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__NOTOC__
This is a '''timeline of Romanian history''', comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in
<div class="toc"> '''Millennia''': [[#1st millennium BC|1st <small>BC</small>]]{{·}}[[#1st millennium|1st]]{{·}}[[#2nd millennium|2nd]]{{·}}[[#3rd millennium|3rd]]</div>
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| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 200 <small>BC</small>
|-
| || King [[Rhemaxos]] protected Greek colonies in
|}
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| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 100 <small>BC</small> || || King [[Dicomes]] ruled [[Dacia]].<ref>Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, page 47, "Dicomes of the Getians"</ref>
|-
| || King [[Rholes]] ruled
|-
| || King [[Dapyx]] ruled
|-
| [[82 BC|82 <small>BC</small>]] || || King [[Burebista]] rules
|-
| [[44 BC|44 <small>BC</small>]] || || [[Deceneus]] is High Priest of
|-
| 40 <small>BC</small> || || King [[Cotiso]] ruled [[Banat]] and [[Oltenia]]. (to 9 <small>BC</small>){{citation needed|date=September 2018}}
|-
| [[29 BC|29 <small>BC</small>]] || || King [[Zyraxes]] ruled northern
|-
| [[9 BC|9 <small>BC</small>]] || || King [[Comosicus]] ruled
|}
{{anchor|1st millennium}}
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! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
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| [[AD 30|30]] || || King [[Scorilo]] ruled
|-
| [[AD 68|68]] || || King [[Duras (Dacian king)|Duras]] ruled
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| [[AD 86|86]] || || Roman Emperor [[Domitian]] loses war with the Kingdom of
|-
| [[AD 87|87]] || || King [[Decebalus]] ruled
|}
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! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
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| 101 || || [[First Dacian War|First war between the Roman Empire]] and
|-
| 105 || || Peace broken,
|-
| 170 || || The [[Costoboci]] tribe invades Roman territory.{{sfn|Cortés|1995|pp=191–193}}{{sfn|Kovács|2009|p=198}}{{sfn|Birley|2000|p=168}}{{sfn|Kovács|2009|p=198}}{{sfn|
|-
| 177 || || Written on bronze tablets, the Roman laws of Troesmis attest the joint rule of Roman emperors [[Marcus Aurelius]] and [[Commodus]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.digi24.ro/special/campanii-digi24/romania-furata/romania-furata-cine-are-interesul-sa-continue-furturile-de-aur-din-siturile-arheologice-897457 |title = România furată. Cine are interesul să continue furturile din siturile arheologice| date=March 18, 2018 }}</ref><ref>[http://revistapeuce.icemtl.ro/wp-content/uploads/Arhiva-Peuce-Serie-noua/11-Peuce-SN-XII-2014/09-Alexandrescu-Gugl-Peuce-SN-12-2014ca.pdf Cristina-Georgeta Alexandrescu, Christian Gugl, ''Troesmis și romanii la Dunărea de Jos. Proiectul Troesmis 2010–2013'']</ref> (to 180)
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| 260 || || After the defeat and capture of Roman emperor [[Valerian (emperor)|Valerian]], [[Dacians|Dacian]] general [[Regalianus]] became Roman emperor for a brief period.<ref name=Akerman>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z-NCAAAAIAAJ&q=Regalianus&pg=PA80|title=A descriptive catalogue of rare and unedited Roman coins:from the earliest period of the Roman coinage, to the extinction of the empire under Constantinus Paleologos|first=John Yonge |last=Akerman|page=80|year=1834}}</ref>
|-
| 271 || || [[Roman withdrawal from Dacia]] occurs under Roman emperor [[Aurelian
|}
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| 305 || May || [[Galerius]], born in [[Sofia|Serdica]]<ref name="thelatinlibrary.com">[http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/eutropius/eutropius9.shtml#22 Eutropius. Breviarivm historiae romanae, IX, 22] {{in lang|la}}</ref> ([[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]]), whose mother had fled from Dacia Traiana, becomes and rules as [[Roman Emperor]]. He is also awarded six [[Carpicus Maximus]] titles after winning six battles against the [[Carpi (people)|Carps]].<ref>[http://oracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de:8888/epigr/epieinzel_en?p_belegstelle=CIL+03%2C+06979&r_sortierung=Belegstelle CIL III.6979]</ref> Galerius died in late April or early May 311<ref>{{citation | last = Corcoran | first = Simon | title = The empire of the tetrarchs: imperial pronouncements and government, AD 284–324 | page = 187}}</ref> from a horribly gruesome disease described by [[Eusebius]]<ref>Eusebius, ''[[Church History (Eusebius)|Historia Ecclesiae]]'' 352–356</ref> and [[Lactantius]],<ref>Lactantius, ''De Mortibus Persecutorum'' 33</ref> possibly some form of [[Colorectal cancer|bowel cancer]], [[gangrene]] or [[Fournier gangrene]]. (to 311)
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 308 || || Dacian-born [[Maximinus II]] (Galerius' nephew) becomes
|-
| || [[Licinius I]], born to peasant family which had fled from Dacia Traiana,<ref name=Jones509>{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=A.H.M. |last2=Martindale |first2=J.R. |title=The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Vol. I: AD260-395 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1971 |page=509}}</ref><ref name=DiMaio>{{cite web |url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/licinius.htm |last=DiMaio |first=Michael Jr. |title=Licinius (308–324 A.D.) |work=De Imperatoribus Romanis |date=February 23, 1997}}</ref> becomes
|-
| 311 || || Galerius signs the [[Edict of Serdica]] (modern day [[Sofia]], Bulgaria) thus officially ending the [[Diocletianic persecution]] of Christianity in the East two years before the Edict of Milan being the first edict legalizing Christianity.<ref name="Gibbon2008">{{cite book|author=Edward Gibbon|title=The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pksA7j6ZXLgC&pg=PA132|date=January 1, 2008|publisher=Cosimo, Inc.|isbn=978-1-60520-122-1|pages=132–}}</ref>
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| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 313 || || Shortly before [[Maximinus II]]'s death at Tarsus, while previously persecuting Christians and opposing the Edict of Serdica, he issued an edict of tolerance on his own, granting Christians the rights of assembling, of building churches, and the restoration of their confiscated properties.<ref>''[[Church History (Eusebius)|Ecclesiastical History]]'', X, 7–11</ref>
|-
| February || Licinius I co-authored the [[Edict of Milan]] with
|-
| || According to [[Lactantius]]' literary chronicle [[De mortibus Persecutorum]], Galerius affirms his Dacian (Thracian<ref name="thelatinlibrary.com"/>) identity by avowing himself the enemy of the Roman name once made emperor, even proposing that the empire should be called the "Dacian Empire". He exhibited anti-Roman attitude as soon as he had attained the highest power, treating the Roman citizens with ruthless cruelty, like the conquerors treated the conquered, all in the name of the same treatment that the victorious Trajan had applied to the conquered Dacians, forefathers of Galerius, two centuries before.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Leadbetter |first1=William Lewis |title=Galerius and the Will of Diocletian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QBBjy7l-NWQC&q=dacian+empire |via=Google Books |access-date=September 21, 2018 |page=number unavailable in preview |format=eBook |year=2009 |publisher=Routledge |quote=Lactantius, for example, noted that Galerius intended to change the name of the Empire from "Roman" to "Dacian", and was an enemry of tradition and culture (22.4).|isbn=9781135261320 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Schaff |first1=Philip |title=Ante-Nicene Fathers Volume 7 |url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf07.iii.v.xxvii.html?highlight=dacian#highlight |publisher=Christian Classics Ethereal Library |access-date=September 21, 2018 |page=Chapter 27 |format=eBook |year=1885 |quote=Long ago, indeed, and at the very time of his obtaining sovereign power, he (Galerius) had avowed himself the enemy of the Roman name; and he proposed that the empire should be called, not the Roman, but the Dacian empire}}</ref> (to 316)
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| March 1 || [[Licinius II]] (Licinius I's son) serves in the [[Eastern Roman Empire]] with the rank of [[Caesar]] as per the inscription "LICINIUS IUNior NOBilissimus CAESar" which translates as 'Licinius Junior Most Noble Caesar'. (to 324)
|-
| 324 || ||
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| 325 || ||
|-
| 326 || ||
|-
| 333 || || The [[Itinerarium Burdigalense]] mentions Troesmis.<ref name="ReferenceA">Laura-Diana Cizer, Toponimia județului Tulcea: considerații sincronice și diacronice, 303 pag., Editura Lumen, 2012</ref> (to 334)
|-
| 353 || || The Roman soldier and historian [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] places the [[Carps]] as living inside the
|-
| 370 || || [[Alaric I]] is born on [[Peuce Island]],
|-
| 381 || || The Byzantine chronicler [[Zosimus (historian)|Zosimus]] records an invasion over the Danube by a barbarian coalition of [[Huns]], [[Sciri]] and what he terms Karpodakai, or [[Carpo-Dacians]], as being defeated by emperor [[Theodosius]].<ref>Zosimus, Historia Nova, IV (114)</ref>
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| || A 5th–6th century Christian basilica was discovered in 2012 at [[Noviodunum]]. According to the archeologist Florin Topoleanu, the population of 5th century Noviodunum was Christian.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Manolache|first1=Dumitru|title=The 5th–6th century Christian basilica at Noviodunum|url=http://ziarullumina.ro/bazilica-crestina-de-secol-v-vi-de-la-noviodunum-117719.html|access-date=May 28, 2018|publisher=Ziarul Lumina|date=November 23, 2016}}</ref> (to 600)
|-
| || [[Blachernae]] was a suburb of [[Constantinople]]. The Romanian philologist Ilie Gherghel, wrote a study about Blachernae and concluded that it possibly derived from the name of a Vlach (sometimes written as Blach or Blasi), who came to Constantinople from the lower Danube, a region named today
|}
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| 571 || || A bronze coin from the time of the [[Eastern Roman Emperor]] [[Justin II]] was discovered at Troesmis.<ref name="revistapontica.files.wordpress.com"/> (to 573)
|-
| 587 || || First written record about a Romance language spoken in Southeastern Europe: a Byzantine soldier, native to [[Thrace]] (in present-day
|-
| 588 || || Troesmis was inhabited until 593.<ref>BOGDAN-CĂTĂNICIU 1984, p. 49.</ref><ref name="revistapontica.files.wordpress.com"/><ref>For the campaigns of Byzantine emperor Maurice see CURTA 2006, p. 87 – 88 și 104.</ref> [[Byzantine]] coins were discovered here and dated between 588 and 593 during the reign of Byzantine emperor [[Maurice (emperor)|Maurice]].<ref>CHIRIAC, BOUNEGRU 1973–1975, p. 102, catalog 7.</ref><ref>OBERLÄNDER-TÂRNOVEANU 1980, p. 274, catalog 177.</ref><ref>Pentru campanile lui Mauriciu vezi CURTA 2006, p. 87 – 88 și 104.</ref> (to 593)
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|
|-
| 610 || || Roman Emperor [[Heraclius]] grants lands to the sclavenes located in Macedonia eventually the sclavenes later form Sclavinias a term described by Byzantine historians referring to tribal groups.▼
▲grants lands to the sclavenes located in Macedonia eventually the sclavenes later form Sclavinias a term described by Byzantine historians referring to tribal groups.
|-
|-
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| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 700 || || The [[Ravenna Cosmography]] mentions Troesmis.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="perseus.tufts.edu"/><ref name="quod.lib.umich.edu"/><ref name="TOCILESCU 1883a, p. 101"/><ref name=revistapontica/>
|-
| || [[Ananias of Shirak]], a 7th-century Armenian geographer described the "large country of
|-
| || Some authors state that Troesmis was inhabited until the end of the 7th century based on archeological evidence.<ref>BAUMANN 1980, p. 169 – 172. De la Cetatea de Est mai putem aminti încă o monedă de la acest împărat, emisiune din 568/569, cf. POPESCU, IACOB, GEORGESCU 1996, p. 94, catalog 79.</ref><ref name="revistapontica.files.wordpress.com"/>
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! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
| 805 || || Around 805, the
|-
| 824 || || [[The Fourth Section]] of the [[Royal Frankish Annals]] mentions the [[Abodrites]] who lived in "
|-
| 890 || || [[Menumorut]], [[Glad (duke)|Glad]], and the Vlach [[Gelou]] are the rulers of [[Crișana]],
|-
| 900 || || Fine, gray vessels were also unearthed in the 9th-century "Blandiana A"{{sfn|Opreanu|2005|p = 122}} cemeteries in the area of [[Alba Iulia|Alba-Iulia]], which constitutes a "cultural enclave" in Transylvania.{{sfn|Fiedler|2008|p = 159}}{{sfn|Madgearu|2005b|p = 68}} Near these cemeteries, necropolises of graves with west–east orientation form the distinct "Ciumbrud group".{{sfn|Fiedler|2008|p = 161}}{{sfn|Opreanu|2005|p = 122}}{{sfn|Madgearu|2005b|p = 134}} Female dress accessories from "Ciumbrud graves" are strikingly similar to those from Christian cemeteries in
|}
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| 906 || || Menumorut dies and is succeeded by his son-in-law, [[Zoltán of Hungary]], according to the ''Gesta Hungarorum''.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}
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| 943 || || An [[Old Church Slavonic in Romania|Old Slavonic]] ([[Old Bulgarian]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bulgaria/The-first-Bulgarian-empire#ref476452 |title = Bulgaria – the first Bulgarian empire}}</ref>) inscription found among the remains of [[Trajan's Wall#Romania|Trajan's Wall]] in
|-
| 969 || || The "Western part" of Troesmis is supposed to have been rebuilt and used again during the reign of the
|-
| 976 || || The Greek historian [[John Skylitzes]] mentions the word βλάχοι (Vlachs) in his work [[Synopsis of Histories]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9KwCQAAQBAJ&q=john+skylitzes&pg=PA102|title=The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth Century|author1=Spinei|first=Victor|year=2009|via=Google Books|publisher=Brill|page=102|format=Print Book on Google Books|access-date=September 21, 2018|quote=The account of the rebellion of the Comitopouloi related in the chronicle of John Skylitzes, written in the late eleventh century, includes one of the earliest attestations of the Vlachs south of the Danube.|isbn=9789047428800}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Skylitzes |first1=John |title=A Synopsis of Byzantine History 811–1057 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vGE8Xq832A0C&q=vlachs&pg=PR16 |via=Google Books |access-date=September 21, 2018 |page=312 |format=eBook |date=976 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |quote=Of these four brothers David died right away killed between Kastoria and Prespa, at a place called Kalasdrys (beautiful oaks), by some vagabond Vlachs.|isbn=9781139489157 }}</ref>
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| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1000 || || According to the Arab chronicler [[Al-Muqaddasi|Mutahhar al-Maqdisi]], "They say that in the Turkic neighbourhood there are the Khazars, Russians, Slavs, ''Waladj'', Alans, Greeks and many other peoples."<ref>A. Decei, V. Ciocîltan, "La mention des Roumains (Walah) chez Al-Maqdisi,"in Romano-arabica I, Bucharest, 1974, pp. 49–54</ref>
|-
| || Another [[župan]] by the name of George is possibly mentioned in an inscription in the [[Murfatlar Cave Complex]], in
|-
| || The [[Byzantine Emperor]] [[Constantine VII]] mentions Troesmis.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
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| 1166 || || Byzantine historian [[John Kinnamos]] described Leon Vatatzes' military expedition along the northern Danube, where Vatatzes mentioned the participation of Vlachs in battles with the Magyars (Hungarians) in 1166.<ref>A. Decei, op. cit., p. 25.</ref><ref>V. Spinei, The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta From the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth Century, Brill, 2009, p.132, {{ISBN|9789004175365}}</ref>
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| 1185 || || [[Ivan Asen I of Bulgaria]] and [[Peter II of Bulgaria]], described unanimously by chronicles written in the late 12th and early 13th centuries as
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| 1196 || || [[Kaloyan of Bulgaria]], younger brother of
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| 1197 || || [[Dobromir Chrysos]] was a leader of the
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| 1200 || || [[Benjamin of Tudela]] of the [[Kingdom of Navarre]] was one of the first writers to use the word ''Vlachs'' for a Romance-speaking population.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://users.clas.ufl.edu/fcurta/tudela.html |title = Tudela}}</ref>
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! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
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| 1204 || November 8 || A papal legate delivered a royal crown to
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| 1213 || || An army of
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| 1222 || || [[Țara Făgărașului]] was mentioned in documents as Terra Blacorum{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}.
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| 1224 || || The [[Diploma Andreanum]] was issued by [[Andrew II of Hungary]] granting provisional autonomy to colonial
|-
| 1224 || || [[Țara Făgărașului]] was mentioned in documents as Silva Blacorum{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}.
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| 1241 || || The Persian chronicle [[Jami' al-tawarikh|Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh]] mentions several rulers from [[Wallachia]] such as [[Bezerenbam and Mișelav]] and the country of [[Ilaut]].<ref name="Xenopol, p. 552">Xenopol, p. 552.</ref><ref>C-tin C Giurescu, Istoria Românilor, Ed. ALL Educațional, București, 2003, p. 281</ref><ref name="Djuvara, cited article">Djuvara, cited article.</ref>{{
|-
| 1247 || || The diploma of King [[Béla IV of Hungary]] issued on July 2, 1247, mentions the local rulers [[knyaz]] [[John (knez)|John]], knyaz [[Farcaș]], [[voivode]] [[Litovoi]] and voivode [[Seneslau]].<ref name="Vásáry">{{cite book | last = Vásáry | first = István | title = Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365}}</ref> Seneslau and Litovoi are expressly said to be Vlachs (Olati) in the king's diploma.<ref name="Vásáry"/>
Line 357 ⟶ 356:
| 1252 || || [[Țara Făgărașului]] was mentioned in documents as Terra Olacorum{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}.
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| 1277 || || [[Bărbat]] succeeds his brother Litovoi as ruler of
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| 1288 || || First evidence of [[Diet (assembly)|Diet]] in
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| 1290 || || According to legend and the 17th century [[Cantacuzino]] Annals, [[Radu Negru]] founded
|}
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| 1310 || || [[Basarab I]]'s rule starts and lasts until 1351/1352.
|-
| 1330 || ||
|-
| 1332 || || [[Thocomerius]] is named in a diploma of [[Charles I of Hungary]]<ref name="Vásáry"/> as being the father of [[Basarab I]]. Certain historians such as [[Vlad Georgescu]] and Marcel Popa believe him to have been a ''voievode'' in
|-
| 1340 || || During the reign of
|-
|1345
|
|King [[Louis I of Hungary]] dispatched [[Andrew Lackfi]], [[Count of the Székelys]] to invade the lands of the [[Golden Horde]] in retaliation for the [[Tatars|Tatars's]] earlier plundering raids against
|-
|1346
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|1442
|
|In the year of 1442, [[John Hunyadi]] won four victories against the Ottomans, two of which were decisive.{{sfn|Jefferson|2012|p=278}} In March 1442, Hunyadi defeated Mezid Bey and the raiding Ottoman army at the [[Battle of Hermannstadt|Battle of Szeben]] in the south part of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] in
|-
| 1465 || October 14 || [[Radu cel Frumos]] issues a [[writ]] from his residence in [[Bucharest]].
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| 1476 || || The Polish chronicler [[Jan Długosz]] remarked in 1476 that
|-
|1479
|
|The [[Battle of Breadfield]] was the most tremendous conflict fought in
|}
Line 428 ⟶ 427:
|1541
|
|King [[John Zápolya|John I of Hungary]] died in 1540, the Habsburg forces besieged [[Buda]] the Hungarian capital in 1541, Sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent|Suleiman]] led a relief force and defeated the Habsburgs, the Ottomans captured the city by a trick during the [[Siege of Buda (1541)|Siege of Buda]] and the south central and central areas of the
|-
| 1542 || || The Transylvanian Szekler [[Johann Lebel]] wrote that "the Vlachs name each other Romuini".<ref>''"Ex Vlachi Valachi, Romanenses Italiani,/Quorum reliquae Romanensi lingua utuntur.../Solo Romanos nomine, sine re, repraesentantes./Ideirco vulgariter Romuini sunt appelanti"'', Ioannes Lebelius, De opido Thalmus, Carmen Istoricum, Cibinii, 1779, p. 11 – 12</ref>
Line 434 ⟶ 433:
| 1554 || || The Polish chronicler [[Stanislaw Orzechowski]] mentions that "in their language, the vlachs name themselves romini".<ref>''"qui eorum lingua Romini ab Romanis, nostra Walachi, ab Italis appellantur"'' St. Orichovius, Annales polonici ab excessu Sigismundi, in I. Dlugossus, Historiae polonicae libri XII, col 1555</ref>
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| 1563 || || An [[Acts of the Apostles]] book is printed by the printer [[Coresi]] from [[Brașov]] in
|-
|1568
Line 442 ⟶ 441:
| rowspan="2" |1570
|
|The
|-
| || The Croatian [[Ante Verančić]] specifies that "the vlachs from Transylvania, Moldova and Transalpina name themselves Romans".<ref>''"...Valacchi, qui se Romanos nominant..." "Gens quae ear terras (Transsylvaniam, Moldaviam et Transalpinam) nostra aetate incolit, Valacchi sunt, eaque a Romania ducit originem, tametsi nomine longe alieno..."'' De situ Transsylvaniae, Moldaviae et Transaplinae, in Monumenta Hungariae Historica, Scriptores; II, Pesta, 1857, p. 120</ref>
Line 448 ⟶ 447:
| 1574 || || [[Pierre Lescalopier]] writes that "those that live in Moldova, Wallachia and most of Transylvania consider themselves as being descendants of Romans and name their language romanian".<ref>''"Tout ce pays: la Wallachie, la Moldavie et la plus part de la Transylvanie, a esté peuplé des colonies romaines du temps de Trajan l'empereur… Ceux du pays se disent vrais successeurs des Romains et nomment leur parler romanechte, c'est-à-dire romain … "'' în Voyage fait par moy, Pierre Lescalopier l'an 1574 de Venise a Constantinople, în: Paul Cernovodeanu, ''Studii și materiale de istorie medievală'', IV, 1960, p. 444</ref>
|-
| 1575 || || [[Ferrante Capecci]], after travelling through
|-
| 1580 || || The [[Orăștie Palia]] is the oldest translation of the [[Pentateuch]] written in the
|-
| 1600 || 27 May ||
|}
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! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
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| valign="top" | 1601 || || The assassination of
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| 1605 || || [[Stephen Bocskay]] becomes Prince of Transylvania guaranteeing religious freedom and broadening Transylvania's independence.
|-
| 1606 || || The [[Treaty of Vienna (1606)|Treaty of Vienna]] gives [[constitutional]] and religious rights and privileges to all [[Hungarian language|Hungarian-speaking]] Transylvanians but none to
|-
| 1613 || || [[Gabriel Bethlen]] becomes Prince of Transylvania succeeding to [[Gabriel Báthory]]. Under Bethlen's rule, the principality experiences a golden age. He promoted agriculture, trade, and industry, sank new mines, sent students abroad to Protestant universities, and prohibited landlords from denying an education to children of serfs.{{editorializing|date=January 2018}}
Line 477 ⟶ 476:
| 1648 || || [[Peace of Westphalia]] ends the [[Thirty Years' War]]. Transylvania is mentioned as a [[sovereign state]].
|-
| 1653 || || The second war between [[Matei Basarab]] and [[Vasile Lupu]] ends with the
|-
| 1655 || || [[Seimeni]] revolt begins.
|-
| 1657 || || [[George II Rákóczi]] invades Poland only to be defeated. The
|-
| 1661 || || In April [[John Kemény (Prince)|Prince Kemény]] proclaims the secession of Transylvania from the [[Ottoman Turks|Ottomans]] and appeals to help from the [[Habsburg monarchy]]. He was not aware of the secret agreement between the [[Hasburg Empire|Habsburg Empire]] and
|-
| 1682 || || The capital of Transylvania is moved to
|-
| 1683 || || The defeat of
|-
| 1692 || || The [[House of Habsburg|Habsburgs]] control over Transylvania is consolidated even more and the princes are replaced with [[governors]] named directly by the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg Emperors]], who themselves become Princes of Transylvania.
|-
| 1698 || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1699 || || The [[Emperor Leopold I]] decrees Transylvania's [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] to be one with the
|-
| || [[Martinus Szent-Ivany]] mentions that the Vlachs use the following phrases "Si noi sentem Rumeni" meaning "we are Romanians too" and "Noi sentem di sange Romena", meaning "We are of Roman blood".<ref>''"Valachos...dicunt enim communi modo loquendi: Sie noi sentem Rumeni: etiam nos sumus Romani. Item: Noi sentem di sange Rumena: Nos sumus de sanguine Romano"'' Martinus Szent-Ivany, Dissertatio Paralimpomenica rerum memorabilium Hungariae, Tyrnaviae, 1699, p. 39</ref>
Line 502 ⟶ 501:
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
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| 1711 || || Transylvania's direct-autonomy to [[Hasburg Empire|Habsburg Empire]] ends, as the region comes under the [[administrative area]]
|-
| 1714 || || [[Constantin Brâncoveanu]] and his sons are executed in [[Istanbul]] at the order of [[Sultan]] [[Ahmed III]] because they did not renounce their Christian faith. The sultan also did not agree with
|-
| 1715 || || The [[Phanariote]] period starts. [[Nicholas Mavrocordatos]] becomes the first [[Phanariote]] prince of Wallachia. The influence of
|-
| 1716 || || The [[Hasburg Empire|Habsburg Empire]] invades Wallachia during the [[Austro-Turkish War of 1716–18|Austro-Turkish War]].
|-
| 1718 || ||
|-
| 1739 || ||
|-
| 1746 || || [[Constantine Mavrocordatos]] enacts measures effectively abolishing [[serfdom]] in Wallachia and creates a more effective central administrative apparatus.
Line 518 ⟶ 517:
| 1749 || || [[Serfdom]] is abolished in Moldavia.
|-
| 1765 || || The Grand Principality of Transylvania is proclaimed, consisting of a special separate status within the [[Hasburg Empire|Habsburg Empire]] originally granted in 1691. This was however just a mere formality, as Transylvania is still an [[administrative area]]
|-
| 1768 || || Wallachia is occupied by
|-
| 1784 || || The [[Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan]] starts in November and lasts until February in 1785. The main demands were related to the existence feudal serfdom and the lack of political equality between Orthodox Romanians and other Catholic ethnicities of Transylvania.
Line 531 ⟶ 530:
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
| 1801 || ||
|-
| 1802 || || [[Sámuel Teleki (chancellor)|Sámuel Teleki]], then Chancellor of Transylvania, inaugurates the first library in Transylvania and present-day
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1806 || || Following the collapse of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], the [[Hasburg Empire|Habsburg Empire]] is reorganised and becomes the [[Austrian Empire]].
|-
| || Wallachia is occupied by
|-
| 1813 || || [[Caragea's plague]] claims 60,000 deaths in Wallachia during 1813 and 1814.
Line 547 ⟶ 546:
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1821 || || Following the death of [[Alexandros Soutzos]] a [[boyar]] [[regent|regency]] is established.
|-
| || The anti-
|-
| || The [[Phanariote]] rule ends. Moldavia is occupied by [[Alexander Ypsilantis]]'s [[Filiki Eteria]] during the [[Greek War of Independence]].
|-
| 1822 || || [[Ionică Tăutu]], representing a group of low-ranking
|-
| 1826 || || Local leaders in Moldavia are allowed to govern by the
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1829 || || Following the [[Treaty of Adrianople (1829)|Treaty of Adrianople]], without overturning Ottoman suzerainty, places
|-
| || The seventh [[Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)|Russo-Turkish War]] brings [[Pavel Kiselyov]] at the leadership of Moldavia;
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1834 || || [[Regulamentul Organic]], a quasi-constitutional organic law is enforced in
|-
| || [[Regulamentul Organic]], a quasi-constitutional organic law is enforced in
|-
| 1844 || || The
|-
| 1847 || || A custom union{{clarify|date=January 2018}} with Wallachia is established.
|-
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1848 || || The [[Revolutions of 1848|Revolution]] are very active in this part of Europe. The [[Hungarians]] demand more rights, including a provision on the union between Transylvania and
|-
|
|During the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848]], the Hungarian government proclaimed union with Transylvania in the [[April Laws]] of 1848 which was latter affirmed by the Transylvaniat Diet and the King.<ref>Laszlo Péter, [https://books.google.com/books?id=nzW8aApInY8C&dq=medieval+unitary+hungary&pg=PA56 Hungary's Long Nineteenth Century: Constitutional and Democratic Traditions in a European Perspective], BRILL, 2012, p. 56</ref>
|-
| || The
|-
| || The [[Revolutions of 1848]] reach
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1849 || || The revolt led by [[Avram Iancu]] obtains some rights for the
|-
| || [[Grigore Alexandru Ghica]] becomes prince of
|-
|
Line 585 ⟶ 584:
| 1850 || || [[Mihai Eminescu]], regarded today as the most famous and influential Romanian poet, is born.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1854 || || The first railway line through Romania's present-day territory opens on August 20 and between [[Oravița]] in
|-
| || The
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1856 || || Wallachia and Moldavia are brought under the influence of the Western European powers under the provisions of the [[Treaty of Paris (1856)|Treaty of Paris]].
|-
| || The end of the [[Crimean War]] heralds the end of
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1859 || || [[National Party (Romania)|The National Party]] is founded. Its leader, [[Alexandru Ioan Cuza]] will play a major role in the formation of
|-
| || [[Alexandru Ioan Cuza]] is elected Prince of
|-
| 1860 || || [[University of Iași]] is established, as the first institution of higher education in
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1861 || || On February 5, the 1859 union is formally declared and a new country,
|-
| || The [[Asociația Transilvană pentru Literatura Română și Cultura Poporului Român|Transylvanian Association for the Literature and Culture of the Romanians]] is founded in
|-
| 1862 || || The [[Government of Romania]] is formed with [[Alexandru Constantin Moruzi]] as the first ever [[Prime Minister of Romania|Prime Minister]].
|-
| 1863 || || [[Alexandru Ioan Cuza]] promulgates the [[Land reform in Romania|Agrarian Reform]] in which the majority of the land is transferred into the property of those who worked it. As there was not enough land, the [[Secularization of monastery estates in Romania]], in which large estates owned by the [[Romanian Orthodox Church]] are transferred under state ownership and then to private property, takes place. This was an important turning point in the history of Romania, as it marked the almost disappearance of the
|-
| 1864 || || The [[Parliament of Romania]] is formed. A tuition-free, compulsory public education for primary schools is introduced in
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1865 || || On January 1, [[CEC Bank|Casa de Economii și Consemnațiuni]], the first bank of Romania, is established. On June 19 [[Evangelis Zappas]], one of the richest men in the world at that date dies at the age of 65. Born in the [[Ottoman Empire]] in today's Greece he lived in Romania most of his life.
Line 619 ⟶ 618:
| || After the [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867]], the separate status<ref>John F. Cadzow, Andrew Ludanyi, Louis J. Elteto, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fX5pAAAAMAAJ&q=diploma+leopoldinum+transylvania ''Transylvania: The Roots of Ethnic Conflict''], Kent State University Press, 1983, page 79</ref> of Transylvania ceased, it was incorporated again into the Kingdom of Hungary ([[Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen|Transleithania]]) as part of the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian Empire]].<ref>James Minahan: [https://books.google.com/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC&q=1867+compromise ''One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups''], Greenwood Press, Westport, CT 06991</ref>
|-
| 1869 || || The
|-
| 1870 || || The short-lived [[Republic of Ploiești|Republica Ploiești]] is formed in the city of [[Ploiești]] as part of a revolt against the Prince.
|-
| 1877 || || On April 16, Romania and the
|-
| 1878 || || Romania independence is recognised by the [[Central Powers]] on July 13. Following the [[Treaty of Berlin (1878)|Treaty of Berlin]], Romania now include territories of [[Northern Dobruja]], the [[Danube Delta]], and [[Snake Island (Black Sea)|Insula Șerpilor]]. In return the southern counties of [[Bassarabia]] are returned to
|-
| 1880 || || [[National Bank of Romania]] is established in April. The bank's first governor was Eugeniu Carada. [[Căile Ferate Române]], Romania's state-owned railway company starts its operations.
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1881 || March 26 ||
|-
| 12 May || The [[Romanian National Party|National Party of Romanians in Transylvania]] is formed as the first party of the Romanians in Transylvania.
Line 635 ⟶ 634:
| August 19 || [[George Enescu]] is born.
|-
| 1882 || || The [[Bucharest Stock Exchange|Stock Exchange]] opens in
|-
| 1884 || || The first ever telephone in Romania is installed.
|-
| 1885 || || [[Patriarch Joachim IV of Constantinople|Patriarch Joachim IV]] signs the recognition of the [[Autocephaly|autocephalous]] status of the
|-
| 1886 || || The construction of the [[Romanian Athenaeum|Athenaeum]] begins. Although the work would continue until 1897, the first concert took place in 1886 and it was performed by [[George Enescu Philharmonic Orchestra|Bucharest Philharmonic Orchestra]].
Line 645 ⟶ 644:
| 1889 || || [[Mihai Eminescu]] dies aged 39.
|-
| 1892 || || The [[Transylvanian Memorandum]] is signed by the leaders of the Romanians to the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] Emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Joseph]], asking for equal ethnic rights with the [[Hungarians]], and demanding an end to persecutions and [[Magyarization]] attempts. The
|-
| 1894 || || Leaders of the
|-
| 1895 || || [[King Carol I Bridge]] is inaugurated on September 26. At the time it was the longest in Europe and second longest in the world.
Line 668 ⟶ 667:
| 1907 || || Violent [[1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt|peasant revolts]] crushed throughout Romania, thousands of persons killed.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1913 || || At the end of the [[Balkan Wars]], Romania acquires the [[Southern Dobruja|southern part]] of the
|-
| April 1 || The [[Parliament of Romania|Parliament]] votes to enact the law of the military aviation{{clarify|date=January 2018}}, Romania being the fifth nation in the world to have an air force.
|-
| valign="top" | 1914 || October 10 ||
|-
| 1916 || || Despite choosing to stay away from the [[World War I]], the death of
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1917 || August 6 || The [[Battle of Mărășești]], the retreat of the [[Imperial Russian Army|Russian Army]] from Romania left the Romanians no choice but to ask for peace. (to September 8)
Line 685 ⟶ 684:
|-
|
|The Hungarian army was disarmed on 2 November, and [[Austria-Hungary]] signed the armistice on 3 November 1918. One day before the German armistice, Romania re-entered the war on 10 November with similar objectives to those of 1916. On 12 November, the Romanian army crossed the Hungarian border and entered in Transylvania. On 28 November the Romanian representatives of [[Bucovina]] voted for union with the [[Kingdom of Romania]], followed by the proclamation of the [[Union of Transylvania with Romania|union of Transylvania]] with the Kingdom of Romania on 1 December, by the representatives of
|-
| 1919 || || On 1 May, the entire east bank of the [[Tisza|Tisza River]] was under the control of the Romanian Army. On 17 July, [[Béla Kun]], the leader of the [[Hungarian Soviet Republic]], decides to counterattack the Romanian Army at the Tisza river to regain the occupied territories of the
|-
| 1920 || January 20 || Romania becomes a founding member of [[League of Nations]]. The [[CFRNA]] (French-Romanian Company for Air Navigation) is established, becoming the first airline in Romania.
|-
| 1921 || April 23 || Romania and [[Czechoslovakia]] sign a [[peace treaty]] in
|-
| 1922 || ||
|-
| 1925 || || The [[Romanian Orthodox Church]] is officially recognized{{clarify|date=January 2018}}.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1927 || July 20 ||
|-
| July 24 || On July 24, the [[Iron Guard]] is formed by [[Corneliu Zelea Codreanu]]. The
|-
| 1929 || || The worldwide [[Great Depression]] [[Great Depression in Romania|affects Romania]] as well.
|-
| 1930 || June ||
|-
| 1933 || December || On December 10, [[Ion Duca]], Prime Minister of Romania at the time, bans the
|-
| 1937 || || A new
|-
| 1938 || || In a bid for political unity against the fascist movement known as the
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1939 || || [[Nazi Germany]] and the Soviet Union sign the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]], in which the Soviet side claims
|-
| September 21 || [[Armand Călinescu]],
|-
| 1940 || || On June 27, following an
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1941 || January 21 || A rebellion organized by the
|-
| June 22 || Romania joins [[Operation Barbarossa]], attacking the Soviet Union hoping to recover the lost territories of
|-
| 1942–1943 || || Romania becomes a target of [[Bombing of Romania in World War II|Allied aerial bombardment]]. The old refineries in
|-
| 1944 || || On August 23,
|-
| 1945 || || On March 1, [[Petru Groza]] becomes the first [[Communist]]
|-
| 1946 || || The [[Romanian Communist Party]] wins the [[1946 Romanian general election|elections]] amid unrest and allegations of [[electoral fraud]] by opposition groups and the government of the United Kingdom.
|-
| 1947 || || Following the abdication of [[King Michael I of Romania|Mihai I]], the [[Communist Romania|People's Republic of Romania]] is declared on December 30 against the majority of people who supported the monarchy. The new leader of Romania becomes [[Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej]], General Secretary of the
|-
| 1948 || || A new constitution is ratified on April 13. Two months later, on June 11 all banks and major enterprises are
|-
| 1949 || || A forced [[Collectivization in Romania|collectivization]], in which the agriculture is organized under the socialist model, comes into force. Romania join [[Comecon]]. The construction of [[Danube-Black Sea Canal]] starts. The canal was the most known [[labour camp]] in the history of Romania;
Line 739 ⟶ 738:
| 1952 || || The [[Hungarian Autonomous Province]], the one and only autonomous province in modern Romania, is created. It will be disestablished in 1968. The second Communist constitution is ratified;
|-
| 1953 || || The
|-
| 1954 || || [[SovRoms]], joint ventures between Romania and Soviet Union are formed. They will prove their inefficiency for Romania from the first day of establishment and most of them will be dissolved in 1956;
Line 747 ⟶ 746:
| 1956 || || On October 28 a radio station calling itself "Romania of the future. The voice of resistance" begins broadcasting on different wavelengths. Many protests, especially amongst students, follows in November. On December 31, [[Romanian Television|Televiziunea Română]] start to broadcast first programmes;
|-
| 1957 || || [[ARO]] is established in [[Câmpulung-Muscel]] and start to manufacture off-road vehicles. [[ARO IMS]] become the first car built in Romania after World War II. Over the next three decades
|-
| 1958 || || The [[Red Army|Soviet Union Army]] leave Romania after fourteen years of occupation;
Line 753 ⟶ 752:
| 1959 || || On July 28, the [[Ioanid Gang]] carries out the most famous bank robbery ever to occur in a Communist state;
|-
| 1960 || || Oliviu Beldeanu, the leader of the group that occupied the Romanian embassy in [[Bern]] five years earlier, is executed in
|-
| 1965 || || On March 19, [[Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej]] dies and [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] is elected General Secretary of the
|-
| 1966 || || [[Automobile Dacia|Intreprinderea de Autoturisme Pitești]] is established. Two years later Romania start the [[mass production]], the first mass production of a car – [[Dacia 1100]].
|-
| 1968 || || Romania refuse to participate in the [[invasion of Czechoslovakia]].
|-
| 1972 || || In order to develop a "multilaterally socialist society",
|-
| 1974 || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1976 || || At the age of 14, [[Nadia Comăneci]] becomes one of the stars of the [[1976 Summer Olympics]] in Montreal. During the team portion of the competition, her routine on the uneven bars is scored at a 10.0. It is the first time in modern Olympic gymnastics history that the score had ever been awarded. Over the next years,
|-
| || The
|-
| 1977 || || On 4 March 21:20 local time, an earthquake occurs with a magnitude of 7.4 and epicentre in [[Vrancea County|Vrancea]] at a depth of 94 kilometres. The earthquake killed about 1,570 people and injured more than 11,000. Total damages are estimated at more than two billion dollars. On 1 July 35,000 out of 90,000
|-
| 1978 || || [[Ion Mihai Pacepa]], a senior officer in [[Securitate]], defected to the United States becoming the highest ranking defector from the
|-
| 1980 || || Construction of the [[Cernavodă Nuclear Power Plant]] begins. The fourth Communist constitution is ratified;
|-
| 1981 || || The [[1981 Summer Universiade]] becomes the most important sport event ever to be hosted by Romania. [[Dumitru Prunariu]] becomes the first Romanian in
|-
| 1983 || || As part of the [[Systematization (Romania)|urban planning]] programme, significant portions of the historic centre of
|-
| 1984 || || Romania is, alongside People's Republic of China and
|-
| 1986 || || On 7 May, [[FC Steaua București|Steaua București]] win the [[UEFA Champions League|European Cup]] and become the first <!-- is not the only one from a Communist country, Red Star Belgrade from Yugoslavia won the trophy in 1991 -->[[association football|football]] team from a Communist country to win the trophy;
|-
| 1987 || || In a climate of economic depression and food shortages a [[Brașov Rebellion|rebellion]] erupts on November 15 in the city of
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1989 || || On December 16, protests break out in [[Timișoara]]. Five days later
|-
| || The [[National Salvation Front (Romania)|National Salvation Front]] (FSN) take the power during the [[Romanian Revolution]]. The leader is elected [[Ion Iliescu]]. The new name of the republic becomes
|-
| 1990 || || On 20 May, free elections are held in Romania for the first time after fifty years. [[National Salvation Front (Romania)|FSN]], which became a political party, win the elections.
|-
| 1991 || || A new constitution is ratified;
|-
| 1992 || || Elections are held and
|-
| 1993 || || Romania apply to become a member of the [[European Union]]. The first [[wireless telephony]] system becomes active;
|-
| 1995 || || The
|-
| 1996 || || [[Emil Constantinescu]] becomes the third
|-
| 1997 || || Romania join the countries able to use [[GSM]] telephony;
|-
| 2000 || ||
|}
{{anchor|3rd millennium}}
Line 814 ⟶ 813:
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
| [[2004 in Romania|2004]] || || Romania joins the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATO]]. [[Traian Băsescu]] becomes the fourth
|-
| [[2007 in Romania|2007]] || || On January 1, Romania
|-
| [[2008 in Romania|2008]] || || In February [[Government of Romania|the Government]] overrule court decision that commission investigating Communist-era secret police is illegal. For two days, starting on April 2, Romania host [[2008 Bucharest summit|2008 NATO summit]]. Legislative election are held on November 30. [[Emil Boc]] becomes the new Prime Minister following the elections.
|-
| [[2009 in Romania|2009]] || || Badly affected by the [[Late-2000s recession]], the [[International Monetary Fund]] and other lenders agree to provide Romania a rescue package worth 20bn [[Euro]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=IMF Survey: Romania Receives Support from IMF to Counter Crisis |url=https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2015/09/28/04/53/soint050409a |website=International Monetary Fund |access-date=28 August 2022}}</ref> A [[Government of Romania|Government]] crisis begins in April when [[Social Democratic Party (Romania)|the Social Democratic Party]] pulls out of ruling coalition, leaving Prime Minister
|-
| [[2013 in Romania|2013]] || || [[2012–14 unrest in Romania|Large protests]] against Prime Minister [[Victor Ponta]]. (to 2014)
|-
| [[2014 in Romania|2014]] || December 21 || [[Klaus Iohannis]] becomes the fifth
|}
Line 854 ⟶ 853:
==Sources==
* {{cite book |last=Bărbulescu |first=Mihai |editor1-last=Pop |editor1-first=Ioan-Aurel |editor2-last=Nägler |editor2-first=Thomas | title=The History of Transylvania, Vol. I. (until 1541) |publisher=Romanian Cultural Institute |year=2005 |pages=137–198 |chapter=From the Romans until the End of the First Millenium AD |isbn=973-7784-04-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Bertényi |first=Iván |year=1989 |title=Nagy Lajos király ''[King Louis the Great]'' |publisher=Kossuth Könyvkiadó |isbn=963-09-3388-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Birley |first=Anthony R.|title=Marcus Aurelius: A Biography|edition=2nd|year=2000 |orig-year=1987|publisher=Routledge}}
* {{cite book |last=Bóna |first=István |editor1-last=Köpeczi |editor1-first=Béla |editor2-last=Barta |editor2-first=Gábor |editor3-last=Bóna |editor3-first=István |editor4-last=Makkai |editor4-first=László |editor5-last=Szász |editor5-first=Zoltán |editor6-last=Borus |editor6-first=Judit | title=History of Transylvania |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |year=1994 |pages=62–177 |chapter=From Dacia to Transylvania: The Period of the Great Migrations (271–895); The Hungarian–Slav Period (895–1172) |isbn=963-05-6703-2}}
* {{cite journal|last=Cortés|first=Juan Manuel|journal=Habis|title=La datación de la expedición de los Costobocos: la subscripción de XXII K de Elio Arístides|volume=25|year=1995|pages=187–193}}
* {{cite journal |last=Croitoru |first=Costin|journal=Istros|title=Despre organizarea ''limes''-ului la Dunărea de Jos. Note de lectură (V)|volume=XV|year=2009|pages=385–430}}
* {{Cite book|last=Curta|first=Florin|author-link=Florin Curta|title=Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250|year=2006|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |last=Fiedler |first=Uwe |editor1-last=Curta |editor1-first=Florin |editor2-last=Kovalev |editor2-first=Roman | title=The Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars, and Cumans |publisher=Brill |year=2008 |pages=151–236 |chapter=Bulgars in the Lower Danube region: A survey of the archaeological evidence and of the state of current research |isbn=978-90-04-16389-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Fine |first=John V. A |year=1991 |title=The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth century |publisher= The University of Michigan Press |isbn=0-472-08149-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Gherghel |first=Ilie|language=ro|title=Cateva consideratiuni la cuprinsul notiunii cuvantului "Vlach"|location=Bucuresti|publisher=Convorbiri Literare|year=1920}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jefferson |first=John |title=The Holy Wars of King Wladislas and Sultan Murad: The Ottoman-Christian Conflict from 1438–1444 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-90-04-21904-5 |location=[[Leiden]]}}
* {{cite book |last=Jesch |first=Judith |title=Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age: The Vocabulary of Runic Inscriptions and Skaldic Verse |date=2001 |location=Woodbrige |publisher=The Boydell Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p8ZK3v0hrk4C |isbn=0851158269}}
* {{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Diane |chapter=Libanius' ''Monody for Daphne'' (''Oration'' 60) and the ''Eleusinios Logos'' of Aelius Aristides|title=Perceptions of the Second Sophistic and its times|editor1-first=Thomas|editor1-last=Schmidt|editor2-first=Pascale|editor2-last=Fleury|year=2011|pages=199–214}}
* {{cite book |last=Kovács |first=Péter|title=Marcus Aurelius' rain miracle and the Marcomannic wars |year=2009|publisher=Brill}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kristó |first=Gyula |author-link=Gyula Kristó |title=A vármegyék kialakulása Magyarországon ''("The formation of counties in Hungary")'' |publisher=Magvető Könyvkiadó |year=1988 |location=Budapest |isbn=978-963-14-1189-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kristó |first=Gyula |year=2003 |title=Early Transylvania (895-1324) |publisher= Lucidus Kiadó |isbn=963-9465-12-7}}
* {{Cite book |last=Madgearu |first= Alexandru |year=2005b |title=The Romanians in the Anonymous'' Gesta Hungarorum'': Truth and Fiction |publisher=Romanian Cultural Institute, Center for Transylvanian Studies |isbn= 973-7784-01-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Madgearu |first=Alexandru |year=2016 |title=The Asanids: The Political and Military History of the Second Bulgarian Empire, 1185–1280 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-9-004-32501-2 }}
* {{cite book |last=Pritsak |first=Omeljan |author-link=Omeljan Pritsak |title=The Origin of Rus': Old Scandinavian Sources Other than the Sagas |publisher=Harvard University Press |date=1981 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zF5pAAAAMAAJ |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=0-674-64465-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Sălăgean |first=Tudor |editor1-last=Pop |editor1-first=Ioan-Aurel |editor2-last=Bolovan |editor2-first=Ioan |title=History of Romania: Compendium |publisher=Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies) |year=2005 |pages=133–207 |chapter=Romanian Society in the Early Middle Ages (9th–14th Centuries AD) |isbn=978-973-7784-12-4}}
* {{cite journal |last=Scheidel |first=Walterl|journal=Historia|title=Probleme der Datierung des Costoboceneinfalls im Balkanraum unter Marcus Aurelius|volume=39|year=1990|pages=493–498}}
== External links ==
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{{Years in Romania}}
{{Romania topics}}
[[Category:Romanian history timelines| ]]
[[Category:Years in Romania]]
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