasefire-idUSLDE7341B220110405|date=5 April 2011|
</ref>
Following calls for ceasefire by Gbagbo's military officials, it was reported that fighting has ceased in Abidjan.<ref name="usatoday">{{Cite news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2011/04/rebels-grab-ivory-coast-presidents-home-driving-gbagbo-to-bunker/1|title=Obama: Ivory Coast's Gbagbo must stand down 'immediately'|work=USA Today|date=5 April 2011|access-date=5 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408130043/http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2011/04/rebels-grab-ivory-coast-presidents-home-driving-gbagbo-to-bunker/1|archive-date=8 April 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Special UN representative [[Choi Young-jin]] stated that all Gbagbo's top generals had defected and that "the war is over".<ref name="usatoday"/> Gbagbo had been negotiating a surrender;<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12975539 |title=Ivory Coast: Laurent Gbagbo 'negotiating surrender' |publisher=BBC |date=5 April 2011 |access-date=9 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408084354/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12975539 |archive-date=8 April 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> French Foreign Minister [[Alain Juppe]] said that they were close to convincing Gbagbo to leave power.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Ivory-Coasts-Laurent-Gbagbo-Negotiates-Surrender-Following-Attacks-By-UN-Forces/Article/201104115965427?lpos=World_News_Top_Stories_Header_2&lid=ARTICLE_15965427_Ivory_Coasts_Laurent_Gbagbo_Negotiates_Surrender_Following_Attacks_By_UN_Forces|title=Ivory Coast: Gbagbo 'Negotiating Surrender'|publisher=Sky News|access-date=5 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411063629/http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Ivory-Coasts-Laurent-Gbagbo-Negotiates-Surrender-Following-Attacks-By-UN-Forces/Article/201104115965427?lpos=World_News_Top_Stories_Header_2&lid=ARTICLE_15965427_Ivory_Coasts_Laurent_Gbagbo_Negotiates_Surrender_Following_Attacks_By_UN_Forces|archive-date=11 April 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> The ECOWAS bloc promised a "safe and dignified exit" for Gbagbo and his family if he conceded the election, handing power over to Ouattara.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/ECOWAS-Promises-Gbagbo-Safe-Exit-119246394.html |title=Obama: Gbagbo Must 'Stand Down' Immediately | News |publisher=Voice of America |date=5 April 2011 |access-date=9 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408133802/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/ECOWAS-Promises-Gbagbo-Safe-Exit-119246394.html |archive-date=8 April 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, forces loyal to Ouattara moved to seize Gbagbo at his residence in Abidjan on 6 April 2011, after the negotiations failed.<ref name="CNN-20110405">{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/04/06/ivory.coast.unrest/|title=Source: Ouattara forces enter Gbagbo's Ivory Coast stronghold|publisher=CNN|date=5 April 2011|access-date=5 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109183450/http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/04/06/ivory.coast.unrest/|archive-date=9 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=(UKPA) – 2 days ago |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ukpress/article/ALeqM5igOzav4hLFuOjpS66CbW7ifOXivQ?docId=N0446391302143149345A |title=The Press Association: Gbagbo facing further air strikes
French forces were said to have destroyed several military vehicles belonging to troops loyal to Laurent Gbagbo during a helicopter-borne mission that rescued Japan's ambassador, Yoshifumi Okamura, during heavy fighting in [[Abidjan]] during the morning of 7 April.<ref>{{cite news |last=John |first=Mark |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ivorycoast-idUSTRE73014Z20110407 |title=Ivory Coast's Ouattara seeks recovery despite standoff |
On 8 April pro-Ouattara forces continued to besiege Gbagbo in his residence. Ouattara said a blockade had been set up around the perimeter to make the district safe for residents. He said his forces would wait for Gbagbo to run out of food and water. However, Paris-based adviser Toussaint Alain to Gbagbo said that Gbagbo would not surrender.<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{Cite news|title=Ivory Coast: More than 100 bodies found, says UN|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13013082|publisher=BBC|date=8 April 2011|access-date=20 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511000202/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13013082|archive-date=11 May 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Also on this day, Gbagbo forces using heavy weaponry such as rockets, grenade launchers and tanks were reported to have resumed fighting in Abidjan, taking control of the Plateau and [[Cocody]] areas of the city.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13019333 | title=Ivory Coast: Gbagbo forces regain ground in Abidjan | access-date=9 April 2011 | date=8 April 2011 |work=BBC News | archive-url=https://
On 9 April, pro-Gbagbo forces were reported to have fired on the Golf Hotel, where Ouattara was located.<ref name="bbc9april"/> The attackers reportedly used both sniper rifles and mortars; in response, UN peacekeepers fired on them.<ref name="bbc9april">{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13026923 | title=Ivory Coast: Gbagbo troops 'hit' Ouattara hotel HQ | access-date=9 April 2011 | date=9 April 2011 |work=BBC News | archive-url=https://
The following day, United Nations and French forces carried out further air strikes against Gbagbo's remaining heavy weapons, using [[Mi-24]] and [[Aérospatiale Gazelle]] attack helicopters. The attack was reported to have caused heavy damage to the presidential palace.<ref name="telegraph10april" />
===Arrest of Gbagbo===
On 11 April, Ouattara's forces stormed Gbagbo's residence and arrested him. The final assault was assisted by French forces using helicopters and armoured vehicles, although the actual capture was made by Ouattara's troops. There have been persistent rumors that French special forces blew up a wall blocking a tunnel between the French Embassy and Gbagbo's residence in Abidjan; Ivorian forces loyal to Ouattara then rushed through the tunnel into the house and arrest him. Gbagbo, his wife, son and about 50 members of his entourage were captured unharmed and were taken to the Golf Hotel, Ouattara's headquarters, where they were placed under United Nations guard.<ref name="gbagbo-arrest">{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/ivory-coast-strongman-arrested-after-french-forces-intervene/2011/04/11/AFOBaeKD_story.html | title=Ivory Coast strongman arrested after French forces intervene | access-date=11 April 2011 | author=Lynch, Colum | newspaper=The Washington Post| author2=William Branigin | date=12 April 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110413014353/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/ivory-coast-strongman-arrested-after-french-forces-intervene/2011/04/11/AFOBaeKD_story.html | archive-date=13 April 2011 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13039825|title=Ivory Coast's Laurent Gbagbo arrested|date=11 April 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=20 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625001234/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13039825|archive-date=25 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.beaumontenterprise.com/news/article/French-Embassy-Forces-arrest-Ivory-Coast-s-Gbagbo-1330691.php#page-2|title=Ivory Coast standoff ends with strongman's capture|date=11 April 2011|agency=Associated Press}}{{Dead link|date=June 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
==Killing of civilians==
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==International reaction==
* On 8 March, [[Leymah Gbowee]] issued a statement of support<ref>{{cite news | title = Statement on the Situation in Ivory Coast By Leymah Gbowee | url = http://praythedevilbacktohell.com/blog/?p=596 | date = 8 March 2011 | work = Pray The Devil Back to Hell Blog | format = statement | access-date = 10 March 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110514185424/http://praythedevilbacktohell.com/blog/?p=596 | archive-date = 14 May 2011 | url-status = dead}}</ref> for the peaceful protests of the Christian and Muslim women in the Ivory Coast and compared them to the [[Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace|women of Liberia]].
* Nigerian Foreign Minister [[Henry Odein Ajumogobia]] accused the [[international community]] of "contradictions" by imposing a no-fly zone over Libya and focusing on the [[2011 Libyan civil war]], but failing to take action to protect civilians in the Ivory Coast.<ref>{{cite news | title = Nigeria: Ignoring Ivory Coast is hypocritical | url = http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503543_162-20045674-503543.html | date = 21 March 2011 | work = CBS News/World | format = article | access-date = 21 March 2011 | first = Joshua | last = Norman | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120728165030/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503543_162-20045674-503543.html | archive-date = 28 July 2012 | url-status = live}}</ref>
* On 23 March, at the ECOWAS Summit, [[Goodluck Jonathan]], President of [[Nigeria]] urged the United Nations to pass a resolution to take decisive action, saying instability posed a threat to security in West Africa.<ref>{{cite news | title = Nigeria urges firmer U.N. stance on Ivory Coast | url = http://www.allwestafrica.com/240320118793.html | date = 24 March 2011 | agency = Reuters | format = article | access-date = 23 March 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120531021930/http://www.allwestafrica.com/240320118793.html | archive-date = 31 May 2012 | url-status = live}}</ref>
* On 23 March, the "One Thousand Women March" was organized by peace activists in West Africa. They wore white T-shirts<ref>{{cite news | title = ECOWAS Summit: West African women protest Ivorian situation | url = http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/ecowas-summit:-west-african-women-protest-ivorian-situation-201103246180.html | date = 24 March 2011 | work = Afrique en ligne | format = article | access-date = 24 March 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120606164404/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/ecowas-summit%3A-west-african-women-protest-ivorian-situation-201103246180.html | archive-date = 6 June 2012 | url-status = dead}}</ref> and represented countries across West Africa including Ivory Coast, [[Ghana]], Liberia, Nigeria, [[Sierra Leone]] and [[Togo]]. They issued a press release and presented a position statement to the ECOWAS Heads of State.<ref>{{cite news | title = 'Thousand Women Protest March' in Solidarity with the Women of Cote
* On 30 March, the [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1975]] was adopted unanimously, demanding that Laurent Gbagbo step down as president and allow internationally recognised President Alassane Ouattara to take power. The resolution imposed sanctions on Gbagbo and his close associates.<ref>{{cite news|title=Security Council demands end to violence in Côte d'Ivoire, imposing sanctions against former President and urging him to 'step aside'|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2011/sc10215.doc.htm|publisher=United Nations|date=30 March 2011|access-date=29 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906163307/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sc10215.doc.htm|archive-date=6 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The resolution was sponsored by France and [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{cite news|title="Gbagbo must go" is call as UN Council OKs Cote d'Ivoire resolution|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-03/31/c_13806979.htm|date=31 March 2011|agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]]|access-date=10 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110403064445/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-03/31/c_13806979.htm|archive-date=3 April 2011|url-status=
* Ivory Coast received more attention and obtained more consensus by the United Nations Security Council than any other country from 2009 to 2011.<ref>{{cite news|title=Côte
===Criticism===
*[[Russia]]n Foreign Minister [[Sergei Lavrov]] said that Russia intended to look into the legitimacy of the use of force by UN peacekeepers. The position of the Russian government was that any foreign interference would only lead to increasing violence.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://english.ruvr.ru/2011/04/05/48510139.html| title=Russia to inquire into Cote
==Refugees==
[[File:Flickr - DFID - UK Department for International Development - Displaced Ivorians queue for food at a UNHCR distribution site in Liberia.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Displaced Ivorians queue for food at a UNHCR distribution site in Liberia]]
According to the United Nations, due to the continuing violence more than 100,000 people
According to UK shadow international development minister [[Mark Lazarowicz]], the UN aid programmes for Ivory Cost and Liberia are "grossly underfunded".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-12924482|title=Labour urging Ivory Coast aid push as crisis worsens|publisher=BBC|date=31 March 2011|access-date=31 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110401084658/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-12924482|archive-date=1 April 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>
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==Impact on foreign nationals==
By 2 April 1,400 French and other foreign nationals (900 of whom were [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] citizens) entered the French peacekeepers' camp close to the [[Abidjan Airport]]. The Lebanese president, U.N. officials and French commanders provided assistance to facilitate the departure of the Lebanese, French and African nationals who wish to leave the Ivory Coast.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/africa/news/article_1630293.php/1-400-foreigners-flee-Abidjan-for-French-military-base |title=1,400 foreigners flee Abidjan for French military base – Monsters and Critics |access-date=7 April 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120909041804/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/africa/news/article_1630293.php/1-400-foreigners-flee-Abidjan-for-French-military-base |archive-date=9 September 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iloubnan.info/politics/actualite/id/59151 |title=Hariri takes measures to facilitate the departure of Lebanese citizens from the Ivory Coast – Politics – iloubnan.info |access-date=7 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722190731/http://www.iloubnan.info/politics/actualite/id/59151 |archive-date=22 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.expatica.com/fr/news/french-news/french-forces-sheltering-1400-foreigners-in-ivory-coast_139975.html |title=French forces sheltering 1,400 foreigners in Ivory Coast < French news {{!}} Expatica France |access-date=7 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408131900/http://www.expatica.com/fr/news/french-news/french-forces-sheltering-1400-foreigners-in-ivory-coast_139975.html |archive-date=8 April 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>
==Fiscal effects==
Ivory Coast's now defaulted $2,300,000,000 debt bond rose 1.2 points on the 6th to a new four-month high, a possible sign of increased investor confidence that Ouattara would take office and resume payments.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/emerging-ivory-idUSLDE7350BM20110406 |title=Ivory Coast dlr bond at new 4-mth high on Gbagbo exit hopes |
==See also==
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|location = [[New York City]]
|pages = 334–353
|doi= 10.5129/001041515814709284 }}
==Further reading==
*{{Cite journal |last=Bah |first=Abu Bakarr |year=2010 |title=Democracy and civil war: Citizenship and peacemaking in Côte d'Ivoire |journal=[[African Affairs]] |volume=109 |issue=437 |pages=597–615 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adq046 }}
*{{Cite book |author-link=Paul Collier |last=Collier |first=Paul |chapter=Meltdown in Côte d'Ivoire |year=2010 |title=Wars, Guns, and Votes: Democracy in Dangerous Places |location=New York |publisher=Harper Perennial |isbn=978-0-06-147964-9 |pages=155–168 }}
*{{Cite journal |last=Zounmenou |first=David |year=2011 |title=Côte d'Ivoire's post-electoral conflict: what is at stake? |journal=[[African Security Review]] |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=48–55 |doi=10.1080/10246029.2011.561011 |s2cid=144774578 }}
==External links==
*{{cite news|title=Côte
*{{Cite news|title=Did UN forces take sides in Ivory Coast?|author=Barbara Plett
|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13004462|publisher=BBC|date=7 April 2011}}
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{{Post-Cold War African conflicts}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 in Ivory Coast]]
[[Category:2010s civil wars]]
[[Category:Civil wars
[[Category:Civil wars in Ivory Coast]]
[[Category:Wars involving France]]
[[Category:Responsibility to protect]]
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